National Museum of Japanese History Repository
Not a member yet
2571 research outputs found
Sort by
[Research Notes] A Historical Study of the Bamboo Strips Edition of the Lunyu (Analects of Confucius) Unearthed in Nangnang District of P'yongyang
Get PDFapplication/pdf平壌楽浪地区貞柏洞364号墳から出土した『論語』竹簡は，1990年に初元４年楽浪県別戸口簿木牘や「公文書抄本」と共に発見されたが，2009年に至るまで，その詳細な学術的な情報がなかったため研究対象になりえなかった。本稿は，まず貞柏洞364号墳出土の『論語』竹簡の基礎的なデータが公表に至る経緯を明らかにし，そのうえで，貞柏洞364号墳の性格や遺物から被葬者の性格を検討し，被葬者が現地出身の楽浪郡属吏であることを裏づけた。また，貞柏洞364号墳に副葬された『論語』竹簡については，発掘当初に撮影された２枚の写真と，さらに発掘に関わった機関の証言に基づきつつ，出土した『論語』竹簡は，写真での確認は先進31枚（557字），顔淵８枚（144字）に止まるが，元来，先進篇・顔淵２篇の全文120枚程度が存在したと推定される。
被葬者と関わって重要な『論語』竹簡のテキストとしての特徴は，竹簡への書写は，章句の冒頭に黒点を示したり，章句の末尾を余白にしたりして章句と章句の間を区分させ，『論語』の文章を連続して記述していない点にある。中原の読書人とは異なり章句の冒頭を明示し，章句の末尾を空白にして文章の切れ目を明確にしたのは，そのようなテキストの読者のリテラシーの能力を反映していたと見ることができる。貞柏洞364号墳の被葬者が平壌地域の在地の伝統を継承する人物である事実を踏まえれば，貞柏洞364号墳出土『論語』竹簡は，朝鮮半島における漢字文化の受容を検討する際の重要な定点的な資料になりえる。A bamboo strips edition of the Lunyu ( Analects of Confucius; hereinafter referred to as the “bamboo-strips Analects”) was excavated from Chongbaek-tong Tomb 364 in Nangnang District of P'yongyang ( the former Han Chinese Commandery of Lelang) in 1990, along with the wooden tablets of Household Registration of Lelang Commandery in the Fourth Year of Chuyuan and the Official Abstracts of Documents, though the lack of detailed academic information prevented research until 2009. This paper describes how the basic data of the bamboo-strips Analects unearthed from Chongbaek-tong Tomb 364 were disclosed and then identifies the occupant of the tomb as a local subordinate official of Lelang Commandery by examining the characteristics of Chongbaek-tong Tomb 364 and the artifacts unearthed there. Moreover, according to the two pictures taken at the time of the excavation and the statements of the excavating organization, this article suggests that the bamboo-strips Analects unearthed from Chongbaek-tong Tomb 364 originally consisted of Xian Jin and Yan Yuan chapters (the 11th and 12th chapter of the bamboo-strips Analects, composed of approximately 120 strips in total) , though only 31 strips ( 557 characters) of Xian Jin chapter and eight strips ( 144 characters) of Yan Yuan chapter can be seen in the pictures.
The bamboo-strips Analects is characterized by its writing style that the paragraphs are separated and segmented by a bullet at the beginning and a space at the end. This is considered to reflect the literacy of the occupant of the tomb; unlike readers in central administration, he seems to have been able to distinguish the beginning and end of each paragraph. Given that the occupant of Chongbaek-tong Tomb 364 was an ordinary person in the P'yongyang region, the bamboo-strips Analects excavated from the tomb can be an important historical source that can provide fixed-point information to examine how the Chinese character culture was accepted in the Korean Peninsula.departmental bulletin pape
The History of Horyu-ji Kon-do Shaka Triad Halo Inscription
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿は，法隆寺金堂釈迦三尊像光背銘が日本列島史上における初期の仏教受容のあり方を物語る長文の稀有な情報源であるとの問題意識に立つ。そして，この光背銘をいかに読み，解釈するかということに終始するのではなく，この光背銘がどのように成り立ったのか，そこにいかなる歴史文化が投映されているのかを重要視する。そのためには，銘文中の不可解な用語を単語として切り出し論じることの閉塞性を反省し，人々の行為や心情ないし思考を言い表わしていると思われる表現用法や文に注目する。そこで注目したのが，「深懷愁毒」と「當造釋像尺寸王身」の２か所である。
この２か所の表現とその文脈に沿う先例は，けっして多くはない。しかし，そのなかにあって極めて注目すべき先例が，『賢愚經』巻１第１品と『大方便佛報恩經』巻１･２･３に見出せる。それは，釈尊本生の捨身（施身）供養譚や，その他の死病譚，そして優塡王像譚（仏像起源譚）などの譬喩物語に含まれている。この二経は，ともに中国南北朝期に定着し，易しい仏教入門書として流布した。光背銘文の作者は，この二経の譬喩譚を承知しており，そこで語られている王や釈尊の激烈な死（擬死）や不在（喪失）の様と，それに遭遇した人々のこれまた壮絶な哀しみや恐れの様を，現実の「上宮法皇」らの病や死とそれへの反応とに当てはめて事態を認識し，受け止めようとしたものと考えられる。加えて，そこには，自傷行為や馬祭祀などをともなう汎アジア的な葬儀習俗も作用していた。そして，このような作文を可能にするのは「司馬鞍首止利佛師」であるとみる。なぜなら，「尺寸」単位や仏像起源譚に関心をもつ「秀工」，また「司馬」でもある「止利」だからである。This article considers the inscription on the halo of the Shaka Triad enshrined in the Kondo (Main Hall) of Horyu-ji Temple as a long script containing rare information about the early stages of acceptance of Buddhism in the Japanese Islands. Based on this acknowledgement, this article emphasizes the circumstances to create the halo inscription and the historical and cultural background behind it rather than its reading or interpretation. Therefore, instead of being trapped in arguments over the meaning of each term in the inscription, this study focuses on the expression styles and sentences considered to describe people's actions, feelings, and thoughts. Specifically, our attention is aimed at two phrases “ 深懷愁毒” (deeply worry, lament, and agonize) and “ 當造釋像尺寸 王身” (commit to create a statue of Shaka in the same size as the King) .
There are not many precedents of these two phrases or contexts. Among such examples, Xianyu jing (the Sutra of the Wise and the Foolish) Vol.1, Book 1 and Da fangbian fo baoen jing (the Sutra of the Great Skillful Means of the Buddha to Reciprocate [His Parents'] Kindness) Vol. 1 to 3 are worth investigating. The related concepts can be found in the figurative stories of the sutras, such as the tales of self-sacrifice in the former lives of Buddha, the tales of death and illness, and the tale of King Udayana image (the first Buddha image) . These two sutras were established in the Nan-Bei Chao period and spread as an easy guide to Buddhism. The creator of the halo inscription is considered to have known the figurative stories in these sutras and compared the tragic deaths (feigning deaths) and absence (loss) of kings and Buddha, as well as the sadness and fear of the bereaved, described in the stories with the disease and deaths of the retired Emperor Jogu and others and the reaction of surrounding people in order to realize and accept the actual situation. He was also influenced by the funeral customs common across Asian cultures, such as practices including self-injurious behaviors and horse sacrifices. This study attributes the inscription to Shibano-Kuratsukurino-Obitotori, Buddhist Sculptor, since he was Tori from the Shiba clan and a craftsman interested in the tale of the first Buddha image and life-size statues.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] Examination of Contaminated Materials in Starch Residue Analysis : Focusing on the Kitakogane Shell Mounds in Date City, Hokkaido
Get PDFapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] AMS-¹⁴C Dating of the Former Doi Family Residence : Contaminated Samples and Their Solutions
Get PDFapplication/pdf一部非公開情報ありdepartmental bulletin pape
A Design and Implementation of the Digital Annotation Basis on an Image Resource for a Touch Operation
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿は，歴史資料のデジタル画像について，その画像上の文字位置や行を電子書籍のテキストのように選択可能にするユーザーインタフェースのデザインと実装について記載している。これはタブレットデバイスによる大量の電子付箋の作成基盤の準備を意識している。
先ず，電子付箋と電子書籍アプリケーションのマーカツールの分析，そして資料の文字レイアウト構造の特徴から，画像文字の暗黙的かつ基本的な性質である「流れ」すなわち「テキスト動線」の概念を得た。これは画像上の文字列のレイアウトとテキストデータをつなぐ概念である。
次に，テキスト動線の概念から，擬似的かつ仮想的なテキストデータ列である電子付箋の基盤Vein（ベイン）を設計した。この電子付箋基盤は以下の特徴を持つ。（1）タッチ操作を受け付ける拘束的な道筋を準備する，（2）自らをアノテーションを生成する型とする，（3）縦書きや横書きなどの各言語の手書き文字のレイアウトに対応できる，（4）HTML5のSVGを用いて様々な行レイアウトに対応できる，（5）複数行を続けて選択できる，（6）手作業で作成可能なように簡単なデータ構造を持つ。
最後に，一般化データモデルの設計を経て，以上のデザインモデルをHTML5とCSS3，JavaScriptによって実装した。そして，タッチ操作によるタブレットデバイスと従来のマウス操作によるパーソナルコンピュータ両方のWebブラウザ上で動作を検証し，このユーザーインタフェースの有用性を確認すると共に，課題について考察した。本稿の付録として主たる JavaScript プログラムを付し，テキスト動線データの製作ツールおよび動作サンプルを記載した著者の Web サイトを案内している。This paper describes a user interface design and implementation to make the position of letters and line series in digital images of historical documents selectable like text lines of an electronic book. The aim is to prepare a basis by which a tablet device can be used to make a large quantity of electronic annotations.
At first, a “flow” concept, “Primitive Lead,” was found as a basic and tacit property of letter images by analyzing electronic annotations, marker tools for electronic book applications and the layout of letters in image resources. Primitive Lead links the layout of letters in an image with text data.
Then, from the Primitive Lead concept, an electronic annotation basis for pseudo and virtual text data lines, “Vein,” was designed. This annotation basis has the following characteristics: (1) It provides a restricted touch-and-select user interface; (2) It becomes a template by which to generate annotations itself; (3) It can support the writing layouts of each language, such as top to bottom or left to right; (4) It is compatible with various line layouts using SVG in HTML5; (5) It allows continuous selection of multiple lines; (6) It is a simple data structure for creating data by hand.
Finally, from the design of the general purpose data model, a prototype program of the above design model was implemented using HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript. The usefulness of the prototype's user interface was then verified using a web browser on a touch-screen tablet device and on a conventional mouse-operated personal computer, and any user interface problems were investigated. The JavaScript core-application code and the URL of a guide to the Primitive Lead editing tool, with sample, are included in the appendix.departmental bulletin pape
Multimedia Content for a Special Exhibition “Musical Instruments Tell Stories”
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿では，2012年夏に国立歴史民俗博物館（歴博）が開催した企画展示「楽器は語る」のために開発したマルチメディアコンテンツについて，展示に組込む形で提供した５種類のコンテンツの内容と展示との関連を交えて解説する。また，同時に実施した，来館者が持参したスマートフォンやタブレット端末等のWi-Fi機能を備えた携帯端末向けに情報コンテンツを配信する実験について，来館者アンケートとコンテンツへのアクセスログから，実験に参加した来館者の傾向を読み取ることを試みたので合わせて報告する。
来館者へのアンケート調査からは，若い女性の携帯端末への関心がとくに高いこと，Wi-Fiの設定がうまくできない利用者が想像以上に多いこと，いったんうまくWi-Fiが設定できた利用者は支障なくコンテンツにアクセスできること，がわかった。また，WWWアクセスログの分析は，コンテンツが来館者に理解されたかどうかの評価よりも，たとえば，重要なコンテンツが優先してアクセスされるように利用者インターフェイスをうまく設計できたか，の評価に有効であることがわかった。
来館者が持参した情報端末を展示情報サービス端末として利用する技術は，とくに人員面や資金面の体力に劣る中小規模の博物館において有望である。今後の課題として，音声ガイドや動画ガイドなど，ボタンを押してコンテンツを呼び出すような簡便なものについて，Webコンテンツの自動生成ツールの開発と提供が挙げられる。This article explains the multimedia content developed for the special exhibition “Musical instruments Tell Stories” held by the National Museum of Japanese History (also known as Rekihaku) in summer 2012. Focusing on five contents incorporated in the exhibition, this article describes what information it has and how it is related to the exhibition. Moreover, with regard to the experimental attempt at the exhibition to distribute information content to visitors' mobile devices with Wi-Fi function such as smartphones and tablets, this article reports the tendency of the visitors who used this service based on the questionnaire answers from visitors and the access log to the content.
The questionnaire survey of visitors discovers the following three points: young women are particularly interested in mobile devices; there are more visitors than expected who cannot set up Wi- Fi connection; and visitors can access the content without any problems once they can set up Wi-Fi. Moreover, the analysis of WWW access log turns out to be more effective for evaluation of the design of a user interface, such as whether or not it enables preferential access to important content, than evaluation of visitors' understanding of the content.
The technology that enables visitors to use their own mobile terminal devices to view exhibition information can be useful, especially for small and mid-sized museums with relatively fewer human and financial resources. A challenge ahead is to develop and put to practical use a simple auto-generation tool for Web content, such as audio and visual guides with buttons to call up contents.departmental bulletin pape
Changes in Funeral Customs and the Increasing Use of Automobiles at Ancestor Worship : A Case Study of the South-Central Part of Okinawa Main Island
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿では火葬の導入・葬祭業者の関与および自動車社会化の進展という２つの変化を通して戦後の沖縄での高度経済成長とその前後における葬送墓制の変化という課題を考えていく。❶では沖縄の葬送・墓制と自動車社会化についての概略を記述する。❷では調査対象地とした沖縄本島中南部の中頭郡中城村（家族墓地域）の集落についてその概要や屋取集落という歴史的背景を説明する。また『死・葬送・墓制資料集成』での沖縄県の調査対象地域だった南風原町（門中墓地域）の喜屋武についても概要を述べる。❸では中城村の昭和と平成の葬送の調査票を参照しながら火葬の導入や葬祭業者の関与による変化を論じる。たとえば葬儀の日程は火葬場の利用スケジュールをおさえられるかに左右される。葬祭業者の関与については最近のある葬式の経費を提示し告別式から四十九日までの支出の傾向を分析する。また南風原町喜屋武の事例との比較も試みる。
❹ではまず記事をもとに自動車社会化の進展と葬法の変化も相まって遺体運搬に用いられてきた龕が廃され自動車（霊柩車）が導入される過程などを追う。また自家用の乗用自動車台数や県下の免許保有者数などの統計資料を提示し戦後から復帰前の沖縄でどのように自動車社会化が進んだかを明らかにする。そして❺では今日の沖縄で祖先祭祀の行事（清明祭の墓参りやウマチーという宗家のブツダン参り）が自動車での移動を前提に実際どのように行われているかを筆者が同行した事例から記述する。そこから自動車での移動のおかげで年配者でも行事に参加し続けられる一方でそのことが行事の参加者の世代交替を阻んでいる面もあることを指摘する。This article discusses the high economic growth in Okinawa after World War II, as well as changes in their funeral rites and grave systems before and after it, by examining shifts in two aspects: the introduction of cremation and the involvement of funeral directors; and the motorization of society. Section 1 outlines the funeral rites and grave systems and the motorization of society in Okinawa. Section 2 describes the outline and history of a hamlet formed by reclamation of noble class, namely Nakagusuku Village, Nakagami District, which is located in the south-central part of Okinawa Main Island and serves as a case study of family graves. The section also sketches out Kyan, Haebaru Town, which is covered by “Collection of Materials on the Death, Funeral Rites, and Grave Systems” as an area with a patrilineal-based grave system. Section 3 uses the results of a questionnaire survey on funeral rites in Nakagusuku Village in the Showa (1926-1989) and Heisei (1989-) Eras to discuss the changes caused by the introduction of cremation and the involvement of funeral directors. For example, the date of a funeral service is determined by when a cremation service is available. With regard to the involvement of funeral directors, the section uses the record of expenses of a recent funeral to analyze the spending trend during the period from the funeral service to the memorial service marking the 49th day after the death. A comparative study is also undertaken with Kyan, Haebaru Town.
Referring to other articles, Section 4 discusses the process of the shift in body transportation from bier to automobile (hearse) as automobile use was spreading in the society and funeral practices were changing. Moreover, statistical data, such as the number of private automobiles and licensed drivers in Okinawa, are used to indicate how the motorization of society was progressing in the society after World War II until the retrocession of Okinawa to Japan. Based on the field study of the author, Section 5 describes how festivals and rituals for ancestors (e.g., the Seimei Festival to visit graves and the Umachi Festival to visit the head family house to pray at the family alter) are performed now in Okinawa and how automobile use has affected them. The section indicates that while automobiles enable the elderly to continue to attend these rituals, in another aspect, they prevent generation changes.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] Establishment of Graves in Okinawa before its Retrocession to Japan : A Case Study of Naha City and the Central Area of Okinawa Main Island
Get PDFapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
Significance and Future Prospects of Activities to Preserve Lifestyle and Culture in Disaster-hit Areas : A Case Study of the Ogata Residence in Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿は被災地でおこなわれる文化財レスキュー活動を地域開発の視点からとらえ，課題を検討することを目的とする。事例として国立歴史民俗博物館が携わった宮城県気仙沼市小々汐の個人住宅，尾形家住宅における生活用具・民具・文書・建材の救援活動を取り上げた。
課題の検討にあたり，建物や生活の痕跡が失われた被災地で現在，地域を見つめる地域開発の視点が必要であることを論じた。そして民俗学における地域開発の問題を整理し，地域開発の議論が観光に偏重している現状と，民俗学における地域開発の視点を遡ると，宮本常一の「郷土教育」に至ることを論じた。また宮本常一の「郷土教育」が人びとの論理を起点に検討されていたことを論じ，被災地でも地域開発の文脈で人びとがいかに生きてきたのか，そして現在ある問題をどう解決するのかという視点で文化財レスキューの結果を活かす必要性があることを論じた。
以上の点を踏まえ，地域社会の人びとの生き方を検討するとき，人びとが自然や他者との間で築く関係性に注目し，その関係性の具体的な中身を検討する必要性を論じた。その上で尾形家の歴史を概観し，尾形家から救ったものからみえる社会関係を御札，オシラサマ，薬箱などの事例から紹介した。
また物質の背景にある人びとの記憶が生起する過程を，尾形家のワラ打ち石捜索過程を例に論じた。そして物質を前にして語られる物語が，単なる個人の内部的な記憶ではなく，物質や場所と密接に結びついており，条件が揃ったときに生起してくることをギブソンのアフォーダンスの議論を援用して論じた。
以上のことから，記憶は状況依存的に生じることと，その状況を生み出すツールとして文化財レスキューで救われた物質が機能する可能性を論じ，インフラストラクチャーが整備されたあとのそれらの運用という地域開発の課題に対して，物質の背景にある生活や文化を救う試みが役立つ可能性があることを論じた。This article examines project for the rescue of cultural properties in disaster-hit areas from the viewpoint of community development and discusses their problems. To this end, the activity of the National Museum of Japanese History to recover the daily utensils, folk tools, old documents, fixtures of the Ogata residence, a private house in Kogoshio, Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture, is used as a case study.
A viewpoint of community development is considered essential for examining problems now that the traces of buildings and life have been lost in the area affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. I sort out the problems of community development in folklore, point out the recent emphasis on tourism in discussions of community development, and attribute the viewpoint of community development in folklore to the “community education” of Tsuneichi Miyamoto. He discussed the community education based on residents' logic. Similarly, it is necessary to make a good use of the results of the project for the rescue of cultural properties to clarify how people have lived and how their current problems can be solved in the context of community development in the disaster-hit area.
On the basis of the above discussions, this article emphasizes the necessity to pay attention to the relationships people have established with the nature and other people and to study the specific details of the relationships when examining the lifestyle of local people. In addition, this paper outlines the history of the Ogata family and uses instances such as tablets, Oshirasama (folk religion), and a medicine chest to discuss the social relationships represented in the cultural assets recovered from their residence.
Moreover, the process of reminding people of their memory hidden behind material goods is explained by using the process of searching the straw anvil of the Ogata family as an example. Referring to the theory of affordances by Gibson, this study indicates that the story narrated over material goods is not isolated as an internal memory of the speaker but closely connected to certain material goods or places and recalled only when the conditions are right.
In other words, such memory is awakened depending on the situation, which might be brought about with the help of goods recovered through cultural asset rescue activities. Moreover, there is a possibility that the attempt to “rescue” the lifestyle and culture behind material goods may be useful in solving problems of community development such as an effective use of them after infrastructure is established.departmental bulletin pape