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    From Folk Ritual to Resources of the Literature : SHICHIGOSAN and OKAMI

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    application/pdf本稿は、民俗儀礼を起源とする俳句の季語を文芸資源と捉え、その形成の過程を論じようとするものである。 七五三という儀礼は実は新しく、都市的な環境のなかで成立したものである。そして特に現代では古い状況から新しい状況へと変化することを示す儀礼というよりも、人生の階梯を晴れ着などで示す表層的な儀式という性格が顕著である。そうした七五三が文芸資源として俳句作品に用いられる際には、子どもの成長や晴れ着の着こなし、儀式のなかでの動きを切り取るものとして機能している。社会的な儀礼よりも一時的な儀式としての意味合いが強調される。 一方、岡見は「堀川百首」の源俊頼の和歌における「をかみ」の語釈として胚胎し、近世の季寄せや歳時記の類にこの語に関する関心が引き継がれてきた。記録上は、多少のバリエーションがあり、担い手や方法に差異があるが、実際の民俗儀礼として明確に確認はできない。この語は俳句作品のなかでは年の暮の情景を示すものとして、さらには時間感覚を表出させるものとして働く場合が多い。それは幻想的であり、年中行事というよりも特殊な境界の時空をとらえるものとなっている。This paper considers the haiku season words originated from folk rituals as the resources of literature and examines how they have developed. One example is Shichigosan (a gala day for children of three, five, and seven years of age). This is rather a new ritual, established in urban settings. Today it is a superficial ritual to dress children up to celebrate their climb up the ladder of life, rather than a ritual to make a transformation from the existing to a new situation. When this ritual is used as a resource of literature in haiku, the word is intended to conjure images of growing children, their gorgeous gala dresses, and their behaviors in the ritual process. A focus is placed on the meaning of being a temporary ritual, rather than a social ritual. Another example is Okami (a ritual held on the New Year's Eve to tell a fortune for the next year). This was originated from the word “okami” referred to in a tanka poem of Minamoto no Toshiyori in Horikawa Hyakushu (Horikawa One Hundred Poems) and continued to appear in kiyose and saijiki (catalogues of haiku season words) compiled in the early modern times. Surviving documents indicate that there were some variations in who and how to perform this folk ritual though these details cannot be actually confirmed. In haiku, the word “okami” is often used to indicate year-end sentiments or a sense of time. The word conjures a fantastic image, suggesting the time and space on the boundary with a fantasy world, rather than an annual event.departmental bulletin pape

    Development of the Technique for Multi-angle Image Capturing and Rollout Image Composition of Maki-e Fountain Pens Collection

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    application/pdf国立歴史民俗博物館が開催する企画展示「万年筆の生活誌―筆記の近代―」(2016年3月8日(火)~5月8日(日))のために,館蔵資料43点を含む58点の蒔絵万年筆資料のマルチアングル画像を撮影し,展開図を作成した。本稿では,資料への負荷を抑えつつ図録掲載等の要求に耐える品質を有する展開図画像を得るための,万年筆資料のマルチアングル画像撮影ならびに展開図作成の技術開発について述べる。スリットカメラの原理に基づき,万年筆を一定角度で回転してマルチアングル画像を撮影するための専用の治具を制作した。マルチアングル画像からの展開図画像の作成について,万年筆の回転角と得られる展開図画像の誤差との関係について検討し,5度刻みのマルチアングル画像から,μm単位の誤差の展開図画像を作成できることを示した。展開図画像の作成にあたって,万年筆の太さは均一でないので画像の幅が必ずしも回転角に比例せず,単純に一定の幅で切り出した画像を合成したのでは重複や欠損を生じる。そこで簡単な画像処理によって万年筆の太さを求め,幅が回転角に一致する補正画像を生成したところ,重複や欠損のない画像を得ることができた。また,クリップのようにまわりから著しく飛び出している部分があると,画像から正確に半径を求められない部位が生じ画像が乱れる問題について,クリップの位置をマスク画像で与えることによって解決を図った。本稿で述べる展開図作成の技術は,類似の資料のデジタル化の促進に寄与することができよう。The National Museum of Japanese History (NMJH) held a special exhibition “Fountain Pens: Their History and Art in Japan” from Tuesday March 8 to Sunday May 8, 2016. In preparation for this exhibition, we took pictures of 58 maki-e fountain pens, including 43 pens in the possession of the NMJH, from all angles to compose their rollout images. This paper describes the technology developed to acquire multi-angle images of fountain pens and compose their rollout images in a quality high enough to be used for pictorial records while preventing damage to the original materials as much as possible. By using the principle of the slit camera, we developed a special jig to rotate a pen at a set angle for each photograph to acquire multi-angle images. In order to compose a rollout image from the multi-angle images, we discussed about distortion between the real object and its rollout image at each rotation angle. A rollout image with distortion at the micrometer (μm) level could be composed from a set of images taken at every five degrees of rotation. However, a simple composition of the slit images each of which is extracted from the multi-angle images could result in a rollout image with gap and overlaps, because fountain pens were not uniform in thickness, and the width of the slit images are not always in proportion to the rotation angle. Therefore, we measured the thickness of each pen through image analysis and corrected the images to acquire images of the same width at each rotation angle. As a result, we could produce rollout images without gaps or overlaps. Another problem was that image analysis could not accurately measure the radius of a pen with something projecting from it, such as a clip. Binary images including the area of the projection are used to solve this problem. The technology to compose rollout images described in this paper can contribute to the digitization of similar materials.departmental bulletin pape

    A Formation of Yanagita Kunio's Folklore Study and Archaeology Study

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    application/pdf本稿は柳田民俗学の形成過程において考古研究がどのような位置を占めていたのか、柳田の言説と実際の行動に着目して考えてみようとした。明治末年の柳田の知的営為の出発期においては対象へのアプローチの方法として考古研究が、かなり意識されていた。大正末から昭和初期の雑誌『民族』の刊行とその後の柳田民俗学の形成期でも柳田自身は、考古学に強い関心を持ち続けていたが、人脈を形成するまでには至らず、民俗学自体の確立を希求するなかで批判的な言及がくり返された。昭和一〇年代以降の柳田民俗学の完成期では、考古学の長足の進展と民俗学が市民権を得ていく過程がほぼ一致し、そのなかで新たな歴史研究のライバルとしての意識が柳田にはあったらしいことが見通せた。柳田民俗学と考古研究とは、一定の距離を保ちながらも一種の信頼のようなものが最終的には形成されていた。こうした検討を通して近代的な学問における協業や総合化の問題が改めて大きな課題であることが確認できた。This paper examines the remarks and activities of Kunio Yanagita to understand how his archaeological research affected the process of his developing folklore studies. In the early 20th century, when he started his academic pursuits, he relied mostly on archaeological approaches to research subjects. From the 1920s to the early 1930s, following the launch of the journal, “Minzoku (Ethnography),” he developed folklore studies. At that time, he still kept a strong interest in archaeology, yet did not go as far as building personal connections in the field. As Yanagita strove to establish folklore studies as an academic discipline, his efforts attracted much criticism. From the mid-1930s, at the final stage of his establishing folklore studies as an academic discipline, archaeology made great progress and, at the same time, folklore studies gained wide acceptance. During this time, Yanagita seems to have tried to make of folklore studies a new rival to archaeology in the field of historical research. Eventually, however, a relationship of trust was built between Yanagita's folklore studies and archaeological studies, despite the certain distance they kept from each other. Thus, the above analysis reconfirms the great difficulty in modern times of attaining interdisciplinary collaboration and integration.departmental bulletin pape

    [Report on Investigation and Research Activities] The Restoration, Photographing, and Display of the Grand Map of Sakai

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    An Ethnographic Study of the Process of Dying Out of Ubuya

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    application/pdf産屋が利用されなくなって久しい。産屋が遅くまで残った地域でも昭和三〇年代がおおむね終焉時期となっている。産屋習俗の終焉の要因は一様ではない。本研究のテーマは、なぜ産屋習俗は終焉を迎えたのかという根源的な問いである。私たちは、産屋とは主屋と別に小さな建物を建て、そこに産婦が血の穢れのために家族と隔離されて食事も別にする施設であると学び、産屋を穢れからの隔離・別火というステレオタイプ化された視点で認識してきた。しかし出産の穢れからの隔離・別火が所与のものでないとすれば、産屋の本質はいったいどこにあるのであろうか。 本論文が産屋習俗の終焉過程に注目する理由の第一点は、現在(=平成二〇年代)が産屋体験者から直接話を聞ける最後の機会であること。産屋体験者からの聞き書きは緊急性を有し詳細な記録化が望まれる。第二点は産屋の終焉から過去に遡れば当該地域における産屋の変遷過程を明らかにできると考えた。現時点で伝承者からきちんと聞き書きを行うことは重要であり、産屋習俗の終焉過程の研究にも資するのである。 先行研究では、産屋の発生は神の加護を得る籠もりにあるとされる。牧田茂・高取正男・谷川健一の所説は、産屋の原初的形態に視点を置いた論理である。実際に原初的形態を彷彿とさせる民俗事例が各地に伝承されているが、それをもって現行習俗を古代へ飛躍させるのは論理的に危険が伴うであろう。事例で取り上げた山形県小国町大宮のコヤバは、明治二二年以前は出産の都度小屋を建てていたが、警察署長の意見で常設のコヤバになったとされる。仮設から常設へ変化する傾向は、福井県敦賀市池河内の事例からも明らかである。福井県敦賀市白木のサンゴヤは、昭和五〇年代まで使用されており全国で最も遅くまで利用されていた。常設化の産屋は伝統を守りながらも、滞在期間の短縮化、休養の場の拡大化など、地域に応じた多様なあり方をみせている。The custom of using ubuya (delivery huts) has been extinct for years. The regions where it survived for the longest time also saw it dying out from the late 1950s to the early 1960s. The reasons why this custom lingered for a long time vary depending on the region. This paper addresses a fundamental question of why the custom of using ubuya died out. People were taught that ubuya meant a small hut built separately from the main house to isolate a pregnant woman from her family and prepare meals separately to contain defilement by blood; therefore, many people had a stereotype perspective that ubuya should be used for isolation and separate meal preparation to contain impurity by childbirth. However, if the isolation and separate meal preparation were not a matter of course, what was the essence of ubuya? There are two reasons why this paper focuses on the process of dying out of ubuya. The first one is because we will never have a chance to interview those who have experienced it if we pass up this opportunity now (in the 2010s). It is urgent to put such experiences on record based on firsthand oral recollections. The more detailed the record is, the more useful it would be. The second reason is because if we go back into the history of ubuya, we could reveal the changes in the custom in the region. It is very important to interview those who directly involved and record their experiences now. The results can contribute to the research of the process of dying out of ubuya. Previous studies suggested that ubuya had been originated from seclusion to pray for divine protection. The theories of Shigeru Makita, Masao Takatori, and Kenichi Tanigawa focused on the original form of ubuya. In fact, folk customs resemble to the original ones have been handed down in various regions. It is, however, illogical to link modern customs to ancient ones just because they are similar to each other. As referred to in this paper, koyaba in Ōmiya, Oguni Town, Yamagata Prefecture, is said to have been built for temporary use for each and every childbirth before 1889 but transformed into permanent facilities based on the opinion of a police chief. This shift can be demonstrated by another example from Ikenokōchi, Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture. In Shiraki, Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture, sangoya had been used until the early 1980s, which means this is one of the last regions where the custom lingered on. Permanent ubuya were used, in principle, in a traditional way, but there were regional variations, such as shortening the time of stay and expanding rest areas.departmental bulletin pape

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    Use-wear Analysis of Stone Tools in Kunio Yanagita's Collection Preserved in the National Museum of Japanese History

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    application/pdf本研究の目的は、石器の使用痕分析により柳田國男旧蔵考古資料にふくまれる石器の利用法を明らかにすると同時に、資料そのものの真贋鑑定、使用法・岩石・器種構成からみた収集地の推定やコレクションの特徴の評価をおこなうことにある。分析対象は、装飾品・自然礫・コハクをのぞくコレクション中の石器全点(四三点)である。分析方法は、石器使用痕分析法のひとつである高倍率法を採用した。分析の結果、以下の点が明らかになった。 (一)石匙一点(A‒624‒5‒2、出土地不明)、石錐一点(A‒624‒1‒9、出土地不明)、磨製石斧二点(A‒624‒3‒6、ソロイヨフカ出土、A‒624‒8‒9、出土地不明)の四点に明確な使用痕光沢面が認められた。このほか、磨製石斧一点(A‒624‒4‒4、出土地不明)の刃部及び基部に黒色物質の付着が確認された。 (二)石錐は、硬質の動物質資源(貝殻または角・骨)の穿孔に用いられたと推定される。硬質頁岩製であり、東北地方や北海道南部で採集された可能性がある。 (三)石匙は、イネ科草本や木の切断・鋸引きに用いられたと考えられる。これまで知られている縄文文化の石匙と同様の使用法であり、なおかつ硬質頁岩製であることから、東北地方や北海道南部で収集された可能性がある。 (四)磨製石斧は、木に対して使用されたと考えられ、縦斧として用いられたものと横斧として用いられたものの双方がある。 (五)トゥールが七割以上をしめる石器組成からみて、コレクションには人為的な選択が働いている。 (六)使用痕光沢面や付着物の存在、および石器表面の風化の状況から、資料は贋作ではない。 サハリン出土石器の高倍率法による使用痕分析は、本稿が初例と考えられる。この地域の資料についても使用痕分析の有効性が確認されたため、今後、新石器時代やオホーツク文化などの経済の解明にこの手法が役立てられることが期待される。The purpose of this study is to reveal functions and uses of stone tools in Yanagita collection housed in the National Museum of Japanese History through the lithic use-wear analysis (the high-power approach). In addition, a test of the authenticity of these materials using the method is also a purpose of this study. Specimens of this study are all chipped and ground stone tools (43 artifacts) except accessories such as beads, natural pebbles and amber fragments. As a result of analysis, following points were clarified. 1) The use-wear polish was detected on four specimens: a knobbed stone knife (#A-624-5-2, provenance unknown), a drill (#A-624-1-9, provenance unknown), two ground stone axes (#A-624-3-6, Solov'yovka in Southern Sakhalin; #A-624-8-9, provenance unknown). Furthermore, black substance distributes on the edge and base of a ground stone axe (#A-624-4-4, provenance unknown). 2) A drill is likely to have been used for perforating shell or bone/antler. 3) A knobbed stone knife is estimated to have been used for cutting/sawing grass plant and wood. 4) Worked material of ground stone axes is evaluated as wood. We believe that an axe was used for felling, and an adze was used for processing wood. 5) The composition of stone tools showing high ratio of major tool types strongly suggests that specimens were collected selectively. 6) The existence of the use-wear polish, striations, and surface alteration indicate that stone tools in this collection are genuine prehistoric artifacts. This study is the first instance of the lithic use-wear analysis of stone tools from Sakhalin. As we recognized the effectiveness of this method in this region, it will play an important role to reveal prehistoric resource use in the future.departmental bulletin pape

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    Progress and Overview of the Collaborative Research

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