Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan
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INOVASI DAN STRATEGI UNTUK MENGURANGI PENGARUH BANJIR PADA USAHATANI PADI
Get PDFPengaruh banjir pada lahan padi sawah kian semakin buruk (bertambahnya luas area terdampak, keparahan, dan frekuensinya) dari tahun ke tahun, menyebabkan penurunan secara nyata hasil padi, produksi padi dan pendapatan petani. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengumpulkan informasi pengaruh banjir terhadap hasil padi, produksi padi dan penurunan pendapatan petani padi akibat banjir saat sekarang hingga nanti, dengan dan tanpa tindakan adaptasi; (2) mengidentifikasi teknologi inovasi yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi banjir; (3) membuat strategi untuk mengurangi dan mengatasi dampak banjir pada pertanaman padi sawah. Data dan informasi dikumpulkan dari enam lahan sawah di Jawa Barat dan Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2010. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan model matematik dan model simulasi dinamik RENDAMAN.CSM, untuk memperoleh informasi dugaan besarnya kehilangan hasil, produksi dan kerugian usahatani padi hingga tahun 2020. Banjir dan rendaman selama tahun 2006-2010 menurunkan hasil padi di Jawa Barat 2.5 ton ha-1, dan di Jawa Tengah 3.0 ton ha-1. Kerugian yang dialami petani di Jawa Barat dan Jawa Tengah berkisar antara Rp. 6.5-7.0 juta ha-1. Kehilangan produksi padi akibat banjir 10-46 ribu ton GKP, atau setara Rp. 24–112 milyar tahun-1. Kehilangan produksi ini diduga akan terus meningkat bila tanpa adanya tindakan adaptasi menjadi 12-58 ribu ton GKP atau setara Rp. 30–140 milyar pada tahun 2015. Langkah pengendalian menghadapi banjir yang segera diperlukan adalah (1) konservasi dan perbaikan DAS hulu hingga hilir secara intensif; (2) perbaikan infrastruktur saluran irigasi dan drainase dari hulu ke hilir oleh pemerintah pusat dan daerah, termasuk pengerukan endapan lumpur; (3) gerakan gotong royong pemeliharaan saluran berupa pembersihan tumbuhan air dalam saluran (eceng gondok dan sebagainya) oleh kelompok-kelompok tani dan masyarakat; (4) mengevaluasi kembali pola rotasi tanaman dalam setahun termasuk awal musim tanam; (5) penyediaan pompa-pompa pembuang air banjir. Perubahan teknologi yang diperlukan sebagai tindakan adaptasi terhadap banjir adalah (1) penggunaan varietas tahan rendaman lebih dari 10 hari, dengan kualitas gabah dan harga jual sesuai dengan keinginan petani; (2) perbaikan pupuk dan pemupukan, seperti penggunaan pupuk N lepas lambat (slow release), atau briket, hara lain dan waktu pemberian yang tepat; (3) penyiapan bibit sehat dan kuat yang siap disulamkan apabila terjadi kerusakan pertanaman akibat banjir; (4) perbaikan cara budidaya seperti pengaturan jarak tanam/populasi untuk mengurangi kerusakan/kerugian akibat banjir/rendaman; dan (5) cara pengendalian keong mas dan hama penyakit lain yang berkembang cepat akibat banjir. Teknologi di atas perlu terus diperbaiki efektivitasnya dari sekarang untuk menghadapi kondisi banjir yang lebih parah di masa mendatang
VIABILITAS INOKULAN DALAM BAHAN PEMBAWA GAMBUT, KOMPOS, ARANG BATOK DAN ZEOLIT YANG DISTERIL DENGAN IRADIASI SINAR GAMMA Co-60 DAN MESIN BERKAS ELEKTRON
Get PDFCarrier is one of the important factor to determine the quality of biofertilizer. The inoculant carriers should contain no or less microbial contaminant. The purpose of this research was to investigate viability of Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi inoculants in carrier material that were sterilized by Gamma Irradiation Co-60 and Electron Beam Machine (EBM). Each inoculants was injected to the sterilized peat, compost, coconut shell charcoal and zeolite. Viability of inoculants in steriled carrier was evaluated at 0, 7, 14, 42 and 70 days after preparation. The stirage was done in incubator at 25ºC. The result of viability of Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi inoculants on sterilized carrier material by Gamma Irradiation Co-60, EBM and autoclave tended to decline during storage 70 days at room temperature (250C). Viability of Azospirillum inoculants in zeolite sterilized by Gamma Irradiation Co-60 and autoclave gave the highest numbres of viable cells. Storage of these inoculants at 25ºC for 70 days only reduce the number of viable cells by 11.1%. Viability of Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi inoculants in coconut shell charcoal or compost sterilized by Gamma Irradiation Co-60 went down by 99.8% after 70 days. The sterilization of carriers by using autoclave or Gamma Irradiation Co-60 were better than EBM sterilization. . Keywords: Carrier, Electron Beam Machine, Gamma Irradiation Co-60, sterilization, viabilit
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BAHAN HUMAT DAN KOMPOS SISA TANAMAN TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TANAH DAN PRODUKSI UBI KAYU
Get PDFA study about the effect of humic substance and green manure on soil physical characteristics and cassava production was conducted on a Sandy loam soil in Sukadana-East Lampung. Humic substance was obtained from Proper Humic, whereas green manure was obtained from crop residue and weed surrounding the experimental site. Humic substance applied was 15 liters ha-1 and green manure applied was 2 tons ha-1. The result of the experiment indicated that in general, humic substance and green manure applied had no significant effect on soil physical characteristics. However, there was a tendency that water content at field capacity (pF 2.54) and water available capacity increased as humic substance and green manure were applied. Similar tendency was also observed for water retained in soil where field soil water content at 7 consecutive no-raindays was slightly higher at soil with humic substance and green manure. With the application of humic substance and green manure, soil could hold water in a longer time. The effect of green manure on field soil water content was, however, slightly better than that of humic substance. Nevertheless, application of humic substance 15 l ha-1 increased significantly cassava growth and production and the effect was better than those from green manure with the dosage of 2 ton ha-1. Key words: cassava production, humic substance, water retentio
KETERKAITAN FAKTOR BIOFISIK DAN PENGUASAAN LAHAN HUTAN DENGAN KERAWANAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF PENATAAN RUANG : STUDI KASUS PADA WILAYAH HTI DI JAMBI
Get PDFThe occurrence of forest fire in Jambi can be considered as an annual phenomenon. It happenes almost every year in every type of land uses, including industrial timber plantation area of PT Wirakarya Sakti. The drivers of fire are a combination between natural factors and an anthropogenic factor, which in this case is traditional land preparation activity conducted by local farmer. To maintain their source of livelihoods, farmers convert forest land into seasonal agricultural land (ladang) using ‘slash and burn’ method. This activity occures along with the changes in social economic condition. Currently, although this circumstance has existed for a long time, availability of information regarding forest fire-prone area especially in industrial timber plantation is really minutes. Based on this condition, this study aims to model and develop spatial information on the vulnerability forest fire in industrial timber plantation (HTI) area. The specific objectives are: 1) To identify biophysical factors that affect of forest fire, 2) To identify the significance of community activities and land tenure factors to forest fires event in the area, 3) To analyze communities motivations and actions in regards to forest fire events, and 4) To analyze synergy between actual land use with HTI Spatial Planning (RTR-HTI). The results of using logistic regression analysis showed that the most significance biophysical variable are soil type and rainfall, while on the anthropogenic variable are the distance from land and the distancefrom road. Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis suggested that community motivations and actions are affected by social indicators. Based on these facts, spatial analysis using GIS was conducted. The result showed that the value of land use suitable (LUS) was 88.1% (218,289 ha) and not suitable was 11.9% (29,589 ha) from the land allocation of RTR-HTI. Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the relative importance weight for each factor was derivied to be included in hazard model. The hazard map showed that fire hazard can be classified into high category (118,925 ha), moderate category (175,272ha) and low category (11,369 ha). Keywords: land use, land tenure community, vulnerability forest fir
KARAKTERISTIK PEDOLOGI DAN PENGELOLAAN REVEGETASI LAHAN BEKAS TAMBANG NIKEL: STUDI KASUS LAHAN BEKAS TAMBANG NIKEL POMALAA, SULAWESI TENGGARA
Get PDFPost-mining land management needs to be done by taking into account a holistic approach concerning the improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil as growth media, in order to support the rehabilitation plans. The objective of this study were: (i) to conduct quantitative and comprehensive an inventory of pedological properties of nickel post mining land, (ii) to analyze the potential and limitations of post mined land, (iii) act designed environmental management, based on the characteristics of the revegetation of the land and the environment. The results showed that the soil in Pomalaa could be classified in Typic Hapludox, clayey, mixed, isohypertermic (P1) dan Typic Hapludalfs, loamy, mixed, isohypertermic (P2), while the material in ex mining area are overburden or parent material. The soil has developed from peridotite and peridotite-serpentinite ultramafic material. This soil has low natural fertility and require efforts to improve the physical properties. Ex-mining area has a high rate of erosion. Poor tree growth in revegetation area has been determined caused by a deficiency of Ca, Fe, Cu, or Mn. The possibility of Ni and Cr toxicity in plants needs to be further investigated. Local resources in the form of slag can be used for revegetation, especially converter slag. The results obtained from this study can be used to give the advice of post-nickel mining land management, based on land characteristics. A better management advice covers two issues, namely improvements of the management action actually implemented and improvements in technical rehabilitation.Keywords: Pedological processes, post nickel mining land, revegetatio
KAJIAN SEBARAN KADMIUM DALAM SAYURAN DAN TANAH DI BANTARAN SUNGAI CIKARANG BEKASI LAUT (CBL)
Get PDFContamination of contaminants in river are more due to human activities (antropogenic), such as the disposal of industrial waste and domestic waste. One type of inorganic pollutants that is toxic to living organism including human is cadmium (Cd). The movement of Cd in river water into the soil along the river is naturally and by human activity. The objectives of this study was to examine the distribution of Cd in soil on the river banks of the Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL) river, in Bekasi West Java, based on the distance from the pollutant sources during rainy and dry season (spatially and temporally). This study used a survey method in sampling plants, water and soil. Sampling was conducted at 10 sites and 10 observation times (dry and rainy season). The analyses of Cd content were conducted on plant, water and soil samples. In addition, pH was also measured in soil and water samples. Vegetable samples were collected from the field were kale, spinach and caisin. Statistical analyses comparized of analyses of variance (F test), comparatine analyses of the mean and correlation analyses. The results showed that the contents of Cd in the soil samples that close to the surface of the river water were higher than those of other soil samples. This was caused by the movement of Cd from the river water naturally due to changes in water level or river discharge fluctuation, as a consequence of changes in dry and rainy seasons. At sites further from the river (on land of cultivation), the presence of Cd in soil was mainly due to the use of river water for irrigation. Watering plant was mostly done during the dry season, at which the concentration of Cd in river water was relatively higher. The content of Cd in plant tissue (Spinach, kale and caisin) had a positive correlation with the content of Cd in the soil. The average content of Cd from the three plants were spinach > kale > caisin, consecutively. Keywords: antropogenic, cadmium (Cd), Cd uptake, pollution, riverbank
APLIKASI PUPUK ANORGANIK DAN ORGANIK HAYATI PADA BUDIDAYA PADI SRI (System of Rice Intensification)
Get PDFExcessive use of inorganic fertilizers mainly NPK causes soil degradation, environment pollution, decreases production, and reduces soil biological activity. System of rice intensification is one method of rice cultivation. SRI main principles are seed transplanting at young age (7-11 days old), transplanting use single seedling methode, seedlings at wide plant spacing ≥ 25x25 cm, intermittent irrigation and field conditions are not flooded, and reduction of chemical fertilizers and application of organic fertilizer. This research was conducted at Situgede Village, West Bogor District, Bogor. The research design was split plot randomized complete block design with three blocks. Two rice cultivation system as the main plot and five combinations of fertilizer application as sub plot. In the main plot consisted of two rice cultivation which is conventional and SRI while the subplot consisted of five combinations of fertilizer application is no fertilition, 100% inorganic fertilizers (Urea = 250 kg ha-1, SP-36 = 75 kg ha-1 and KCl = 50 kg ha-1), 75% inorganic fertilizers (Urea = 187 kg ha-1, SP-36 = 56.8 kg ha-1 and KCl = 37.5 kg ha-1) + 200 kg of bio-organicfertilizer, 50% inorganic fertilizers (Urea = 125 kg ha-1, SP-36 = 37.5 kg ha-1 and KCl = 25 kg ha-1) + 200 kg of bio-organicfertilizer and 50% inorganic fertilizers (Urea = 125 kg ha-1, SP-36 = 37.5 kg ha-1 and KCl = 25 kg ha-1). The results showed that SRI method produced maximum number of tillers higher that of 25.8 tillers/hill or an increase of 64.33% compared with conventional methods. Wet and dry shoot weight of wet and dry weight of root is greater in successive SRI method of 13.3%, 19.1%, 1.40% and 41.8% compared with the conventional method. The number of productive tillers, grain number/panicle, 1000 grains weight, root wet weight and dry grain at SRI method was higher than those in conventional method respectively 58.6%, 37.0%, 2.50%, 25.1% and 32.6%. The uptake of N and P in the SRI method higher at 72.0% and 100% compared to conventional method. Application 50% inorganic fertilizer + 200 kg bio-organic fertilizer, producing more fresh weight biomass, plant dry weight, wet weight and dry weight, number of productive tillers, 1000 grain weight respectively 13.9%, 42.0%, 49.8%, 74.0%, 10.7% and 2.48% compared with the dosage recommendations dose or 100% inorganic fertilizer. N, P and K uptake at 50% inorganic fertilizer + 200 kg of bio-organic fertilizer treatment higher (55.6%, 66.7% and 46.2%) than the full recommendation dose of inorganic fertilizer. Bio-organic fertilizer can be used as substitute of NPK fertilizer.Keywords : Bio-organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, System of Rice Intensification (SRI
KARAKTERISTIK LAHAN PADA PERTANAMAN DUKU (Lansium Domesticum Corr) DI PROVINSI JAMBI
Get PDFDuku is one of horticultural crops and tropical fruits that has high commercial value. Government of Jambi Province intends to maintain and develop duku through crop improvements and extensification. For that purpose it needs to understand crop requirement related to land characteristic. The aims of this research were to identify land characteristics that associated to duku productivity, describe the optimum land characteristics to support maximum duku productivity, and to investigate the significance influence of land characteristics on optimum duku productivity. The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through field surveys, including biophysical properties and crop productivity. Secondary data included climate and duku distribution in Jambi Province. Data analysis were used line boundary method analysis and discriminant analysis. Biophysical properties and productivity were plotted on scatter diagram and the distribution of points form a model of the boundary line. The model of the biophysical properties and production relationship could determine land characteristics that associated with optimum productivity. The optimum productivity was associated with soil texture of sandy clay, sandy clay loam, loam, and clay loam, soil depth > 56 cm, soil pH between 4.5 to 6.4, C organic content > 0.60%, CEC was > 16.0 cmol kg-1, base saturation was > 5%, available P was > 1.50 ppm, exchangeable K content > 0.50 cmol kg-1, and Al saturation was < 43%. The discriminant analysis showed that the soil pH had the highest contribution on duku productivity.Key word: Boundary line, Duku, land characteristic, productivit
KAJIAN PENGARUH SITU TERHADAP RESPON HIDROLOGI DI DAS PESANGGRAHAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL HEC-HMS
Get PDFPesanggrahan river with total extent of watershed about 13,384 ha is one of rivers flowing through Jakarta City that causes flood problem every years. Many effort has been done to reduce flood problem, among others is to build reservoir in watershed, but the effectiveness of reservoir is still questionable. A research aimed to analyze gap of reservoir capacity changes and its influence on hydrological response and to arrange the scenario of reservoir capacity change to improve hydrological response in Pesanggrahan Watershed was done using HEC-HMS Model. Reservoir capacity change scenarios applied to the actual rainfall condition and designed rainfall condition with a certain recurrence interval. The scenarios consist of: reservoir with the exsisting condition (scenario 1), increase depth of reservoir to 5 meters (scenario 2) and build 6 reservoirs on Pesanggrahan watershed (scenario 3). The model was calibrated using daily discharge data from the date of January 10th to April 30th 2009. Model calibration result shows that model is quite accurate to predict peak discharge in Pesanggrahan Watershed with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency value = 0.9817 and R2 =0.975. Simulation results showed that the reservoir is effective in decreasing its local effect to peak discharge (reservoir area). The presence of reservoir with existing condition reduce only 6.38 % of the peak run off in outlet Kebon jeruk, whereas building of 6 reservoir will reduce 24.6 % of the peak run off in outlet Kebon jeruk.Keywords : HEC-HMS Model, peak discharge, Reservoir capacity chang
PRODUKSI MASAL INOKULUM AZOTOBACTER, AZOSPIRILLUM DAN BAKTERI PELARUT FOSFAT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA ALTERNATIF
Get PDFAzotobacter, Azospirillum and phosphate solubilizing bacteria are the most common microbial inoculants used as biofertilizer. To have good quality of biofertilizer, the high number of inoculant cells and suitable carriers as well as the method of carrier sterilization are among the most important factors determined the quality of biofertilizer. Related to the number of inoculant cells in carriers, the growing medium used to cultivate the microbial cells play very important role. For mass production of microbial cells, the medium should be able to support fast growth of microbial cells. The price of medium should be reasonably cheap and the materials used in medium should be available easily. The purpose of this study was to obtain a cheap growing medium that can support high number of microbial inoculant cells and the components of the medium should be easyly obtain and the price is not expensive. The study was conducted at the Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). The results showed that the medium IPB RI-1 was able to support the growth of 1010 cfu ml-1 Azotobacter, 108 cfu ml-1 Azospirillum and 109 cfu ml-1 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria. The number of bacterial cells in Nutrient Broth medium was only 108 cfu ml-1. This means that the IPB RI-1 medium was able to produce 100-fold population of Azotobacter compared to the growth of this bacterium in Nutrient Broth and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria was 10-fold higher than population in Nutrient Broth medium. The costs of the IPB RI-1 and IPB RI-2 were much cheaper compared to the cost of Nutrient Broth medium. The cost of medium IPB RI-1 only 3% (IDR 945) and IPB RI-2 about 2% (IDR 690) of the cost of Nutrient Broth medium (IDR 27,752) per liter medium in the year of 2010.Keywords : Alternative media, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Nutrient Broth, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteri