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Physical Property Analysis of Biodegradable Film Made from Garut Starch, Glycerol, and Citric Acid
Get PDFThe biodegradable film is an attempt to reduce the use of plastics that cannot be decomposed by nature. This study described biodegradable films produced from arrowroot starch using the casting method. As a plasticizer and crosslinker, glycerol and citric acid are added. The investigation results indicate that the biodegradable film has a clear white color; the greater the amount of starch, the more opaque the color. The tensile strength test results also indicate that the biodegradable film’s tensile strength will be greater the more starch is used, but its percent elongation at break will decrease, or its characteristics will become less elastic. In contrast, adding citric acid demonstrates that the tensile strength decreases due to the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages in starch
LAJU PERTUMBUHAN MIKROBIA PADA PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR TEMPE MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM BIOFILM
No full textLímbah cair industri tempe bersifat biodegradable, sehingga dapat diuraí secara biologi. Pengoløhanyang dÍcobakan adalah sistem biofilm. Percobaan dilakukan dengan mengembangbíakkan Bakteri Bachillus Sphaericus menggunakan nutrisi MRS Broth dalam aquades dan media biofìlm batu apung yang dimasukkan dalam limbah. Laju pertumbuhan bakteri diamati pada variasi suhu 29C, 40C, 50C dan 60C pada fase pertumbuhan cepat. Hasil analísís data dengan pendekatan bahwa reaksi yang terjadimengikuti reaksi katalitik orde satu diperoleh persamaan laju pertumbuhan mikroba sebagai fungsi suhu sebagai r= 1,75 x 10^8 e^(-13.2/RT)xS
PENGARUH KONSENTRASI ABSORBEN (Fe-EDTA) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KANDUNGAN H2S DALAM BIOGAS PADA LAJU ALIR UDARA REGENERASI YANG BERBEDA
Get PDFBíogas is very potential to be used as fuel because of its high content of methane. Biogas had also been developed and used by several industries as alternative fuels to substitute mineral oil, The disadvantage of biogas as fuel was its high content of hydrogen sulfide which is potentíal to pollute the ervironment. Because of this, biogas should be purified first before being used as fuel. Generally, the content of H2S can bereduced physically, chemically or biologically methods, but these methods have many disadvantages. Biogas purílìcation(also other gases) from the content of H2S using Fe-EDTA(Iron Chelated Solution) gave several advantages. The advantages were the absorbent solution can be regenerated that means a cheap operation cost, the separated sulfur was asolid (that is an economic commodity) or resídue that is easy to handle and is save to be disposal to environment. Iron Chelated Solutionwas made by solving the substance of salted iron to EDTA solution. The salt of FeCl2, was made by solving iron waste obtained from lathe machine to hydrochloric acid solution. The research of reduction of the content of H2S in biogas was conducted by contacting Fe-EDTA solution with biogas in an absorber column of 1 m height and 0. I m diameter The rich H2S solution from absorber was then flowed to the separator column to separate the solid of sulfur and its solution. The solution from separator column was then regenerated by oxidation in regenerator column. In regenerator column solution which is rich of iron reacted with oxygen from air to be Fe3. . The solution which is rich of Fe was then used again to absorb H2S in biogas. Biogas used during experiment was obtained from PT Indo Acidatama Tbk. The content of H2S in raw biogas was 2.8235 %. The result of the research showed that the concentration of absorbent influenced the reduction of the content of H2S. Absorbent solution with concentration of 0.2 M of Fe-EDTA was able to absorb 99 % of all H2S from 2.8235 % to 0.02 % in a column of I m height and 0.1 m diameter Absorbent solution with concentratíon of 0.1 M of Fe-EDTA was only able to absorb 59% of all H2S from 2.8235% to 1.2 %. The regeneration air flow rate also influence the reduction of the content of H2S in biogas. The higher the regeneration airflow rate the higher the reduction of the content of H2S
Produksi Poli-β-hidroksibutirat (PHB) Menggunakan Bakteri Bulkhoderia cepacia
Get PDFPlastics have important roles nowadays. However, its non-biodegradable property potentially makes a great problem because of the accumulation of its waste. Therefore, many researches about biodegradable plastics have been developed. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is an alternative material to produce biodegradable plastics. The objectives of this research are to study the production of PHB by using Bulkhoderia cepacia bacteria and soluble starch substrate and determine the kinetics parameters including maximum specific growth rate (μmaks), saturation constant (Ks), and yield ratio of product-to-bacterial cell (YP/X). Fermentation was conducted at room temperature by using Ramsay medium with soluble starch at certain concentrations. The starter of Bulkhoderia cepacia incubated for 24 hours was inoculated as many as 10% by volume. The PHB product and dry cell weight were analyzed at certain several time intervals. This experiment was repeated at variation of phosphate concentrations.This research showed that the optimum cell growth and PHB production was obtained at soluble starch concentration of 8 g/100 ml and growth period of 72 hours. At this condition, the results were the dry cell weight of 7.5 mg/ml and PHB concentration of 0.0095 mg/ml. The values of kinetics parameters were μ maks of 0.01292 g/ml. h, Ks of 0.2854 g/ 100ml, YP/X of 0.00143. The accumulation of PHB was optimum at limited phosphate concentration. It could be also concluded that Bulkhoderia cepacia was a non-effective bacteria to produce PHB
Pembuatan Asap CAir dari Sekam Padi dengan Pirolisis
No full textPembuatan Asap CAir dari Sekam Padi dengan Pirolisi
Utilization of Nanochitosan as Adsorbent of Mercury (Hg) in Gold Ore Processing Waste
Get PDFMercury pollution in gold ore processing wastewater can cause environmental and health problems. A large amount of mercury pollution causes neurological disease, paralysis, loss of sense of taste, irregular speech, and death. One effective method to reduce mercury amount in the environment is adsorption. Adsorption performance is affected by several factors such as surface area of material, deacetylation degree (DD), and adsorption condition, which is indicated by contact time and mercury concentration. Nanochitosan is used in this research. Effect of deacetylation degree (85%; 87%; 95%), contact time (30;60;90;120 minutes), and variation of mercury concentration (5;10;15;20;25;30 ppm) on adsorption performance was investigated in this research. Nanochitosan in this research is characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET-BJH, and pH PZC. AAS measures adsorption performance in this research. The result shows that nanochitosan, which has the best adsorption performance, is nanochitosan with a deacetylation degree of 95%, at a contact time of 60 minutes, and mercury concentration is 15 ppm
KOEFISIEN TRANSFER MASSA PADA PENGAMBILAN MINYAK ATSIRI KAYU MANIS SECARA EKSTRAKSI MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT N-HEKSAN
Get PDFPada proses ekstraksi dìiumpai-peristiwa perpindahan (transfer) massa, dimana perbedaan konsentrasi yørg semakin besar berpengaruh terhadap proses transfer yang semakìn cepat, sehíngga diperoleh koefisien transfer massayang semakìn besar pula. Teknologi mínyak atsiri berkembang sangat pesat, sèhíngga díbutuhkan alat ekstraktor yang efìsíen dan efektif dalam pengoperasiannya.Tuiuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari hubungan antara kecepatan alíran dan tinggì tumpukan padatan terhadap koefìsien transfer massa pada ekstraksí padat-caír dalam kolom fixed-bed. Penelitian ini menggunakan serbuk dengan ukuran -/,8 + i0 mesh dari daun dan ranting køyu mønis dengur tinggì tumpukan tertentu yang dimasukan ke dalam kolom fixed-bed menggunakan-Heksan yang d¡alirkan kedalam kolom dengan kecepatan alír tertentu. Ukuran butiran kayu manis yang digunakan adaiah 18+30 mesh.Kecepatan aliran n-Heksana yang digunakan adalah 2,3829 cm/detik; 2,9197 cm/detik; 3,9932 cm/detik; 4,3957cm/detik; 4,798 cm/detik. Tinggi tumpukan padatan yang digunakan adalah 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm, I cm, g cm, I0 cm
PENGAMBILAN NIKOTIN DARI BATANG TEMBAKAU
Get PDFTanaman tembakau dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat dengan diar¡bil daunnya. Daun ini digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk membuat rokok. Nikotin merupakan senyawa penting yang ada di dalam daun tembakau, Nikotin bersifat racun bagi manusia maupun hewan, sehingga banyak orang yang menderita gangguan pemafasan akibat merokok. Beberapa penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengambil nikotin dari daun tembakau sehingga dihasilkan daun tèmbakau dengan kadar nikotin rendah dan nikotin yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan untuk bahan obat dan untuk bahan insektisida. Cara pengambilan nikotin dari daun tembakau ini dicoba untuk digunakan mengambil nikotin dari batang tembakau. Untuk ekstraksi ini digunakan air sebagaipelarut dan hasil zat terektraksi dianggap nikotin dengan sedikit zat lain. Variabel penelitian ini ialah waktu ekstraksi, perbandingan serbuk batang tembakau dengan air dan suhu elstraksi, Kondisi terbaik untuk ekstrakí dicapai padã perbandingan bãhan dengan pelarut 100 gram: 400 ml air, suhu ekstraksi 90oC dan waktu ekstraksi 90 menit pada kecepatan pengadukan 250 rpm\u2
Fly Ash – Alginate Composites Beads for Rhodamine B Removal
Get PDFDyes are a very serious problem for the environment. Composite beads consisting of fly ash and sodium alginate proved to be an adsorbent to reduce rhodamine b from dye waste. In this study, the effect of the mass of beads (5-45 grams), the pH of the solution (2-11) and the stirring time (0-360 min) was studied. Determination of concentration after adsorption was carried out by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The maximum reduction in rhodamine b concentration of 31.15% was obtained after the adsorption process for 300 minutes with a mass of 35 grams of beads. The adsorption of rhodamine b is quite sensitive to the pH of the solution and shows the optimum adsorption value at pH 2. Based on the characterization with BET, fly ash – alginate beads include mesopores with a pore diameter of 10 nm, a total pore volume of 5,332 x 10-3 cc/g and a pore surface area. 2,133 m2/
Distribusi Timbal dalam Udara Akibat Emisi Kendaraan Bermotor Terhadap Penggunaan Lahan di Kawasan Kampus UGM Yogyakarta
No full textDistribusi Timbal dalam Udara Akibat Emisi Kendaraan Bermotor Terhadap Penggunaan Lahan di Kawasan Kampus UGM Yogyakart