Jurnal Humaniora
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The Inefficacy of Naming Genocide in Contemporary Southeast Asia
Get PDFThis article examines two cases of ongoing persecution in Southeast Asia and the problems of naming either genocide. Specifically, I discuss the politics of naming the decades’ long persecution of the Rohingya in Burma and West Papuans genocide. Both cases highlight some critical points of contention within the field of genocide studies which revolve around competing conceptions of how and what genocides destroy. Often separated into liberal and post-liberal camps, or those which conceive of genocide as a crime or as a process, these competing views create deep divisions over what cases of mass violence can be named genocide, or not. I take up some of these highly politicized and moralistic debates around the naming of genocide in light of these two contemporary Southeast Asian cases; that of the Rohingya which arguably has been recognised as a case of genocide since the latest wave of violence in 2017; and the case of West Papua, which remains very much at the fringes of genocide studies. I also draw on the work of a range of scholars who question the “effectivity” of naming genocide. I argue that, in these two contemporary Southeast Asian cases, naming (Rohingya) and not-naming (West Papua) cases of ongoing persecution genocide has had little effect whatsoever
Determinants of Teachers’ Job Satisfaction: School Culture Perspective
Get PDFThe main purpose of this paper was to describe the effect of school culture factors on teachers’ job satisfaction. Descriptive correlation design with mixed data approach was employed in four public secondary schools of Harari regional state, Ethiopia. The specific objectives were to describe the status of school culture and teachers job satisfaction, to identify the relationship between teachers’ job satisfaction and school culture, to investigate the effect of school culture on teachers’ job satisfaction and to sort out the determinants. The data information was gathered from teachers and educational leaders using questionnaire and interview guides respectively. Teachers’ level of job satisfaction was low. There was no relationship between teachers’ educational qualifications and their levels of job satisfaction. The relationship of teachers’ job satisfaction in terms age, sex, salary, working experience, and marital status was not significant. There was association between teachers’ job satisfaction and school culture, specifically with teachers’ professional development and collaborative leadership practices. School culture and teachers’ levels of qualification were predictors of job satisfaction in the schools. In order to enhance job satisfaction of teachers, the school leaders should strengthen and improve the existing continuous professional development program and collaborative leadership practices in the schools. Supervisors should support and facilitate professional development opportunities for teachers. Moreover, they should promote collaborative leadership practices in the schools. Future studies need to be considered in order to generalize the findings in different settings. Also undertake studies on the effect of job satisfaction and school culture on the quality of teaching-learning
Understanding Secularism and National Identity in French Political Discourses
Get PDFThe concept of secularism or laicité is expressed in political discourses in various ways by the French presidential candidates in the 2017 campaign. Both candidates, Emmanuel Macron (EM) and Marine Le Pen (MLP) used specific forms and lingual expressions to explain secularism and national identity, especially those related to ‘Islam’, ‘immigration’ and ‘terrorism’. This study uses critical discourse analysis linked to their parties’ ideologies based on identity, activities, goals, norms, and values. In the discourses presented by EM and MLP, Islam is associated with religion, Muslims, jihad, Islamic fundamentalists, the burqa, and secularism. The results of discourse analysis show that EM’s and MLP’s discourses on secularism and Islam are notably different. MLP views secularism in France as being under threat due to external threats, namely immigrants and in particular Muslim immigrants. In contrast, EM views secularism as a concept to support and protect the identity of the nation and to support and to add to the diversity of French culture and identity. The findings of this research is that French concepts of national identities, which is closely related to secularism, correlates to the ideologies of the respective presidential candidates’ parties. The relationships between the parties’ ideologies, national identities, and discourses investigated in this research can be used as a methodology for political discourses, especially French political discourses
Social Movements Facing Authoritarian-Style Neoliberal Governments: Comparative Positioning Towards Violence in Indonesia and France
Get PDFFaced with global and systemic crises, neoliberal oriented governments are taking on more authoritarian forms of governance. By using the power of the media, justice, the police, and a set of government technologies, this authoritarian style manifests itself in alternating phases of low-key brutality and crises of ostentatious repression designed to frighten and demoralize opposition social movements. Confronted with these modes of government, the social movements adopt different tactics of mobilization, ranging from direct confrontation to forms of compromise and civil disobedience. With the climate crisis as well as the globalization of social struggles, these movements adopt new political strategies, which question the dichotomy between violence and non-violence. Using a historical and anthropological approach, this paper studies two cases in contemporary Indonesia and France. It shows that the objectives of the groups involved and the national socio-political and cultural background shape the local specificities of these strategies. The comparison, however, reveals similarities at both levels. It shows the persistence and even strengthening of class and oligarchy networks in the implementation of authoritarian-style neoliberal policies. It also points to the respective effectiveness of violent and non-violent tactics in the implementation of militant strategies
The Great War in Poland-Lithuania from A Jewish Perspective: Modernization and Orientalization
Get PDFThe article presents views of Eastern Judaism, especially in Lithuania, in the Jewish press around the Great War. It is based on a close research of journals, newspapers and book-publications written in the German language. It evidences the global implications of the Great War due, among others, to forced and voluntary migrations that involved cultural encounters, confrontations and challenges. The Other, signifying a collective excluded from the social whole, in those days perceived in the Eastern Jew, meant an embarrassment to the Western Jews (Albanis: 30) and served the function of constructing self-identity, involving them in conflicts or making them develop a dual allegiance (Moshe Gresser; Albanis). Should Jews, if they were to become proper Europeans, not decisively shed their Asian being and carriage and thus de-orientalize themselves? The paper also demonstrates that this historical phase of Jewish history, as it deeply involves the problem of secularization, is connected to intricate problems of identity. It can also illustrate a certain openness and fluidity of identitarian possibilities. The issues involved have a clear relevance for contemporary societies, centred around the question if modernity requires minorities to surrender their particularism, or if is there a suble dialectic between universalism and particularism. Implicitly the core issue also raises the question of a common history of Islam and Judaism and the current problem if antisemitism, as targeted at the Eastern Jews, is comparable to contemporary Islamophobia
Media Ethnography in Diasporic Communities
Get PDFMedia and communication technology plays a crucial role in diasporic communities by helping members to maintain complex connections with their places of origin, and at the same time to live their life in the diaspora. The social interactions, belief systems, identity struggles, and the daily life of diasporic communities are indeed reflected in their media consumption and production. A researcher can apply media ethnography to uncover some of the deeper meanings of diasporic experiences. However, a researcher should not take media ethnographic methods lightly since a variety of issues must be addressed to justify its use as a legitimate approach. This article examines various forms of media ethnographic fieldwork (multi-sited ethnography), issues related to researching one’s own community (native ethnography), and the debates surrounding duration of immersion in ethnography research within the context of diasporic communities. Careful consideration of such issues is also necessary to establish the “ethnographic authority” of the researcher
Postcolonial Discourse in Coogler’s Black Panther: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis
Get PDFThis article deals with the investigation of the existence of postcolonial discourse in Coogler’s Black Panther (2018). The study aims to reveal and examine the existence of social issues related to Bhabha’s notion of postcolonialism represented through visual and linguistic elements in the movie. Fairclough’s (1989,2001, 2010) Critical Discourse Analysis, Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) Reading Images, Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (2004) and Bhabha’s (1994) Postcolonialism are used to conduct this research. The result of the study shows that postcolonial discourse is proved represented in the movie. The findings imply that the post colonialism affects the characters in term of how they see and reflect themselves towards the dominance. They are also identified as possessing hybrid identity, ambivalence, and mimicry. It seems that the result of the research opposes the director’s intention to bring the theme of the movie. Theoretically, it is proved that the social irregularities representing black supremacy and exploitation of the citizen of Africa, Wakanda, is depicted in the movie. Empirically, the existence of nondemocratic social practices in black citizens is also seen in the movie
Fundamental Frequency and Tone in Arabic Vowels and Consonants by Indonesian Speakers Aged 5 Years Old
Get PDFThis study discusses the fundamental frequency and tone in Arabic vowels and consonants by Indonesian speakers aged 5 years old. The method of data collecting used an interview method by recording and writing techniques. It also employed one respondent who was 5 years old from the Javanese who resides in Surakarta city. The device used for recording was OPPO Joy 3 mobile phone, which is equipped with RecForge II program and microphone that can record sound clearly. An instrument that was used to know the fundamental frequency and tone was Praat 6.0.26 version. The method of data analysis employed comparing method using the basic technique of elemental sorter technique, connecting technique, and differential technique. The result of the analysis showed that the fundamental frequency is correlated with the tone. If the fundamental frequency was high and likewise the tone. A vowel sound with the high fundamental frequency is sound [u], followed by [i], then [a]. The high and low frequency of vowel sounds affected the frequency of the consonant sound followed by the vowel. It was known that 52% of consonants with the high tone were accompanied by punctuation [d̪ˤammah], 40% were accompanied by punctuation [kasrah], and 8% were accompanied by punctuation [fatħah]. The highest frequency sounding group was the apico-palatal sound. It happened since the apico-palatal sound was produced by vocal cord in a high vibration influencing the fundamental frequency and tone. Whereas, the group of consonant sounds with the lowest frequency was a pharyngeal sound as it had a low vibration on the vocal cord; hence, it only produced the low frequency sound
Redefining the Success of Education: Where Indonesia Has Excelled and Where It Has Not
Get PDFHow do we define the state of Indonesia’s national education? On one hand, Indonesian students have always performed lamentably in international standardized tests. In the latest 2015 PISA test, their performance in Science, Mathematics, and Reading was among the lowest, with the average ranking of 62 out of the 70 participating countries (OECD, 2016). On the other hand, Indonesia’s enrollment rates for primary education have always been higher than 97% for the past decade (Statistics Indonesia, 2018), with the Gross Enrollment Ratio even reaching 103.45% in 2016 (World Bank, 2016). With such polarizing results, it is not easy to give a clear-cut answer to above question. However, in retrospect, should the success of Indonesia’s education be measured merely by numbers, in isolation from how it could socioculturally and politically impacted its citizens? Multiple societal tensions, as well as the looming 2019 election, should actually inform us how education should and could play a larger role in countering currently growing conservatism. This paper will first lay out multiple facets of Indonesia’s national education—examining whether one area has fared better than the others—before making a case for the other role that Indonesia’s education policy has not yet pondered, let alone incorporated. Ultimately, this paper expects to contribute to the wider discussion of the overarching question: how the success of national education should be (re-)defined
Indonesian EFL Learners’ Critical Thinking in Reading: Bridging the Gap between Declarative, Procedural and Conditional Knowledge
Get PDFCritical thinking is explicitly mentioned in many school and university curricula around the world including in the Indonesian education curriculum but it is rarely promoted inside the classrooms. Lack of agreement on its definition and clarity of instruction in the curriculum, the unfavourable culture and the teacher-centered teaching arguably prevent critical thinking to grow. Therefore, more research needs to be undertaken on students’ understanding of and engagement in critical thinking in reading. To fll the gap, this study was conducted, which aimed to investigate Indonesian learners’ critical thinking in reading. One research question was postulated, i.e., How critical are Indonesian EFL learners’ thinking in reading? To answer the question, a mixed method approach was undertaken. The participants of this study were 55 semesters four students enrolled in two classes of Critical Reading and Writing II (CRW2) of the English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta in the even semester of 2014. The instruments employed were a Likert-scale questionnaire and students’ reflections. Results from both quantitative and qualitative data analyses suggest that most of the students had sufficient declarative knowledge of critical thinking in reading. However, their procedural and conditional knowledge about critical thinking in reading were insufficient. Overall, students indicated some level of critical thinking in reading, but to become critical, they need to be in a learning environment where their critical thinking in reading could be regularly and intensively nurtured. The findings of the research are expected to inform English teachers, lecturers and researchers in Indonesia and other parts of the world about the importance of designing and carrying out the teaching-learning processes that can enhance learners’ declarative, procedural and conditional knowledge about critical thinking in reading