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Livelihoods in the Chikugo Plains and Rapid Economic Growth
Get PDFapplication/pdf「国民的生活革命」と呼びうる高度経済成長について正面から取り上げた民俗学的成果は必ずしも多くない。しかし，統計等の資料とともに，聞き書きも重視して歴史を描き出す学的営為を民俗学の方法の一つとすれば，高度経済成長は必然的に聞き書きの対象となり，そこから描かれる「生きた歴史」は，現代に深く関わるものであり，未来を考える有用な材料を提供する可能性もある。
拙稿では，福岡県大木町の生業の変化について，聞き書き資料を中心に統計や行政資料なども合わせながら調査・分析を試みた。大木町では，縦横に張り巡らされた堀を最大限に利用した稲作に，麦作や藺草栽培などを組み合わせた生業が営まれてきたが，高度経済成長を経て，稲作の機械化・化学化，その余剰労働力の新たな生業への振り分け，麦作の衰退，藺草栽培や工場等勤務の拡大などを通じて生業の多様化が進んだ。
生業の変化は，堀干し，ゴミアゲなど堀を維持する作業を無用とし，人と堀との関係も大きく変えた。堀は邪魔者となって活動面でも精神面でも「堀離れ」が進み，高度経済成長後，精神面での「堀回帰」がまず生じ，今日では活動面での「堀回帰」も生じつつある。
こうした中で現金主義も極端に拡大した。生業の多様化は地域の生業リズムにズレをもたらし，従来の共同性を弛緩させたが，その間隙を現金を介した共同が補完した。また，土地や用具などの権利意識も現金主義に規定されたものへと変わり，現金に置換される土地や現金を生む用具に価値が見出されるようになった。
このように高度経済成長以来の動きを，聞き書き資料を中心に統計や行政資料なども併用しながら描いてみることは，高度経済成長を，現在へと連なる時間の中で精神面も考慮しつつ捉えることとなり，私たちの未来を考える一歩となるのではないだろうか。Few ethnographic studies are directly aimed at rapid economic growth. As a research process to reconstruct histories from dictated records, ethnography can yield valuable insights for the present and future by reviving a “living history.”
This paper examines various documents, consisting mainly of dictated records but also of statistics and government publications, to analyze the changes in livelihoods in Ōki Town, Fukuoka Prefecture. The town's people used to be engaged in agriculture, producing rice as a main crop, with wheat, barley, and mat rush as secondary crops, by using creeks crisscrossing the whole town. However, rapid economic growth brought changes to their lives: the mechanization and chemicalization of rice production, the use of surplus labor, the decline of wheat and barley production, and the increase of mat rush producers and factory workers.
Due to these changes, the town's people were no longer required to maintain the creeks, and the relationship between the people and creeks was transformed. The creeks became considered a nuisance and abandoned. However, they made an emotional comeback after the rapid economic growth and are making a practical comeback today.
The rapid economic growth also made a cash-based policy predominant. It served as a complement to the communal principle which had been undermined by the changes in livelihoods. The ownership of land and implements also became based on cash.departmental bulletin pape
Development of Public Housing in the Rapid Economic Growth Period : Focused on Yanaga Municipal Apartment Complex in Fukuoka City
Get PDFapplication/pdf福岡市は大陸に近い地政学的位置から，海外への玄関口という性格を持った都市である。戦後，空襲による家屋の焼失と約140万人におよぶ引揚者により，深刻な住宅不足問題に直面した。
1950年の日本住宅公団の設立，1951年の「公営住宅法」により，公団住宅と公営住宅の建設が進められていった。しかし1960年，全国の世帯数1,957万に対して住宅数は約100万戸不足し，市営住宅募集倍率は数十倍という高倍率だった。福岡市では1973年までに14,020戸の市営住宅が建設され，公団住宅は19,417戸が建設された。
南区警弥郷には，高度経済成長期を通じて1960年に市営警弥郷団地，1961年に市営上警固団地，1963年に分譲警弥郷住宅が建設された。こうした一連の住宅開発と1966年度からの第一期住宅建設五カ年計画により弥永団地が計画開発された。
弥永団地は福岡市域に市営弥永団地，春日町域に分譲住宅と分譲地が都市施設とともに開発された。間取り2DKで，20～30代の若い夫婦と子供という核家族が多かったが，一種の約4%，二種の約12%が65歳以上の老人世帯だった。三世代同居もみられた。
2DKは食寝分離，就寝分離を目的とした間取りだが，DKではなく畳の部屋で卓袱台で食事をしていた例が少なからずあった。統計上も3割が食事をする部屋で寝ており，公営住宅で食寝分離・就寝分離をしていたのは約47%に過ぎなかった。
住民の属性は，技能工・生産工程作業員及び労務作業従事者の比率が約28%と高い。学歴は中卒・高卒，大卒の順に多い。共稼ぎ家庭が多く，母子家庭も多く低所得者が多かった。団地住民を見下す噂もある。二区には建設当初から現在まで入居している世帯が53世帯あり，18.3%を占めている。Fukuoka City serves as an international gateway to Japan as it is located close to the Asian Continent. When the Second World War ended, the city faced a serious shortage of housing not only because dwellings had been burnt down by air raids but also because approximately 1.4 million Japanese had returned from former colonies.
Supported by the Japan Housing Corporation established in 1950 and the Act on Public Housing enacted in 1951, a number of public houses and apartments were constructed. Still, Japan remained a million units short of meeting the housing demand of 19,570,000 households in 1960. A municipal housing advertisement for tenants attracted tens of times more people to apply than available units. In Fukuoka, 14,020 units of housing had been built by the municipal government and 19,417 units by the Japan Housing Corporation as of 1973.
During the rapid economic growth period, Keyagō in the Minami Ward of the city witnessed the construction of Keyagō Municipal Apartment Complex in 1960, Kamikego Municipal Apartment Complex in 1961, and Keyagō Collective Housing built for sale in 1963. In addition to these housing development projects, Yanaga Apartment Complex was planned and constructed under the first Five-year Housing Development Plan launched in fiscal 1966.
The development program of Yanaga Housing Complex consisted of the construction of Yanaga Municipal Apartment Complex in Fukuoka City and the house and lot development in Kasuga Town as well as the establishment of urban infrastructure in the neighborhoods. Comprising two-bedroom units with a kitchen-cum-dining room, the housing complex was home mainly to young nuclear families (parents in their twenties or thirties and their children) but also to elderly households over sixty-five years old (accounting for approx. 4% of the Type I units and approx. 12% of the Type II units) and three-generation families.
Although the two-bedroom unit with a kitchen-cum-dining room was intended to separate dining and sleeping spaces as well as parents and children's sleeping spaces, many families regularly took meals not in a dining room but at a low dining table in a tatami room. According to statistics, about 30% dined and slept in the same room, and only about 47% separated dining and sleeping spaces as well as parents and children's sleeping spaces in the public housing complex.
As for the attributes of the residents, craftsmen, factory workers, and manual laborers account for a high share (approx. 28%). The most numerous residents are the junior high school- and high school-educated, followed by the college-educated. Many of the households are dual income. There are also many fatherless and low-income families. People living in public housing are sometimes looked down on. In Area II, 53 households have lived since the completion of the public apartment complex, accounting for 18.3%.departmental bulletin pape
A Study of Circular Settlements of the Early Jomon Period in the Kitakami River Basin
Get PDFapplication/pdf本論は，北上川流域において長方形大型住居跡により構成された前期環状集落に関して，その特徴を明らかにすることを目的とした。このような集落遺跡の最初期となる岩手県綾織新田遺跡の事例では，大木2b式～大木４式期の長方形大型住居跡が，北列と南列に各時期数軒ずつ存在し，それが時期とともに広がり放射状になる様相が見受けられた。三陸沿岸部と北上山地内のほかの同時期の集落遺跡では，長方形大型住居跡は等高線に沿って配置されており環状構成とはならない。北上川流域では，類似する集落遺跡が大木３～４式期の岩手県蟹沢館遺跡において認められる。この遺跡では，長方形大型住居跡が放射状ではなく完全な環状配置となっている。また，この住居跡は，北上山地地域と三陸沿岸部のものとは全く形態が異なっている。
大木5a式期では岩手県大清水上遺跡において，多数の長方形大型住居跡による環状配置が認められる。その住居跡の形態には，床面に段を有する長方形大型住居跡が確認された。この形態は，日本海側の円筒土器分布圏の住居跡の特徴とされている。この大清水上遺跡が立地する地点は，奥羽山脈から日本海側へと抜ける胆沢川沿いに位置しており，日本海側の円筒土器分布圏の文化と接するのに適した場所であると考えられる。大木６式期には，北上川中流域に集落遺跡が多数認められるが，大清水上遺跡では住居跡が激減し，和賀川流域の峠山牧場Ⅰ遺跡では環状集落遺跡が形成される。このことは，日本海側との回廊的役割の主体が胆沢川から和賀川流域の方に移ったことによるものと解釈した。
これらの環状集落遺跡の特徴は，必ずしも相似するわけではなく，遺跡ごとの個別的な特徴の方が目立つ。今後，環状集落遺跡の形成要因の解明については，その他の遺構や遺物等の検討を踏まえ，遺跡・地域ごとの脈絡の上でその形成過程を検討する必要がある。This paper examines the characteristics of circular settlements of the Early Jomon period, consisting of large rectangular dwellings, in the Kitakami River Basin. Large rectangular dwelling remains were generally arranged in lines in the ruins of the first half of the Early Jomon period in the Sanriku Coast and Kitakami Mountain region. In sharp contrast, such dwellings were arranged in a radial manner at the Ayaori Shinden Site. Moreover, those at the Ganjadate Site in the Kitakami River Basin were built in a different style and arranged in a perfect circle. In light of these findings, this paper describes regional variations in the style and arrangement of large rectangular dwelling remains from the first half of the Early Jomon period in the Sanriku Coast and Kitakami Mountain area and the Kitakami River Basin, and explains the unique characteristics of the Ayaori Shinden Site. The Osuzukami Site, large-scale circular settlement ruins from the latter half of the Early Jomon period, includes dwelling remains that show characteristics typically associated with the northern Tohoku region on the Japan Sea side. Located on an important route passing through the Ou Mountain Range, the Osuzukami Site is assumed to have had a close relationship with the Japan Sea side region.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] Ancient Methods of Noshiawabi Abalone-Drying : A Factual Study Based on Processing Experiments and Composition Analysis
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[Research Notes] Plastering in the Document on Shipbuilding, “Notes on Boat Length, Beam and Draft,” of the Nakamura Family of Tsushima Domain
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[Report on Investigation and Research Activities] Renovation Project of the Permanent Exhibition Gallery One (Prehistoric and Early Japan) of the National Museum of Japanese History : FY 2016 Activity Report
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Words on the Occasion of the Retirement of Dr. Arakawa Shoji
Get PDFapplication/pdf荒川章二年譜・研究業績目録/Chronology and Bibliography of Arakawa Shojidepartmental bulletin pape
Regional Structure of the Yamato Polity : An Analysis Focusing on Small Mounded Tombs and Settlements (Part III)
Get PDFapplication/pdf本論の目的は，古墳時代の倭王権を支える地域の構造とその変化を，これまで注目されてきた前方後円（方）墳を主体とする「首長墓」だけではなく，小墳群も含む墓制の全体的構造，それを営んだ居住域の展開，および両者の相互関係とその推移を明らかにする作業を通じて，政治のみならず，人口や生産も含んだ社会全体の歴史過程として復元することである。
この目的を達成するため，岡山平野南部を対象地域として，まず，前方後円（方）墳と小墳群，およびそれらと集落との空間的関係を分析した。その結果，前方後円（方）墳には，小墳群中に営まれる小規模なもの，小墳群に近在する中規模なもの，小墳群から独立した大規模なものからなる段階差があり，それは在地の小有力者から倭王権に直結した大有力者までの序列を示す可能性が高いが，集落との関係から，地域社会の基礎的な単位となるのは前者と考えられた。
この基礎的な単位は，古墳時代前期前葉～中葉には岡山平野の各地域で発展・継続するが，前期後葉～中期中葉には多くの地域で衰退・断絶し，少数の限られた地域に巨大な前方後円墳が築かれた。この変動は，集落や住居の数の急速な低落と時期を同じくしていることから，人口が減少して空洞化した地域社会を，倭王権と直結した大有力者がじかに統括するようになった状況を推測した。これをきっかけとして再び集落と住居の数が回復し，小墳群からなる基礎的な単位やそれに根ざした中小の前方後円墳が復活する中期後葉は，人口の回復によって地域社会が再興し，在地の小有力者がまた台頭した可能性が高い。後期前半には集落と住居の数が再び減少し，多くの小墳群が断絶するが，後期後半には集落と住居および小墳群の基礎的な単位は再び増加する。この人口増加を基点として律令国家の確立過程に入った。
前方後円（方）墳の築造パターンの変動は，これまで考えられてきたような政治史過程の直接的反映というよりも，根本的には環境変動などを起因とした人口の増減の上に立った社会関係の変化による可能性が高い。This article aims to explain the regional structure supporting the Yamato polity and its transition in the Kofun period as the history of social dynamics, including not only political but also population and production dynamics. To this end, in addition to the conventional analysis of tombs built for chiefs, such as keyhole-shaped mounded tombs with a quadrangular or round rear portion (collectively referred to as “keyhole-shaped mound”), this article examines the comprehensive structure of burial practices including small-tomb clusters, the rise and fall of settlements that maintain the tombs, and their mutual relationships.
This study starts with the analysis of keyhole-shaped tombs and small-tomb clusters and their spatial relations with settlements in the southern Okayama Plains. The results show that keyhole-shaped tombs are classified into three categories: small ones included in small-tomb clusters; medium ones located near small-tomb clusters; and large ones located independently from small-tomb clusters. They are likely to have reflected the hierarchy of power, from local leaders up to influential potentates directly connected with the Wa dynasty. Among them, the small tombs of local leaders are considered to have formed the basic unit in the regional community, as indicated by the analysis of the relationships between tombs and settlements.
Such small-tomb-based lineages were developed and maintained across the Okayama Plains in the early and middle phases of the early Kofun period, but many declined and disappeared in the late phase of the early Kofun period and the first half of the middle Kofun period while keyhole-shaped tombs were increasing in size and decreasing in number. This transition coincided with a rapid decline in the number of settlements and dwellings, which implies that potentates connected with the Wa dynasty established direct control over the regional community by filling up the gaps caused by the declining population. Under their dominance, the number of settlements and dwellings was restored in parallel with the revival of small-tomb clusters and small- and medium-sized keyhole-shaped tombs based on the clusters in the second half of the middle Kofun period. It is also highly likely that the restoration of population revitalized the regional community and induced the rise of new local leaders. In the first half of the late Kofun period, the number of settlements and dwellings decreased again, and many small-tomb-cluster-based lineages became extinct. The second half of the late Kofun period, however, saw a resurgence in the number of settlements, dwellings, and small-tomb-cluster-based lineages. After this population restoration, the Wa dynasty started to develop the ritsuryō system of the matured state.
These trends of the construction of keyhole-shaped tombs are likely to have been caused by social dynamics resulting from population fluctuations due to environmental changes and other reasons, rather than reflecting the history of political changes as has been believed.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activities] The Mataga Documents in Historiographical Perspective
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