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Implementation experience of the first smoking Cessation Support Group, APAC Nova Lima.
No full textIntrodução: Há uma vasta documentação dos impactos do tabagismo
na saúde. Entretanto, estudos de prevalência e medidas de combate ao
hábito de fumar são escassas no Brasil para a população privada de liber-
dade. Objetivo: Descrever a implantação do primeiro Grupo de Apoio à
Cessação do Tabagismo na APAC de Nova Lima (GACT-APAC NL). Relato da
Experiência: O GACT-APAC NL foi instituído após abordagem breve com
todos os indivíduos privados de liberdade (IPL) do regime fechado numa
atividade de educação em saúde. Seguida pela anamnese clínica para
o tratamento do tabagismo visou identificar o grau de motivação para
cessação do hábito de fumar e direcionamento para consulta médica
individual. Foram selecionados nove tabagistas na fase de ação e um ex-
-tabagista na fase de manutenção da abstinência para participarem do
GACT-APAC NL. Após a quarta sessão, 55% dos participantes haviam aban-
donado o hábito de fumar, um participante havia abandonado o grupo.
Após o sétimo encontro, equivalente ao terceiro mês do GACT-APAC NL,
apenas três IPL mantinham-se sem fumar, sendo que um deles já havia
iniciado o grupo após ter cessado esse hábito. Considerações finais: A
implantação do GACT-APAC NL configurou-se como
uma ação de proteção de direitos aos IPL prevista
na Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde das
Pessoas Privadas de Liberdade no Sistema Prisional.
Os resultados obtidos, semelhantes aos grupos de ta-
bagismo realizados com a população geral, mostram
a proximidade da efetividade desta ação com os IPL,
reforçando a necessidade de implantação de mais
grupos de tabagismo para essa população.Introduction:There is extensive documentation of
the health impacts of smoking. However, prevalence
studies and measures to combat smoking are scar-
ce in Brazil for the population deprived of liberty.
Objective:To describe the implementation of the first
Support Group for Smoking Cessation in the APAC of
Nova Lima (GACT-APAC NL). Report of the Experiment:
The GACT-APAC NL was established after a brief approa-
ch with all individuals deprived of liberty (IPL) of the
closed regime in a health education activity. Followed
by clinical history for the treatment of smoking aimed
to identify the degree of motivation for smoking ces-
sation and direction for individual medical consulta-
tion. Nine smokers were selected in the action phase
and one former smoker in the abstinence mainte-
nance phase to participate in the GACT-APAC NL. After
the fourth session, 55% of the participants had quit
smoking, one participant had left the group. After the
seventh meeting, equivalent to the third month of
the GACT-APAC NL, only three IPL remained non-smo-
king, and one of them had already started the group
after having ceased this habit. Closing remarks:The
implementation of the GACT-APAC NL was configured
as an action to protect rights to IPL provided for in
the National Policy of Comprehensive Health Care
of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Prison System.
The results obtained, similar to the smoking groups
conducted with the general population, show the
proximity of the effectiveness of this action with the
IPL, reinforcing the need to implement more smoking
groups for this population
Instrumentalização da saúde pública como “moeda de troca” na cidade de Caucaia-CE (1988 a 2020).
No full textPrograma de Pós-Graduação em História. Departamento de História, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.Esta pesquisa realiza um estudo acerca da saúde pública da cidade de Caucaia, situada no Estado de Ceará, e as dificuldades enfrentadas pela população mais carente para acessar os serviços da referida área. O trabalho procurou compreender as trocas de favores como mecanismos usados por uma parcela da população caucaiense para acessar os serviços de saúde, identificando através dos relatos de memória a instrumentalização das políticas públicas pelos atores sociais, nos anos de 1988 a 2020. Recorrendo à análise documental e principalmente ao uso da metodologia de história oral, por meio de entrevistas gravadas e posteriormente transcritas e analisadas, foi possível ter uma compreensão das formas de agir e pensar da sociedade investigada, bem como das relações políticas e sociais que envolvem os agentes sociais. Como resultado das análises pudemos perceber a existência de uma cultura política do favor por meio da terceirização do acesso aos serviços de saúde. Pudemos concluir que há uma tolerância às práticas de trocas de favores na sociedade investigada na política e principalmente na saúde pública, o que dificulta sua desarticulação, embora seja possível perceber uma mudança lenta nesse processo.This research makes a study about the public health of the city of Caucaia, located in the state of Ceará, and the difficulties faced by the neediest population to access the services of that area. The work sought to understand the exchange of favors as mechanisms used by a portion of the Caucaian population to access health services, identifying through memory reports the instrumentalization of public policies by social actors, in the years 1988 to 2020. Through documentary analysis and mainly the use of oral history methodology, via recorded interviews and later transcribed and analyzed, it was possible to have an understanding of the manner of behaving and thinking of the investigated society, as well as the political and social relations that involve social agents. As a result of the analyses, we were able to perceive the existence of a political culture of favor through the outsourcing of access to health services. We were able to conclude that there is a tolerance to the practices of exchange of favors in the society investigated in politics and especially in public health, which makes it difficult to disarticulate them, although it is possible to perceive a slow change in this process
Análise de ciclo de vida de processos de digestão anaeróbia da cama de aviário.
No full textThis article presents results of life-cycle assessment of anaerobic digestion processes of poultry litter (PL) preceded or not by thermal pretreatment (autohydrolysis). For this, the environmental impact categories, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, eutrophication, and soil acidification were evaluated using the ReCiPe Midpoint (H) method. Based on primary data provided by a partner company, life- cycle inventories were constructed for three forms of poultry waste management: i. disposal of in natura PL into the soil, which is the commonly used management technique; ii. anaerobic digestion of in natura PL; and iii. thermal pre-treatment by autohydrolysis of PL before its anaerobic digestion. It is concluded that anaerobic digestion of PL reduces GHG emissions compared to the “business as usual” scenario of soil disposal. The use of digestate (liquid fraction generated by PL anaerobic digestion) as soil fertilizer would result in avoided GHG emissions of 34%, while thermal pre-treatment by autohydrolysis of PL prior to its anaerobic digestion would result in a slightly lower reduction (27%) in GHG. Anaerobic digestion of in natura PL would also reduce the eutrophication potential by 98.2% (kg eq PO4 -3/t litter) and the acidification potential by 98.4% (kg eq SO2 /t litter) compared to its soil disposal. These results show that anaerobic digestion is a more sustainable way to manage PL than its environmental discharge.Este artigo apresenta resultados de análise do ciclo de vida dos processos de digestão anaeróbia de cama de aviário (CA) precedida ou não de pré-tratamento térmico (auto-hidrólise). Para tanto, foram avaliadas as categorias de impacto ambiental, emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), eutrofização e acidificação do solo por meio do método ReCiPe Midpoint (H). Com base em dados primários fornecidos por uma empresa parceira, foram construídos inventários de ciclo de vida para três formas de manejo de dejetos de aves: i. descarte de CA in natura no solo, que é a técnica de manejo comumente utilizada; ii. digestão anaeróbia de CA in natura; e iii. pré-tratamento térmico por auto-hidrólise da CA antes da sua digestão anaeróbia. Conclui-se que a digestão anaeróbia da CA reduz as emissões de GEE em comparação ao cenário business as usual de disposição no solo. O uso do digestato (fração líquida gerada na digestão anaeróbia da CA) como fertilizante de solo resultaria em emissões de GEE evitadas de 34%, ao passo que o pré-tratamento térmico por auto-hidrólise da CA previamente à sua digestão anaeróbia resultaria em redução de emissões de GEE um pouco menor (27%). A digestão anaeróbia da CA in natura reduziria ainda o potencial de eutrofização em 98,2% (kg eq PO4 -3/t cama) e o potencial de acidificação em 98,4% (kg eq SO2 /t cama) em relação à sua disposição no solo. Tais resultados mostram que a digestão anaeróbia é uma forma mais sustentável de manejo da CA do que o seu lançamento no ambiente
Undernutrition, and overweight and obesity : the two faces of malnutrition in Brazil, analysis of the Global Burden of Disease, 1990 to 2019.
No full textObjectives: The objective of this study was to analyse the global burden of disease attributable to un-
dernutrition and high body mass index (BMI) in Brazil and its 27 states, as well as its association with the
socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2019.
Study design: This is an epidemiological time-series study.
Methods: This study analysed the undernutrition and high BMI estimated by the Global Burden of Dis-
ease study conducted from 1990 to 2019 for Brazil and its states, using the following metrics: absolute
number of deaths, standardised mortality rate, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). This study also
analysed the correlation between the percentage variation of mortality rates and SDI.
Results: A decrease in the number of deaths (75 %), mortality rate (75.1 %), and DALYS (72 %)
attributable to undernutrition was found in Brazil and in all regions. As regarding the high BMI, an in-
crease in the number of deaths was found (139.6 %); however, the mortality rate (9.7) and DALYs
(6.4 %) declined in all regions, except in the North and Northeast regions, which showed an increase. A
strong correlation was identified between undernutrition and high BMI with SDI.
Conclusion: Our study observed a double burden of malnutrition in Brazil, with a reduction in the burden
of diseases due to malnutrition in Brazil and variation in the burden due to high BMI according to the
socioeconomic status of the region. Public policies are necessary in order to guarantee the human right to
a healthy and sustainable diet, together with food and nutrition security and a diminishing of social
inequality
Inquiry-based science teaching and socioscientific issues in the classroom : connections based on the analysis of epistemic practices.
No full textNeste artigo, analisamos continuidades e mudanças na construção de práticas epistêmicas em dois
contextos instrucionais distintos: investigativo (EnCI) e sociocientífico (QSC). Baseados na Etnografia
em Educação, acompanhamos estudantes de uma turma do 8° ano do Ensino Fundamental ao longo de
um ano em aulas de ciências. Selecionamos um evento para análise das práticas epistêmicas a partir de
interações discursivas. Os resultados da análise deste evento, à luz de outros eventos ocorridos ao longo
do ano, indicam relações complementares entre as abordagens EnCI e QSC. Atividades em contexto
investigativo favoreceram o posicionamento consciente e justificado pelos estudantes em discussões
sociocientíficas. Atividades em contexto sociocientífico, por sua vez, catalisaram a emergência de
práticas epistêmicas mais complexas. Defendemos, portanto, as vantagens pedagógicas de articulações
entre o EnCI e as QSC, entendidas como complementares, tendo em vista os objetivos da educação
científica no século XXI.This paper analyzes continuities and changes in the constructing epistemic practices in two different
instructional contexts: inquiry-based science teaching (IBST) and socioscientific issues (SSI). Based on
Ethnography in Education, we followed students in an 8th-grade elementary school classroom for over
a year in science lessons. We selected an event to analyze epistemic practices in discursive interactions.
Considering other events over the year, the analysis of this event indicates reciprocal relationships between
the IBST and SSI approaches. Inquiry-based activities fostered conscious and justified positioning by
students in socio-scientific discussions. Socioscientific activities, in turn, catalysed the construction of
more complex epistemic practices. Therefore, we defend the pedagogical advantages of articulations
between IBST and SSI activities to support science education aims in the 21st century
Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults.
No full textBackground Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We
estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from
1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories.
Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and
weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate
trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children
and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the
individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m²) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference)
and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median).
Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in
11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed
changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and
140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of
underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and
countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior
probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse
was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of
thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a
posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%)
with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and
obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for
both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such
as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged
children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls
in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and
42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents,
the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining
underweight or thinness.
Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an
increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy
nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of
underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity
Comparing the performance of machine learning models for predicting the compressive strength of concrete.
No full textThis work aimed to investigate and compare the performance of diferent machine learning models in predicting the com-
pressive strength of concrete using a data set of 1234 compressive strength values. The predictive variables were selected
based on their relevance using the SelectKBest method, resulting in an analysis of eight and six predictive variables. The
evaluation was conducted through linear correlation studies via simple linear regression and non-linear correlation stud-
ies using support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF), gradient boosting (GB), and artifcial neural networks (ANN).
The results showed a coefcient of determination (R2
)=0.897 and a root mean square error (RMSE)=6.535 MPa for SVR,
R2=0.885 and RMSE=5.437 MPa for GB, R2=0.868 and RMSE=5.859 MPa for GB and R2=0.894 and RMSE=5.192 MPa
for ANN, all for test set and eight predictor variables. The comparison between the machine learning methods revealed
signifcant diferences. For instance, ANN stood out with a higher R2
value, demonstrating its remarkable ability to explain
the variability in the data. ANN also showed the lowest RMSE value, indicating notable accuracy in the predictions.
Although ANN has demonstrated higher performance, GB shows a closer performance, which no diferences from a
practical application. The choice between these approaches depends on considerations regarding the balance between
explainability and accuracy. While GB provides a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between variables,
ANN stands out for the accuracy of its predictions
Ethnobotany and science teaching : appreciation of traditional communities in times of crisis.
No full textEste artigo visa a apresentação de um recorte de uma Sequência Didática, com atividades, sugestões de interdisciplinaridade e desenvolvimento para a sala de aula. O objetivo principal deste estudo é apresentar um produto pedagógico originado de uma pesquisa etnobotânica, que vincula os saberes tradicionais e científicos, visando enriquecer as práticas dos professores com atividades práticas e contextualizadas. A Sequência Didática (SD) está fundamentada em cinco etapas: escolha do referencial teórico-metodológico, seleção de dois contos tradicionais, seleção do tema, definição dos objetivos de aprendizagem e seleção e elaboração das atividades. A SD compreende quatro aulas, utilizando metodologias adotadas para a realização das atividades incluindo leitura, apresentação de contos etnobotânicos, aulas expositivas dialogadas, debates, e trabalhos em grupo e individuais. Dessa forma, este trabalho destaca a importância de uma abordagem de ensino contextualizada, especialmente no campo da botânica. Esta abordagem pode proporcionar uma compreensão mais aprofundada das interconexões entre cultura, ambiente e ciência.This article aims to present a sample of a Didactic Sequence, with activities, suggestions for interdisciplinarity and development for the classroom. The main objective of this study is to present a pedagogical product originating from ethnobotanical research, which links traditional and scientific knowledge, aiming to enrich teachers' practices with practical and contextualized activities. The Didactic Sequence (DS) is based on five stages: choice of the theoretical-methodological framework, selection of two traditional tales, selection of the theme, definition of learning objectives and selection and elaboration of activities. DS comprises four classes with methodologies adopted to carry out activities including reading, presentation of ethnobotanical stories, dialogued expository classes, debates, and group and individual work. In this way, this work highlights the importance of
Uncovering the association mechanism between two intrinsically flexible proteins.
No full textThe understanding of protein−protein interaction mechanisms is key to the atomistic description of cell signaling pathways and for the development of new drugs. In this context, the mechanism of intrinsically disordered proteins folding upon binding has attracted attention. The VirB9 C-terminal domain (VirB9Ct) and the VirB7 N-terminal motif (VirB7Nt) associate with VirB10 to form the outer membrane core complex of the Type IV Secretion System injectisome. Despite forming a stable and rigid complex, VirB7Nt behaves as a random coil, while VirB9Ct is intrinsically dynamic in the free state. Here we combined NMR, stopped-flow fluorescence, and computer simulations using structure-based models to characterize the VirB9Ct-VirB7Nt coupled folding and binding mechanism. Qualitative data analysis suggested that VirB9Ct preferentially binds to VirB7Nt by way of a conformational selection mechanism at lower temperatures. However, at higher temperatures, energy barriers between different VirB9Ct conformations are more easily surpassed. Under these conditions the formation of non-native initial encounter complexes may provide alternative pathways toward the native complex conformation. These observations highlight the intimate relationship between folding and binding, calling attention to the fact that the two molecular partners must search for the most favored intramolecular and intermolecular interactions on a rugged and funnelled conformational energy landscape, along which multiple intermediates may lead to the final native state
Pesticide detection in forensic investigation : case and death profiles.
No full textAs intoxicações são um grave problema de saúde pública, pelo impacto na saúde individual e coletiva e pelos custos econômicos e sociais que acarretam. Os agrotóxicos são um dos principais químicos relacionados a esses eventos. Objetiva-se descrever o perfil dos casos e dos óbitos positivos para agrotóxicos que aportaram a um Laboratório de Toxicologia Forense. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados periciais criminais (toxicológicos e necroscópicos) entre 2002 e 2018; realização de análises descritivas e de testes de Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado de Pearson e exato de Fisher para verificação de associações. A maior parte dos 1.606 casos foi proveniente da região central de Minas Gerais, relacionou-se aos inibidores de acetilcolinesterase e era composta de indivíduos do sexo masculino. Houve limitações técnicas laboratoriais para a detecção de agrotóxicos e redução do número de casos ao longo do tempo. Para 296 óbitos avaliados, homens, negros, com idade entre 30-49 anos foram a maior parte das vítimas. A suspeita de suicídio e o uso de inibidores de acetilcolinesterase foram as principais causas da morte. Não foram observados sinais necroscópicos específicos; edema agudo de pulmão e secreção espumosa nas vias aéreas foram as principais alterações observadas. Adultos jovens, do sexo masculino, que utilizaram inibidores de acetilcolinesterase em contexto de suicídio foram os mais prevalentes, podendo ser foco de políticas públicas. Ainda há limitação na detecção dos casos de intoxicações por agrotóxicos, especialmente fatais, o que torna o cruzamento de diferentes bancos de dados uma alternativa para melhorar a sub-captação.Poisoning is a serious public health problem, due to the impact on individual and collective health and the economic and social costs they entail. Pesticides are one of the main chemicals related to these events. Objective to describe the profile of cases and deaths that tested positive for pesticides that arrived at a Forensic Toxicology Laboratory. This is a cross-sectional study with criminal forensic data (toxicological and necroscopic) between 2002 and 2018; performing descriptive analyzes and Mann-Whitney, Pearson’s chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests to verify associations. Most of the 1,606 cases were from the central region of Minas Gerais, were related to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and were from male gender. There were technical laboratory limitations for the detection of pesticides and reduction in the number of cases over time. For 296 deaths evaluated, men, blacks, aged between 30-49 years were the majority of victims. Suspected suicide and use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were the main causes of death. No specific necroscopic signs were observed; acute pulmonary edema and foamy secretion in the airways were the main changes observed. Young male adults who used acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the context of suicide were the most prevalent cases and may be the focus of public policies. There is still a limitation in the detection of cases of poisoning by pesticides, especially the fatal ones, which makes the use of police database an alternative and complementary source to heath database to improve the reduction in uptake