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Identification of factors that influence carbon emissions in tropical peatland
Full text linkAbstract. The research aimed to find out the relationship between water table and soil as well as the influence of chemical (peat water content, pH) and physical (cation exchange capacity = KTK) factors on CO2 emission. The research used simple mathematic analysis using secondary data. The research was conducted in oil palm plantation in Koto Gasib districk, Siak Regency, Riau. Objects researched were water table level, rainfall and peatland chemical-physical factors in oil palm plantation. Research result indicated that rainfall and days of rain had linear relationship with water table level. Water table level contributed 71.48% to GRK emission and the remaining 28.52% was influenced by other factors. Peatland pH contributed 91.41% to emission, and the remaining 8.59% was influenced by other factors. The influence of KTK on emission was 88.66 % and the remaining 11.34% was influenced by other factors. Water content of peatland had influence on GRK emission of 96.19% and the remaining 3.81 % was influenced by other factors. Conclusion: water table level, water content, pH, and KTK had significant influence on CO2 emission. Research result shows that water content has the biggest influence on CO2 release compare to water table, KTK and pH.Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan curah hujan terhadap tinggi muka air tanah. Serta pengaruh faktor kimia (kadar air gambut, pH) dan fisika (kapasitas tukar kation) terhadap emisi CO2. Penelitian menggunakan analisis matematika sederhana dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Dilakukan di perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kecamatan Koto Gasib, Kabupaten Siak, Riau. Obyek yang diteliti tinggi muka air tanah, curah hujan dan faktor kimia-fisika lahan gambut di perkebunan kelapa sawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa curah hujan dan hari hujan mempunyai hubungan linier dengan tinggi muka air tanah. Tinggi muka air tanah berkontribusi 71.48% terhadap emisi GRK dan 28.52% dipengaruhi faktor lain. pH tanah gambut berkontribusi 91.41 %, terhadap emisi, 8.59% dipengaruhi faktor lain. Pengaruh KTK terhadap emisi sebesar 88.66 %, dan 11.34% dipengaruhi faktor lain. Kandungan air gambut berpengaruh 96.19% terhadap emisi GRK, dan 3.81 % dipengaruhi faktor lain. Kesimpulan tinggi muka air tanah, kadar air, pH dan KTK berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap emisi CO2
Inventarisasi Mikrofungi Akuatik Pada Perairan Madong, Kota Tanjungpinang, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau
Full text linkInventory of aquatic microfungi diversity needs to be done as a new information about specific types found in certain waters. The objective of this study was to determine the diversity of aquatic microfungi in Madong waters, Tanjungpinang City, Riau Islands. Research on diversity of microfungi was carried out through survey methods at three stations (mangrove areas, fishing settlements and floating net cages, and coastal of Madong villages). Samples were collected by taking litters from the waters (roots, leaves, and branches of mangrove, and also seaweed). Isolation and culture process of aquatic microfungi were carried out in the laboratory. Microfungi isolates that were grown and were successfully identified were: Aspergillus sp., Epicoccum sp., Colletotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., and Stemphylium sp.
Key words: aquatic microfungi, consortium, inventory, isolates, TanjungpinangInventarisasi keanekargaman mikrofungi akuatik perlu dilakukan untuk dapat menambah informasi mengenai jenis-jenis baru maupun spesifik yang terdapat di perairan tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman mikrofungi akuatik yang berada di perairan Madong, Kota Tanjungpinang, Kepulauan Riau. Penelitian keanekaragaman mikrofungi dilakukan melalui metode survei pada tiga stasiun (daerah mangrove, pemukiman nelayan dan Keramba Jaring Apung, serta pesisir kampung Madong). Sampel dikumpulkan dengan menggambil sampel serasah yang berada di perairan (akar, daun, ranting mangrove, serta rumput laut). Isolasi dan kultur mikrofungi akuatik dilakukan di laboratorium. Isolat mikrofungi yang tumbuh dan berhasil diidentikasi yaitu: Aspergillus sp., Epicoccum sp., Colletotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., dan Stemphylium sp.
 
TINGKAT KEBERHASILAN SAMBUNGAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KOPI ROBUSTA (COFFEA ROBUSTA L.) HASIL GRAFTING PADA PEMBERIAN BERBAGAI JENIS MIKORIZA DAN KETINGGIAN BATANG BAWAH
Full text linkThe aim of this research was to obtain the mycorrhizae type and rootstockheight which was able to increase the grafting success, the growth and P uptake of grafted robusta coffee seedlings. This experiment is a two-factor factorial experiment using a completely randomized design of three replications. The first factor was mycorrhizal inoculation consisting of six levels, namely without mycorrhizal inoculation, inoculation of Glomus sp-3, Glomus sp-6, Glomus sp-15, Glomus sp-16, and mixed of Glomus sp-3, sp-6, sp-15, sp-16. The second factor is the rootstock height which consists of five levels, namely 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm from base of the root. The results showed that the best growth and P uptake of grafted robusta coffee seedlings on various types of mycorrhizae were obtained at a 15 cm from the root baserootstock height. The growth and P uptake of grafted robusta coffee seedlings at rootstock heights obtained in the mixed ofGlomus sp-3, sp-6, sp-15, sp-16. The grafting success of the mycorrhizal grafted robusta coffee seedlings is 100% and the without mycorrhizal grafted robusta coffee seedlings are 79.87%, while at various rootstock heights ranges from 95.83 to 97.22%.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan jenis mikoriza dan ketinggian batang bawah yang mampu meningkatkan keberhasilan sambungan sertapertumbuhan dan serapan P bibit kopi robustahasil grafting. Percobaan ini merupakan percobaan faktorial dua faktor menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah inokulasi mikoriza yang terdiri dari enam taraf yaitu tanpa inokulasi mikoriza, inokulasiGlomus sp-3, Glomus sp-6, Glomus sp-15, Glomus sp-16, sertagabungan Glomus sp-3, sp-6, sp-15, sp-16. Faktor kedua berupa ketinggian batang bawah yang terdiri atas lima taraf yaitu ketinggian batang bawah 5, 10, 15, 20dan 25 cm dari pangkal akar.Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan dan serapan P bibit kopi robusta hasil grafting terbaik pada berbagai jenis mikoriza diperoleh pada ketinggian batang bawah 15 cm dari pengkal akar. Pertumbuhan dan serapan P bibit kopi robusta hasil grafting pada berbagai ketinggian batang bawah diperoleh pada jenis mikoriza gabungan Glomus sp-3, sp-6, sp-15, sp-16. Tingkat keberhasilan penyambungan bibit kopi robusta bermikoriza adalah 100% dan bibit yang tidak bermikoriza sebesar 79.87 %, sedangkan pada berbagai ketinggian batang bawah berkisar anatar 95.83 sampai 97.22 %.
 
Studi Beberapa Aspek Reproduksi Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) di Perairan Mayangan, Kabupaten Subang, Jawa Barat
Full text linkStudy on some reproductive aspects of blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) in Mayangan waters, Subang, West Java had been conducted for eleven months (Ferbuary-Desember 2003). The blue swimming crab samples (n=556 individuals, consisted of 251 male and 305 female) were caught by fisherman using crab net and trap sized 25x70 cm. This study covered sex ratio, gonad maturity stage (GMS), gonad somatic index (GSI), fecundity and eggs diameter. During the study (carapace width varied from 63,40-159,70 mm for male and 59,30-163 mm for female), sex ratio (male : female) of the crab was 1 : 1,2. Gonad maturity stage of the crab varied from immature to spent condition. Number of the male mature gonad was found higher during February - April, while female one was in February and June. Carapace width of first mature gonad analyzed using by Speraman-Karber method were 101,5 mm (male) and 122,2 mm (female). Gonad somatic index of male and female ranged 0,57-5,59% and 0,35-5,63%, respectively. The highest value of the gonad somatic index was found in June indicating a peak of spawning season of the crab. Fecundity of the crab ranged from 64.380-1.526.600, while egg carried in the abdomen (of ovigerous female) ranged 80.998-1.343.850. The egg diameter varied from 0,09-0,48 mm, with one mode indicating a total spawner.Rajungan merupakan salah satu sumberdaya perikanan yang bernilai ekonomis penting. Penelitian beberapa aspek reproduksi rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) di perairan Mayangan, Subang, Jawa Barat telah dilakukan selama sebelas bulan (Februari-Desember 2003). Rajungan yang diteliti (n=556 ekor ; 251 ekor jantan dan 305 ekor betina) merupakan hasil tangkapan nelayan dengan menggunakan jaring rajungan dan bubu ukuran 25x70 cm. Aspek yang diteliti mencakup nisbah kelamin, tingkat kematangan gonad (TKG), indeks kematangan gonad (IKG), fekunditas dan diameter telur. Berdasarkan pengamatan (pada kisaran lebar karapas 63,40-159,70 mm untuk jantan dan 59,30-163 mm untuk betina), nisbah kelamin (jantan : betina) adalah 1 : 1,2. Hampir setiap bulan ditemukan TKG I-V. Tingkat kematangan gonad cukup tinggi terdapat pada bulan Februari-April (jantan) dan Februari dan Juni (betina). Ukuran lebar karapas untuk pertama kali matang gonad dengan metode Spearman-Karber (pada selang kepercayaan 95%) adalah 101,5079 mm (jantan) dan 122,2081 mm (betiana). Nilai IKG yang diperoleh selama penelitian berkisar antara 0,57-5,59%(jantan) dan 0,35-5,63% (betina). Nilai IKG yang tinggi ditemukan pada bulan Februari - Oktober dengan puncak tertinggi pada Bulan Juni baik pada rajungan jantan maupun betina. Fekunditas rajungan berkisar antara 64.380-1.526.600 butir. Sedangkan telur yang telah dibuahi di abdomen berkisar 80.998-1.343.850 butir. Diameter telur bervariasi antara 0,09 mm sampai dengan 0,48 mm, dengan satu puncak yang mengindikasikan pola pemijahan rajungan ini termasuk total spawner
Jenis – jenis tumbuhan paku (Pteridofita) dari Hutan Universitas Riau, Provinsi Riaudan Pola Pita DNA berdasarkan Penanda DNA M13Primer
Full text linkUniversity of Riau Forest, Riau Province is one of distribution area of ferns (Pteridophytes). This study aimed to identify fern species at University of Riau Forest and examined the DNA band pattern based on M13 DNA marker. Samples were collected from the field using exploration method and were then identified. DNA isolation was carried out using DNAeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen), and amplified based on PCR method using DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (2X) (Thermo Scientific) with M13 DNA Marker. The inventorisation result showed a total of 26 fern species belong to 8 families were identified in this study. The electrophoresis result of PCR product gave the variaous DNA band pattern ranged from 200 to 2000 bp. DNA band pattern using M13 primer can be used to support the taxonomical data of fern taxaKawasan hutan di Universitas Riau, Provinsi Riau merupakan salah satu daerah distribusi tumbuhan paku (Pteridofita). Kajian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis tumbuhan paku di Hutan Universitas Riau dan mengetahui pola pita DNA menggunakan penanda DNA universal M13. Sampel dikoleksi dari lapangan menggunakan metode eksplorasi dan kemudian diidentifikasi. Isolasi DNA menggunakan DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen), dan diamplifikasi berdasarkan metode PCR menggunakan DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (2X) (Thermo Scientific) denganpenanda DNA M13 (GAGGGTGGCGGTTCT),. Hasil inventarisasi menunjukan 26 jenis paku dari 8 famili telah diidentifikasi pada kajian ini. Hasilelektroforesis PCR menunjukanbahwa pola pita DNA yang dihasilkan bervariasi dengan ukuran berkisar antara 200 bp sampai 2000 bp. Pola pita DNA menggunakan penanda universal M13 dapat dijadikan data pendukung dalam taksonomi tumbuhan paku
Test of Activities of Hepatoprotector of Senggani Leaf Ethanol Extract (Melastoma Malabathricum L.) ON RAT (Rattus Novergicus) That Induced by Paracetamol
Full text linkSenggani leaves (Melastoma Malabathricum L.) are easily available plans that are sometimes used as traditional medicine. This study aimed to determine the hepatotective activity of the ethanol of senggani leaves (Melastoma Malabathricum L.) on rats (Rattus Novergicus) induced by paracetamol with histopatological parameters. Making extracts was carried out by maceration using 96% ethanol solution. The test animals used were 30 rats (Rattus Novergicus) which were divided into 6 groups. Group I without treatment, group II as negative control, group III as positive control, and group IV, V, and VI who were given senggani leaf extract, respectively 100 mg/Kg bb, 200 mg/Kg bb, and 400 mg/Kg bb for 7 day. On the 8 day all rats except group I, were induced paracetamol 180 mg/200 gr bb as the parent of liver demage. The resulst showed that the ethanol extract of senggani leaves at a dose of 400 mg/Kg bb was the most effective in hepatoprotective activity compared to a dose of 100 mg/Kg bb, and 200 mg/Kg bb with histopathological parameters induced by paracetamol.Senggani leaves (Melastoma Malabathricum L.) are easily available plans that are sometimes used as traditional medicine. This study aimed to determine the hepatotective activity of the ethanol of senggani leaves (Melastoma Malabathricum L.) on rats (Rattus Novergicus) induced by paracetamol with histopatological parameters. Making extracts was carried out by maceration using 96% ethanol solution. The test animals used were 30 rats (Rattus Novergicus) which were divided into 6 groups. Group I without treatment, group II as negative control, group III as positive control, and group IV, V, and VI who were given senggani leaf extract, respectively 100 mg/Kg bb, 200 mg/Kg bb, and 400 mg/Kg bb for 7 day. On the 8 day all rats except group I, were induced paracetamol 180 mg/200 gr bb as the parent of liver demage. The resulst showed that the ethanol extract of senggani leaves at a dose of 400 mg/Kg bb was the most effective in hepatoprotective activity compared to a dose of 100 mg/Kg bb, and 200 mg/Kg bb with histopathological parameters induced by paracetamol
Kekayaan Jenis Bulu Babi (Sea Urchin) di Kawasan Perairan Pantai Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta
Full text linkGunung Kidul’s beaches haves several marine organism, one of that is sea urchin (Echinodermata). The objective of this research was to identify of sea urchins in Gunung Kidul’s beaches, Yogyakarta. The research of sea urchin in Gunung Kidul’s beaches was conducted from April to May 2018 located in Drini Beach, Ngrenehan Beach, and Widodaren Beach. The data was collected using 1m x 1m square-transect method. The result showed there were 7 (seven) species of sea urchins belonging to 4 (four) families and 3 (three) orders. The most numberous of sea urchins (six species) found in Widodaren Beach that were Echinometra sp., Echinometra mathaei, Heterocentrotus sp., Tripneustes ventricosus, Colobocentrotus atratus, and Arbacia lixula. Meanwhile in Drini Beach and Ngrenehan Beach was only found each 4 (four) species, that were Echinometra sp., Echinometra mathaei, Heterocentrotus sp., and Stomopneustes variolaris.Pantai Gunung Kidul memiliki beberapa biota laut salah satunya bulu babi (Echinodermata). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis bulu babi di kawasan perairan pantai Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. Penelitian bulu babi di kawasan perairan pantai Gunung Kidul dilakukan pada bulan April sampai dengan Mei 2018 di 3 (tiga) lokasi yaitu Pantai Drini, Pantai Ngrenehan, dan Pantai Widodaren. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode transek kuadrat ukuran 1m x 1m. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh 7 (tujuh) jenis bulu babi yang tergolong dalam 4 (empat) famili dan 3 (tiga) ordo. Jumlah jenis bulu babi yang paling banyak ditemukan di Pantai Widodaren, dengan total 6 (enam) jenis, yaitu Echinometra sp., Echinometra mathaei, Heterocentrotus sp., Tripneustes ventricosus, Colobocentrotus atratus dan Arbacia lixula. Sedangkan di Pantai Drini dan Ngrenehan ditemukan masing-masing 4 (empat) jenis yaitu Echinometra sp. Echinometra mathaei, Heterocentrotus sp.,dan Stomopneustes variolaris
Produksi Pupuk Cair dari Isolat Bakteri Limbah Sayur Pasar Angso Duo Jambi dalam Meningkatkan Perekonomian dan Kesehatan Lingkungan Masyarakat Jambi
Full text linkAngso Duo Market is the largest traditional market in the city of Jambi, with an area of ​​± 5 Ha. The amount of waste produced by Angso Duo market every day is around 105 tons per day with a ratio of 70% biodegradable waste, 25% recycled (organic and paper) and 5% other waste. Of the 75% of waste that is around 60% is waste in the form of vegetables, most of which are mustard and cabbage. Vegetable waste has great potential to be used as organic fertilizer because it has good and complex nutrients such as protein, fat carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins A, B and C, folic acid, fiber, water and sodium. The advantage of liquid organic fertilizer is that it contains enough nitrogen as a constituent of plant protein and chlorophyll. The results showed 6 types of bacteria namely Planococus, Neisseria, Halobacter, Azomonas, Azotobacter and Bruccella which were formulated into liquid fertilizers with a basic substrate of vegetable cabbage and mustard waste.Then tested the ability of bacteria to dissolve nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as potential bacteria as liquid fertilizerPasar Angso Duo merupakan pasar tradisional terbesar di kota Jambi, dengan luas wilayah adalah ± 5 Ha. Jumlah sampah yang dihasilkan pasar Angso Duo setiap harinya sekitar ± 105 ton per haridengan perbandingan 70% sampah mudah terurai, 25%daur ulang (organik dan kertas) dan 5% sampah lainya. Dari 75% sampah teruraitersebut sekitar 60% merupakan sampah berupa sayur yang sebagian besar sayursawi-sawian dan kubis. Limbah sayur ini memiliki potensi besar untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi pupuk organik karena memiliki kandungan unsur hara yang baik dan kompleks seperti protein, lemak karbohidrat, kalsium, fosfor, besi, vitamin A, B dan C, asam folat, serat, air dan Natrium.Kelebihan pupuk organik cair yaitu mengandung cukup nitrogen sebagai bahan penyusun protein dan klorofil tumbuhan.Hasil Penelitian didapatkan 6 jenis bakteri yaitu Planococcus, Neisseria, Halobacter, Azomonas, Azotobacter dan Bruccella yang diformulasi menjadi pupuk cair dengan substrat dasar limbah sayur kubis dan sawi.Kemudian diuji kemampuan bakteri dalam melarut nitrogen, fosfor dan kalsium sebagi bakteri potensial sebagai pupuk cair
Kamuflase dan Strategi Antipredasi Pada Kepiting Hantu Ocypode (Weber, 1795) di Pantai Congot, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta
Full text linkAntipredation is one type of adaptation done by prey animals in the face of predators, both avoid and fight. The antipredation strategy most often done by some animals is to trick predators, one of them by camouflage. In the camouflaged ghost crabs performed using background matching techniques, which alter their body colors and match them to the color of their environment by adjusting the concentration and dispersal of pigment in the chromatophore (Davies, 2013). In addition to camouflage, ghost crabs also make the hole as a hiding place from predators. With reference to camouflage and antipredation strategies on Ghost Crabs (Ocypode), It is necessary to conduct a study that examines the behavior of antipredation strategies that include camouflage and architecture of ghost crab burrows in Congot Beach, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta. The method used in this research includes taking visible light portrait data using Ocypode and its environment to analyze the RGB value, then compare the RGB composition to the specimen and its environment with the Euclidean Distance index. In addition, data collection of burrow architecture using powder gypsum was sterilized with water and then allowed to dry and then the result of the mold is measured and analyzed. The results obtained, among others, the value of Euclidian Distance of 0.12 which indicates that the color on the carapaks are in accordance with the color of the environment. Furthermore, there were 29 cast of burrow architecture consisting of 20 I-shapes, 2 J-shapes, 2 L-shapes, 1 spiral 3 Y-shape, and 1 complex form.Antipredation adalah salah satu jenis adaptasi yang dilakukan oleh hewan mangsa dalam menghadapi predator, baik yang menghindar maupun bertarung. Strategi antipredasi yang paling sering dilakukan oleh beberapa hewan adalah dengan menipu para predator, salah satunya dengan kamuflase. Dalam kepiting hantu yang disamarkan dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik pencocokan latar belakang, yang mengubah warna tubuh mereka dan mencocokkannya dengan warna lingkungan mereka dengan menyesuaikan konsentrasi dan dispersi pigmen di chromatophore (Davies, 2013). Selain kamuflase, kepiting hantu juga menjadikan lubang sebagai tempat persembunyian pemangsa. Dengan mengacu pada strategi kamuflase dan antipredasi pada Kepiting Hantu (Ocypode), perlu dilakukan penelitian yang meneliti perilaku strategi antipredasi yang mencakup kamuflase dan arsitektur liang kepiting hantu di Pantai Congot, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini termasuk mengambil data potret cahaya tampak menggunakan Ocypode dan lingkungannya untuk menganalisis nilai RGB, kemudian membandingkan komposisi RGB dengan spesimen dan lingkungannya dengan indeks Euclidean Distance. Selain itu, pengumpulan data arsitektur liang menggunakan bubuk gypsum disterilkan dengan air dan kemudian dibiarkan kering dan kemudian hasil cetakan diukur dan dianalisis. Hasil yang diperoleh antara lain nilai Euclidian Distance sebesar 0,12 yang menunjukkan bahwa warna pada karapas sesuai dengan warna lingkungan. Selain itu, ada 29 cor arsitektur liang yang terdiri dari 20 bentuk-I, 2 bentuk-J, 2 bentuk-L, 1 bentuk spiral 3-Y, dan 1 bentuk kompleks
Effects of Magnetic Fields and Metal Ions (Cu, Pb, Al and Fe) on Growth of Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria (APB)
Full text linkAnoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria (APB) has beneficial properties including as probiotic candidates, biofertilizers, bioremediation agents, and can reduce H2S concentrations in waters. However, the APB also has a weakness, slow growth.It is known that the interaction of metal ions and the exposure of magnetic fields increases enzyme activity and growth rates. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of metal ions and the exposure to magnetic fields on APB growth. The APB isolate, AM which is isolated from mangrove roots and tested for its effects on metal ions in seawater complete (SWC) media.The metal ions tested were Cu, Pb, Al and Fe with different concentrations. The metal ion is exposed to a 0.2 mT magnetic field for 10 minutes before being added to the media. The cell count results showed that both metal ions exposed and unexposed to magnetic field did not affect the growth of APB AM isolates. However, the metal ion in SWC media affects the spectra pattern of AM APB isolates.Bakteri Fotosintetik Anoksigenik (BFA) memiliki sifat yang menguntungkan diantaranya sebagai kandidat probiotik, biofertilizer, agen bioremediasi dan mampu menurunkan konsetrasi H2S di perairan. Namun demikian BFA pun memiliki kelemahan yaitu pertumbuhannya lambat. Interaksi ion logam dan paparan medan magnet diketahui dapat meningkatkan aktivitas enzim dan meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ion logam dan paparan medan magnet terhadap pertumbuhan BFA. Isolat BFA AM hasil isolasi dari akar mangrove diuji pengaruhnya terhadap ion logam dalam media sea water complete (SWC). Ion logam yang diujikan adalah Cu, Pb, Al dan Fe dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda. Ion logam dipapar medan magnet 0,2 mT selama 10 menit sebelum ditambahkan ke media. Hasil penghitungan sel menunjukkan bahwa ion logam baik yang dipapar medan magnet dan tanpa dipapar medan magnet tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan isolat BFA AM, namun ion logam dalam media SWC mempengaruhi pola spektra isolat BFA AM