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Functional Analysis of Late Jomon Drills : A Case Study on Stone Tools from the Kiusu 4 Site, Hokkaido, Northern Japan
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿の目的は，1）北海道島における縄文文化後期後葉の石錐の機能・用途を明らかにし，2）石錐をもちいた行為と社会の複雑化との関係の有無・内容を解明する点にある。分析対象は，千歳市キウス4遺跡から出土した石錐1315点である。分析方法は，石器使用痕分析のなかの高倍率法を採用した。分析の結果，1）石錐の機能は刺突ではなく穿孔である，2）石錐の主たる用途は皮革製品製作，土器の施文・補修および石製垂飾の製作にあり，副次的な用途として角・骨・貝の加工があげられる，3）平面形がI字形のもの・菱形のもの・不定形のものは黒曜石で製作されるものが多く，これらは土器施文・補修と皮革加工に利用される傾向がある，4）平面形がT字形を呈する一群は頁岩製が多く，これらは皮革加工とつよく結びついている，といった点が明らかになった。比較研究としておこなった千歳市美々4遺跡出土石錐162点の分析でも同様の傾向が確認されたが，くわえてI字形・菱形を呈するチャート製石錐は貝の加工具として利用されていることも明らかになった。キウス4遺跡内においては，石錐の各型式に分布の明確な偏りはなく，皮革製品の製作が特定の場所でおこなわれていたり，皮革資源が特定の分節集団によって制御されていたりする痕跡を見いだすことはできなかった。The goal of this paper is to reveal functions of Late Jomon drills from Hokkaido, Northern Japan. It also aims to consider the relationship between the drill utilization and the social complexity of this period. Materials for the analysis are 1315 stone drills from the Kiusu 4 site, Chitose City. As a result of the high-power approach of the lithic use-wear analysis, almost all of the drills were estimated to have been used for boring, not pinking. Furthermore, there was a tendency that “I-shaped,” “Rhombic shape” and “Unshaped and informal” types of drills were made on obsidian flakes, and they were used for pottery decorating/repairing, making beads and hide products. In contrast, “T-shaped” type drills have a tendency to be made on shale flakes and used for making hide products. We derived similar results by a comparative research of stone drills from the Bibi 4 site, Chitose City. In addition, we could also clarify that “I-shaped” and “Rhombic shape” types of drills made on chert flakes have a high correlation with boring shells at the Bibi 4 site. An intra-site spatial analysis at the Kiusu 4 site suggests that there is no specific pattern in distribution among these drill types, indicating that the manufacturing of leather products were not highly controlled by certain social subgroups in the settlement.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] NAORA Nobuo's Studies on the Palaeolithic Japan in Tokyo
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[Research Materials] Document on Shipbuilding in the early modern period, “Notes on Boat Length, Beam and Draft,” in the Collection of Nagasaki Prefectural Tsushima Museum of History and Folklore
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Construction Design of the Keyhole-shaped Burial Mounds and the Process of Increase in their Size (Part I)
Get PDFapplication/pdfレーザー計測などの新しい技術の採用によって，前方後円墳の立体的な形状をきめ細かく把握することが可能になってきた。本稿では，そうしたデータにもとづいて，大規模な前方後円墳を例に設計原理とその系列の復元を行う。
主として取り上げるのは，近年レーザー計測などが実施された，大阪府藤井寺市仲津山古墳（仲姫皇后陵古墳），同堺市上石津ミサンザイ古墳（履中陵古墳），岡山市造山古墳，大阪府羽曳野市誉田御廟山古墳（応神陵古墳）の4基であり，それぞれの古墳の設計原理の解明と相互の関係を検討した。設計原理を読み解くにあたっては，主として，コンピュータのプログラムを用いて描画される復元図を，測量図に重ね合わせるという手法を用いた。
設計原理に用いられた長さの単位を知るには，後円部の中心点と，前方部の隅角の各段を結ぶ稜線が主軸と交わる前方部中央交点（P点）との間の距離が最も信頼性の高い手がかりとなる。これらの点は少ない誤差で絞り込めることと，その2点間の距離が後円部の半径の1.5倍となる例が多く，墳端の位置がはっきりしない場合でも，後円部の半径を推定しやすいからである。
以上の方法を用いることにより，次のような点を明らかにすることができた。（1）歩を長さの単位とし，直角三角形の底辺と高さの比で角度を決定している，（2）0.5歩の倍数で段築のテラスの幅を決定し，それを長さの基本単位としていたが，基本単位の長さは後円部と前方部前面で異なるのが普通である，（3）設計原理のままでは要請された墳丘長に合わないことが多いため，実施設計において墳丘を引き伸ばすなどの一定の調整がなされていた，（4）それぞれの古墳の築造に際しては，既存の設計原理を適用するのではなく，そのたびに新たに設計原理が構想されていた，（5）設計原理の継承には系統性が存在するが，その内容は複雑なものである。The use of new technologies such as laser metrology has enabled us to reconstruct the detailed three-dimensional shape of keyhole-shaped burial mounds. Drawing on the data, this article elucidates the standard designs of huge keyhole tombs and classifies them by lineage.
The analysis of standard designs of tombs and their mutual relationships mainly focuses on the following four tumuli that were recently laser-scanned: Nakatsuyama Tumulus (Tomb of Empress Nakatsuhime) in Fujiidera City, Ōsaka Prefecture; Kamiishizu Misanzai Tumulus (Tomb of Emperor Richū) in Sakai City, Ōsaka Prefecture; Tsukuriyama Tumulus in Okayama City; and Kondagobyōyama Tumulus (Tomb of Emperor Ōjin) in Habikino City, Ōsaka Prefecture. Their standard designs are examined in detail, mainly by comparing computer-modeled images and survey maps.
In order to determine which unit of measurement was used for standard designs, we measure the length between the center of the round rear portion and the point P where the vertical axis of the tomb is intersected by the ridge lines connecting the corners of the steps in the quadrangular front portion. This is the most reliable method because the locations of these points can be determined with a minimum discrepancy. Moreover, when the edge of the burial mound is ambiguous, the radius of the round rear portion can be easily estimated from the length between the two points, which is often 1.5 times longer than the radius of the round portion.
Using the above-mentioned method, this study reveals the following five facts: (1) the unit of measurement for length is bu, and the angle was determined by the ratio of the base to the height of a right-angled triangle; (2) the widths of the stepped terraces were determined in multiples of 0.5 bu, which were the basic unit of measurement, although it usually varied between the quadrangular front and round rear portions; (3) because standard designs hardly met the requirements of those who placed the order, modifications were added in the actual designing process (e.g. extending the length of the burial mound); (4) each tumulus was built based on a new standard design, rather than existing ones; and (5) standard designs were passed down within the same lineage though they grew in complexity.departmental bulletin pape
Staged Development of Regional Governance in the Eastern Provinces in the Kofun Period : Focusing on Kamitsukeno Province (Part III)
Get PDFapplication/pdf東国の上毛野地域を軸に据えて，古墳時代の地域開発と社会変容の諸段階について考察した。前期前半は東海西部からの大規模な集団移動によって，東国の低湿地開発が大規模に推し進められるとともに，畿内から関東内陸部まで連続する水上交通ネットワークが構築された。在来弥生集団は再編され，農業生産力の向上を達成した首長層が，大型前方後方墳・前方後円墳を築造した。
前期後半から中期初頭は，最大首長墓にヤマトの佐紀古墳群の規格が採用され，佐紀王権との連携が考えられる。一河川水利を超えた広域水利網の構築，広域交通拠点の掌握という2点の理由によって，上毛野半分程度の範囲で首長の共立が推し進められた。また，集団合意形成のための象徴施設である大規模な首長居館が成立している。
中期前半には東国最大の前方後円墳の太田天神山古墳が成立したが，河内の古市古墳群を造営した王権との連合の所産とみられる。この頃から東国に朝鮮半島文物が移入されることから，倭王権に呼応して対外進出・対外交流を行うために外交・軍事指揮者を選任したことが巨大前方後円墳の成立背景と考えた。中期後半には渡来人や外来技術が獲得されたため，共立の必要性は解消し，各水系の首長がそれぞれ渡来人を編成して地域経済を活性化させている。
後期の継体期には，東国最大の七輿山古墳が成立したが，その成立母体が解消すると，複数の中型前方後円墳が多数併存するようになる。こうした考古学的な遺跡動態や，古代碑・『日本書紀』『万葉集』などの文献の検討を合わせて，屯倉の成立と地域開発の在り方を考えた。武蔵国造の乱にも触れ，緑野屯倉・佐野屯倉の実態ならびに上毛野国造との関係性についても論及した。With focus on Kamitsukeno Province (the present-day Gunma Prefecture), one of the Eastern Provinces (the present-day Kantō region), this article examines the different stages of regional development and social transformation in the Kofun period. In the first half of the early Kofun period, large-scale mass immigration from the western Tōkai region promoted large-scale wetland development in the Kantō region and the construction of an inland water transportation network connecting the Kinai and Inland Kantō regions. The Yayoi people who had originally inhabited the area were resettled, and chiefs who had achieved higher agricultural productivity built large-scale keyhole tombs with a quadrangular or round rear portion.
In the second half of the early Kofun period and the beginning of the middle Kofun period, the largest chief tomb was built to the same design standards as the Saki Tumulus Group. This implies an alliance between its occupant and the Saki royal authority in Yamato. At the same time, chiefs selected their representative and brought about half of the land area of Kamitsukeno Province under his control, mainly for two purposes: (1) constructing a region-wide water transportation network linking multiple rivers and (2) getting hold of regional transportation hubs. Moreover, a large residence was built for the representative chief, serving as a symbol of group consensus building.
In the first half of the middle Kofun period, Ōta Tenjinyama Tumulus, the largest keyhole tomb in the Eastern Provinces, was constructed. This tumulus implies an alliance between its occupant and the royal authority that built the Furuichi Tumulus Cluster in Kawachi. The reason for the emergence of such large keyhole tombs is considered because a diplomatic and military leader was appointed for inter-state interactions and overseas expansion in response to the request from the Yamato polity around that time, while documents imported from the Korean Peninsula were introduced into the Eastern Provinces. In the second half of the middle Kofun period, Chinese and Korean immigrants and their technologies eliminated the need for chiefs to select their representative. The chief of each water system organized a group of Chinese and/or Korean immigrants to activate the regional economy.
In the reign of Emperor Keitai in the late Kofun period, Nanakoshiyama Tumulus, the largest tomb in the Eastern Provinces, was constructed. After the decline of the lineage that built the tomb, multiple medium-scale keyhole tombs were constructed simultaneously. By examining the development of these archaeological sites and reviewing historical written sources, such as stele texts, Nihon Shoki (Chronicle of Japan), and Man'yōshū (the earliest extant anthology of Japanese poetry), this article analyzes the establishment of miyake (estates designated by the Yamato Court for rice production) and the dynamics of regional development. This article also examines the Musashino-Kuninomiyatsuko War as well as the actual state of Midono-miyake and Sano-miyake and their relationships with Kamitsukeno-kuninomiyatsuko (Provincial Governor of Kamitsukeno)departmental bulletin pape
A Study of Interferences of the Kamakura Shogunate with the Era Name Change / Calendrical Reform to Enkyō : Based on the Analysis of Documents Appended to Daitō Inyōsho
Get PDFapplication/pdf延慶改元は徳治三（一三〇八）年の後二条天皇の死去と花園天皇の践祚を契機に行われた。延慶改元は鎌倉幕府が天皇の管轄事項である改元に関与した例とされるが、従来、改元の問題は即位過程の中で実施された改暦と切り離されて論じられてきた。島津家本『大唐陰陽書』に付載された伏見上皇院宣と得宗北条貞時書状は、延慶改暦に功のあった宿曜師宣算を褒賞したものである。本稿では、これと花園天皇の即位に到る過程、および朝廷への窓口である六波羅探題金沢貞顕による公家からの典籍の借用・書写・収集からうかがえる人的交流をリンクさせることで、改元・改暦をめぐる公武交渉の実態を検討した。
花園天皇の即位に際して選定された「延慶」は、伏見院の主導で関東申次西園寺実兼らの意向を反映していた。一方、即位の日取りの設定には凶例とされる中間朔旦冬至が問題であった。先例とされた保元改暦は、鳥羽上皇没後の保元の乱の発生が背景にあったことをみると、延慶改暦は乱の発生を回避する願望があった可能性がある。一方、貞顕による典籍の書写・収集活動は、彼の文化的営為を知る目的で研究されてきたが、その書写先には大覚寺統の公家や改元・改暦に関わった人物との交流が濃厚である。書写活動には公家からの情報収集などの目的が潜んでいただろう。また、後年の貞顕書状には延慶元年の改元・改暦の時期に東使が在京していたために自身の鎌倉下向がかなわなかったとある。これは、東使二階堂貞藤・長井貞広が上洛して花園天皇の奏事始にいたる交渉、長崎思元が関与した改元・改暦完了後の建長・円覚両寺を定額寺とする一件と円覚寺扁額の拝領という二つの事態をさしていよう。右の事情を勘案すると、即位以前の改元と批判された延慶改元と鎌倉幕府の関与を強調する公家の態度は、中間朔旦冬至の回避を前提に即位・改元の日取りに合意した伏見院と得宗北条貞時の立場を反映していると考えることができる。The era name was changed to Enkyō in Tokuji 3 (1308), when Emperor Gonijō died and was succeeded by Emperor Hanazono. This incident was referred to as an example of interferences of the Kamakura Shogunate with the era name change, which fell within the exclusive competence of the emperor, although most past studies discussed the era name change separately from the calendrical reform made at that time as part of the enthronement process. Ex-emperor Fushimi and Tokusō Hōjō Sadatoki praised Sensan, a master astrologer, for his contribution to the calendrical reform to Enkyō in their letters, respectively, which were appended to the Shimazu family's copy of Daitō Inyōsho (the Book of Yin and Yang in the Tang Era). This study analyzes this calendrical reform in relation to the process of enthronement of Emperor Hanazono and in comparison to the personal networks reconstructed by examining which Court nobles Kanesawa Sadaaki, appointed to Rokuhara Tandai as a liaison to the Imperial Court, borrowed, copied, and collected books from to elucidate the actual negotiations between the Imperial Court and the Shogunate on the era name change and the calendrical reform.
Enkyō was chosen as the name of the first era of the reign of Emperor Hanazono, reflecting the opinions of Court nobles such as Saionji Sanekane, Kantōmōshitsugi (a liaison to the Kamakura Shogunate), under the leadership of Ex-emperor Fushimi. Meanwhile, that year's winter solstice coincided with a new moon, breaking the coincidence cycle of 19 years, and this was seen as a bad omen. The fact that at the time of the calendrical reform to Hōgen, which formed a precedent, the War of Hōgen broke out after the death of Ex-emperor Toba implied that the calendrical reform to Enkyō may have been related to the wish to avoid war. On the other hand, the studies of Sadaaki's collection and transcription of books aimed to elucidate his cultural activities but also revealed that through these activities, he is highly likely to have interacted with Court nobles of the Daikakuji lineage and other people involved in the determination of the era name change and the calendrical reform. His transcription activities may have been secretly aimed at collecting information from Court nobles. Moreover, according to a letter he later wrote, he could not go to Kamakura because Tōshi messengers dispatched from the Kamakura Shogunate stayed in the capital city at the time of the era name change / calendrical reform in Enkyō 1 (1308). This could refer to the following two issues: (1) the dispatch of Tōshi messengers, Nikaidō Sadafuji and Nagai Sadahiro, to the capital city to negotiate details about the enthronement of Emperor Hanazono and (2) the involvement of Nagasaki Shigen in negotiations to grant Kenchō-ji and Engaku-ji temples the status of Jōgakuji after the era name change / calendrical reform and bestow a signboard on the latter temple. In light of the above, it can be assumed that the era name change to Enkyō, which was criticized for preceding the enthronement, and Court nobles' attitudes that emphasized the interferences of the Kamakura Shogunate may have reflected not only the political stance of Tokusō Hōjō Sadatoki but also the agreement of Ex-emperor Fushimi to set the dates of the enthronement and the era name change to avoid the irregular coincidence of the winter solstice and moon cycles.departmental bulletin pape
Kyōson, the Author of Myōgoki, and His Personal Relations : Interaction between Court Nobles and Samurai and the Transport and Logistics in Western Provinces in the Mid-Kamakura Period
Get PDFapplication/pdf経尊著『名語記』は鎌倉中期の辞書で、金沢文庫を設けた北条実時が所持していた。その立場は、京都伏見稲荷の社僧、万里小路資通の弟、花山院宣経の子とする説等がある。藤原定家流の人々との交流を通して在京する北条氏一族と昵懇な関係を築いていたとされる。本稿では、経尊本人の経験した内容を手がかりにその立場と活動の実態を検討した。
経尊周辺には後鳥羽院と親近な関係者がいた。それは後鳥羽院の御所・水無瀬殿が広瀬殿に変えられたとある記載にうかがえ、広瀬殿のみえる慈光寺本『承久記』と基盤が共通する。また、備中国村社郷に下向し、郷の住人と目録の読み合わせを行っているが、村社郷の領主紀氏は将軍実朝から安堵され、媒介したのは源仲章であった。仲章は後鳥羽院の近習で、一族の慈光寺家には慈光寺本『承久記』が伝えられ、慈光寺家文書には村社郷の文書が伝来している。経尊は慈光寺家と近い関係にあったと推測される。
『名語記』の特徴の一つは下級官人や職人のことやそれに関わる俗語が多くみえることで、経尊は職人支配と深く関わっていたと考えられてきた。そこで慈光寺家の関連内容をみると、仲章の一流は院や朝廷の物資の調達や職人の管理と関わっていた。こうした問題は経尊の地方との関係にもうかがえる。記述の多い西国との関係のなかで年貢や交通・流通に関わる記述をみると、美作では百姓に鍬を賦課して納入できない場合は鹿皮で代替するのが国例とある。また、伊予石は京都市中で竈の石材とされていることがみえる。伊予石の主産地は砥石山（愛媛県砥部町外山）とみられ、そこは伏見稲荷社領山崎荘に含まれる可能性が高い。このことは本人の京都伏見稲荷社に関わる記述と符合する。こうした点から、経尊は伏見稲荷の社僧を基本にしており、慈光寺家出身、または慈光寺家に仕える家に出自があり、荘園の経営実務にたけた人物であったと考えられる。Myōgoki is a dictionary compiled by Kyōson in the mid-Kamakura period and possessed by Hōjō Sanetoki, the founder of the Kanesawa Bunko (Kanesawa Library). As to the origin of the compiler, several theories have been proposed, such as a priest of Fushimi Inari Shrine in Kyoto, a younger brother of Madenokōji Sukemichi, and a son of Kazanin Nobutsune. Kyōson is also believed to have established close relationships with the Hōjō family in Kyoto through interaction with calligraphers of the Teika school. This article examines the experiences of Kyōson to elucidate his social status and activities.
Kyōson is assumed to have been acquainted with those closely associated with ex-Emperor Gotoba. One of the reasons for this assumption is because Myōgoki states that the residence of the ex-emperor had been renamed from Minase-dono to Hirose-dono. This imperial villa is also called as Hirose-dono in the Jikōji version of Jōkyūki (Record of the Jōkyū Disturbance). This common description implies that the two documents had a common basis. Moreover, Kyōson visited Murakosogō in Bicchū in order to collate his inventory with that of local residents. He was introduced to the Ki family, who had been enfeoffed with the estate by Shōgun Sanetomo, by Minamoto no Nakaakira, who was a retainer of ex-Emperor Gotoba and whose family (Jikōji) kept the Jikōji version of Jōkyūki as well as the Jikōji documents including the records of Murakosogō. It is therefore presumed that Kyōson had close relationships with the Jikōji family.
One of the characteristics of Myōgoki is that it is largely devoted to describing lower government clerks and artisans and their jargon. It has been believed that Kyōson was deeply involved in the control of artisans. Meanwhile, an analysis of description of the Jikōji family reveals that the Nakaakira branch was engaged in the control of artisans and the procurement of goods for the ex-emperor and the Imperial Court. The association of Kyōson with these kinds of people is also observed in his relationships with provincial authorities. His description as to land tax, transport, and logistics in western provinces, on which he spent considerable ink, includes the statement that typically, in Mimasaka, farmers were taxed on their hoes and paid the balance due with buckskin when they could not pay the tax in full. Myōgoki also states that in Kyoto, kilns were made of Iyo stone, which was mainly mined in Mount Toishi (in Toyama, Tobe Town, Ehime Prefecture), which is likely to be included in the Yamazaki estate of Fushimi Inari Shrine. This is consistent with his description about the shrine. Therefore, it is assumed that he was principally serving as a priest at Fushimi Inari Shrine, originally came from the Jikōji family or its subordinate family, and had expertise in the management of estates.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] Manufacturing in Japan in the Age of Discovery : Technology, Materials, and Trade
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