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The Ring Never Relieves
No full textRegarding the disposition of metro lines in order to recover from delays, in the literature there can be found two branches of contributions: On the one hand, there are descriptions of response rules such as expressing (also referred to as skip stop), holding and short-turning together with studies in what situation to apply which of them. On the other hand, there are fully-automated optimization models which make use of any possible driving and routing options, according to some specified objective function.
To the best of our knowledge, we are not aware of any study that puts its focus specifically on ring lines (also known as circle or loop lines). Yet, in the absence in particular of more or less 'natural' time buffers in turnaround activities in the endpoints, the operation of a circle line is particularly challenging.
In this spirit, we are collecting response rules that are applicable especially for circle lines. We sketch their impacts on the passengers’ travel experience as well as on the resource schedules for the rolling stock and staff (train drivers). For selected response rules, we provide illustrative drawings.
Moreover, we present the answers that experts of eleven metro networks that are operating circle lines were pointing to us during interviews. It turns out that despite the limited possibilities along circle lines there is a broad repertoire of response action that is taken on a regular basis – but also that some standard general response rule (expressing) is almost never applied in practice
Auswirkungen der Finanzkrise auf die kommunalen Ebenen Europas
No full textDie Finanzkrise hat enorme Auswirkungen auf die öffentlichen Sektoren weltweit gezeigt. Während für die Ebene der Staaten und einzelne Kommunalverwaltungen einige Forschungsarbeiten vorliegen, wurden die Auswirkungen auf die kommunalen Ebenen in Gänze bis dato kaum untersucht. Dieser Artikel schließt diese Forschungslücke und entwickelt aus der Literatur Kategorien von „direkten" und „indirekten" Auswirkungen auf die Kommunalebenen. Im zweiten Schritt werden diese auf 21 europäische Länder angewandt. Die „direkten" fiskalischen Auswirkungen machten sich in Haushaltsdefiziten und einem meist erheblichen Anstieg der Verschuldung deutlich. Die „indirekten" Auswirkungen gehen auf staatliche Maßnahmen im Umgang mit der Finanzkrise zurück, welche die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen der Kommunen strukturell veränderten. Solche Maßnahmen betrafen Zuweisungen, die lokale Struktur oder die Aufgabenverteilung zwischen Kommunen und Staaten. Die häufigste „indirekte" Auswirkung ist die Intensivierung der Haushaltsregeln und der Überwachung
Cookie-Chaos on websites - guidelines for the technical and proper handling of cookies regarding data protection law
No full textDiese Arbeit befasst sich mit Cookie-Bannern und -Pop-Up-Fenstern auf Webseiten und will darlegen, warum sich diese den Internetnutzenden tagtäglich in den Weg stellen. Dazu wird zunächst geklärt was Cookies sind, welche Arten es gibt, (nein, die Sorte mit Schokoladenstückchen ist nicht vertreten) und was deren Namensgeber ursprünglich mit diesem Hilfsmittel erreichen wollte. Natürlich ist auch die Möglichkeit Browser-Einstellungen vorzunehmen ein Teil dieser Arbeit, und es wird besprochen was passiert, wenn die Internetnutzenden regelmäßig alle Cookies löschen. Danach erfolgt eine Befassung mit den rechtlichen Grundlagen für die Einwilligung im Allgemeinen und die Cookie-Einwilligung im Besonderen. Die wichtigsten Rechtsgrundlagen werden besprochen, darunter das Telemediengesetz, die Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DSGVO) und die ePrivacy-Richtlinien sowie die Urteile des Europäischen Gerichtshofs und Bundesgerichtshofs zur Cookie-Einwilligung. Im Hauptteil dieser Arbeit erfolgt zunächst eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Definition der Einwilligung nach DSGVO in ihren vier Bestandteilen: freiwillig, informiert, unmissverständlich, eindeutige bestätigende Handlung; daran anschließend wird festgemacht, wie genau die wirksame Einwilligung erfolgen kann. Hier wird neben der Zweckbindung auch die Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten durch Cookies in den Blick genommen und in ihren Konsequenzen analysiert. Dementsprechend werden Cookies in einwilligungsbedürftige und solche über deren Verwendung nur informiert werden muss, eingeteilt. Da zur Einwilligungseinholung Cookie-Banner und -Pop-Up-Fenster genutzt werden, erfolgt daraufhin eine Kontrolle auf rechtliche Zulässigkeit bzw. Datenschutzkonformität der Gestaltungsalternativen bzw. Verhaltensunterschiede. Dazu gehören “Cookie Wall”, die Nutzung von Ebenen (“Consent Layer”) zur Informationsübermittlung sowie die Technik des “Nudging”. Am Ende dieser Betrachtungen steht ein Leitfaden, der klarstellen will, wie ein Cookie-Banner oder -Pop-Up-Fenster eine wirksame Einwilligung nach der DSGVO einholen kann und trotzdem noch so benutzungsfreundlich wie möglich bleibt
FrostByte Dataset
No full textIt is with great pleasure that we announce the release of the “Frost Byte” dataset. The dataset was collected during research on fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) approaches and their transferability to heterogeneous systems of industrial refrigeration systems at the Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau. The data collection took place between 2018 and 2019 and is intended to supplement the ASHRAE 1043-RP dataset (Comstock & Braun, 1999), which has been the only publicly available data source in this area to date. For comparison purposes, the method of data collection was chosen similarly, whereby this dataset collection was carried out using a ~ 100 kW refrigeration capacity ammonia system with plate heat exchangers.
The dataset contains steady-state data equally sampled from five classes:
1. Normal (fault-free operating condition)
2. Reduced Condenser Water Flow
3. Reduced Evaporator Water Flow
4. Non-Condensable Gases
5. Refrigeration Leak
Each class was investigated under changing operational conditions and varying fault severity levels (SL)
Application of spiral computed tomography for determination of the minimal bone density variability of the maxillary sinus walls in chronic odontogenic and rhinogenic sinusitis
No full textBackground. There are many questions regarding the peculiarities of the course of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, the likelihood of complications and the correct dosage of load during dental implantation. Purpose – to identify changes in minimal bone density in chronic odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and to compare it with chronic rhinogenic catarrhal maxillary sinusitis and physiological state of maxillary sinus. Materials and Methods. Our study involved 10 patients with chronic odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, 10 patients with chronic maxillary non-polyposis sinusitis of rhinogenic etiology, combined with hyperplasia of the sinus mucosa up to 1 cm. The control group comprised 10 patients with physiological condition of maxillary sinuses. In all subjects minimal bone density of superior, medial and inferior walls of maxillary sinus was analyzed. Results. The study showed that the maximum in physiological conditions is the minimal density of the upper wall of the maxillary sinus, the minimum is the lower wall. The minimal density of the lower wall was shown to undergo a statistically significant reduction in chronic catarrhal maxillary sinusitis only by 2%, the upper by 5%, the medial by 4% compared with the intact sinus, but with the odontogenic nature of maxillary sinusitis, this figure was 31% in the lower wall, 27% in the medial region. Only the density of the upper wall of the maxillary sinus remained quite stable, it decreased relative to the physiological one only by 6%. Conclusions. Minimal physiological densitometric parameters of lower, medial and upper walls were calculated. The reduction of minimal density of bone tissue in the cases of rhinogenic chronic catarrhal maxillary sinusitis. In the cases of chronic odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, maximum significant decrease of minimal density of both lower and medial walls is determined
A Tandem Solar Biofuel Cell: Harnessing Energy from Light and Biofuels
No full textWe report on a photobioelectrochemical fuel cell consisting of a glucose‐oxidase‐modified BiFeO3 photobiocathode and a quantum‐dot‐sensitized inverse opal TiO2 photobioanode linked to FAD glucose dehydrogenase via a redox polymer. Both photobioelectrodes are driven by enzymatic glucose conversion. Whereas the photobioanode can collect electrons from sugar oxidation at rather low potential, the photobiocathode shows reduction currents at rather high potential. The electrodes can be arranged in a sandwich‐like manner due to the semi‐transparent nature of BiFeO3, which also guarantees a simultaneous excitation of the photobioanode when illuminated via the cathode side. This tandem cell can generate electricity under illumination and in the presence of glucose and provides an exceptionally high OCV of about 1 V. The developed semi‐artificial system has significant implications for the integration of biocatalysts in photoactive entities for bioenergetic purposes, and it opens up a new path toward generation of electricity from sunlight and (bio)fuels
Silicon-organic hybrid photonics: an overview of recent advances, electro-optical effects and CMOS integration concepts
No full textIn recent decades, much research effort has been invested in the development of photonic integrated circuits, and silicon-on-insulator technology has been established as a reliable platform for highly scalable silicon-based electro-optical modulators. However, the performance of such devices is restricted by the inherent material properties of silicon. An approach to overcoming these deficiencies is to integrate organic materials with exceptionally high optical nonlinearities into a silicon-on-insulator photonic platform. Silicon–organic hybrid photonics has been shown to overcome the drawbacks of silicon-based modulators in terms of operating speed, bandwidth, and energy consumption. This work reviews recent advances in silicon–organic hybrid photonics and covers the latest improvements to single components and device concepts. Special emphasis is given to the in-device performance of novel electro-optical polymers and the use of different electro-optical effects, such as the linear and quadratic electro-optical effect, as well as the electric-field-induced linear electro-optical effect. Finally, the inherent challenges of implementing non-linear optical polymers on a silicon photonic platform are discussed and a perspective for future directions is given
The ElonginB/C-Cullin5-SOCS-Box-Complex Is a Potential Biomarker for Growth Hormone Disorders
No full textInsulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is the standard biochemical marker for the diagnosis and treatment control of acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency (GHD). However, its limitations necessitate the screening for new specific and sensitive biomarkers. The elonginB/C-cullin5-SOCS-box-complex (ECS-complex) (an intracellular five-protein complex) is stimulated by circulating growth hormone (GH) and regulates GH receptor levels through a negative feedback loop. It mediates the cells’ sensitivity for GH and therefore, represents a potent new biomarker for those diseases. In this study, individual ECS-complex proteins were measured in whole blood samples of patients with acromegaly (n = 32) or GHD (n = 12) via ELISA and compared to controls. Hierarchical clustering of the results revealed that by combining the three ECS-complex proteins suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2), cullin-5 and ring-box protein 2 (Rbx-2), 93% of patient samples could be separated from controls, despite many patients having a normal IGF-1 or not receiving medical treatment. SOCS2 showed the best individual diagnostic performance with an overall accuracy of 0.93, while the combination of the three proteins correctly identified all patients and controls. This resulted in perfect sensitivity and specificity for all patient groups, which demonstrates potential benefits of the ECS-complex proteins as clinical biomarkers for the diagnostics of GH-related diseases and substantiates their important role in GH metabolism
Bundesbeteiligung an den Kosten der Unterkunft — ein „pragmatischer“ Transfer
No full textDie Beteiligung des Bundes an den Kosten der Unterbringung und Heizung (KdU) erfolgt seit der Einführung des SGB II 2005 mit dem Ziel, die Kommunen finanziell zu entlasten. Seitdem wurde die Bundesbeteiligung in Höhe, Struktur, Berechnung und Zweck beständig verändert. Der Beitrag zeigt, wie sich dieser Transfer im Zeitablauf entwickelt hat, aus welchen Komponenten er heute besteht und welche Kritikpunkte sich um die KdU ergeben. Die Autoren schlussfolgern, dass die Bundesbeteiligung vereinfacht werden sollte, indem regionale Privilegien auslaufen und sachfremde Leistungen auf anderen Wegen finanziert werden
Fabrication of an antireflection microstructure on AgClBr polycrystalline fiber by single pulse femtosecond laser ablation
No full textPolycrystalline infrared (PIR) fibers are used for numerous applications, one of those being power delivery for CO2 lasers. However, the fiber tip surface's transmittance cannot be increased with conventional antireflection coatings due to the surface unevenness. Antireflection microstructures (ARMs) offer an alternative way of increasing transmittance. In this work, ARMs were fabricated on the fiber tip surface of an AgClBr fiber by single-pulse femtosecond laser ablation. A single-surface transmittance of 92.8% at 10.6 μm, a CO2 laser operation wavelength, was achieved. The proposed method can help significantly improve the systems' efficiency, where power delivery for CO2 lasers or sources operating in the wide wavelength range is required