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Reconsideration of Mass Secondary Burials Serving as Monuments : Focused on Mass Burial Pits at the Shimo'ota Shell Mound
Get PDFapplication/pdf縄文時代の関東地方の後期初頭には，多数の遺体を再埋葬する多数合葬・複葬例という特殊な墓制が存在する。このような事例は，再埋葬が行われた時期が集落の開設期にあたる，集落や墓域において特別な場所に設けられている，幼い子供は含まれない，男性が多いといったいくつかの特徴が指摘でき，現在までに6遺跡7例が確認されている。このような墓制は祖霊祭祀を行う際に「モニュメント」として機能したと思われるが，同様の意味を持ったと思われる事例は，福島県三貫地貝塚や広島県帝釈寄倉岩陰遺跡などでも確認されており，時期や地域を越えて確認できる墓制だと思われる。
従来，同様の事例とされてきた千葉県下太田貝塚から検出された3例を今回検討したところ，下太田貝塚の事例はいずれも，「モニュメント」としての意義をもつ多数合葬・複葬例の特徴に該当しないことがわかった。このことから，筆者は下太田貝塚の事例は，「モニュメント」としての意義は持たず，単に遺体を集積し「片付けた」ものと判断した。
また，縄文時代の後半期には墓を含む大型の配石遺構などが「モニュメント」化し，祖霊祭祀の拠り所となるものが多くなるが，このような多数合葬・複葬例もその文脈の中で理解できると思われる。すなわち，縄文時代の後半期においては，集団関係の新規作成や集団統合・紐帯強化のための一つの手段として，人骨および墓の利用が行われるようになり，「記念墓」がその新しい集団の「シンボル」・「モニュメント」となるような状況が創出された。その精神的・技術的背景には，系譜関係の意図的切断・統合といった，系譜的な死生観の応用が存在する。大規模な配石遺構も含めて，シンボル化した「モニュメント」において祖霊を祀ることによって，さらなる集団関係が再生産されていくとともに，何故に自分たちがそこに存在し，各種資源を優先的に使用するのかという正統性を表示・再確認することになる。そこには新たな「伝統」の確立が意図されており，祖霊観の存在および祖霊祭祀の意義を読み取ることが可能である。At the beginning of the Late Jomon period, multiple corpses were reburied together in the Kanto district. Such mass secondary burials are found to have some features in common. First of all, they coincided with the appearance of settlements. Secondly, they were situated in special areas in the settlements or cemeteries. Thirdly, they contained many male adult skeletons and no young children skeletons. So far, seven mass secondary burials have been excavated at six sites. This type of burial seems to have served as a monument for ancestor worship rituals. This grave system spread beyond the boundaries of time and space. In fact, burials that are likely to have served as monuments have been found at the Sanganji Shell Mound in Fukushima Prefecture and the Yosekuraiwakage Site in the Taishaku Valley in Hiroshima Prefecture.
This study re-examines three burials unearthed from the Shimo'ota Shell Mound in Chiba Prefecture. They were previously considered as mass secondary burials built as monuments, but this study finds that they did not fall into that category. Rather, it is concluded that they were constructed not as monuments but as mere burial pits to collectively dispose of corpses.
In the latter half of the Jomon period, tombs and other large-scale stone-covered burials were built as monuments, and many of them served as bases for ancestor worship rituals. Apparently, mass secondary burials were developed in the same context. More specifically, in the latter half of the Jomon period, human skeletons and burials became a means of creating new related groups and strengthening their integrity and unity. This resulted in the use of “memorial graves” as symbolic monuments for the new groups. The mental and technical background of this phenomenon was attributed to the view of life and death based on genealogical relationships that were intentionally strengthened or broken. Symbolic monuments built for ancestor worship, including large-scale stone-covered burials, further created new groups and allowed them to prove and reconfirm their legitimacy, or priority right, to claim their land and exploit resources within the boundaries. This was intended to establish new “tradition,” which reflected the manifestation of ancestor worship and the significance of such rituals.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activities] Annual Report on NMJH Permanent Exhibition Renovation Project of Gallery 1 : Prehistoric and Early Japan (FY2017)
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An Analysis of Contemporaneity in the Skeletons Unearthed from Mass Burial Pits at the Shimo'ota Shell Midden in Mobara City, Chiba Prefecture
Get PDFapplication/pdf千葉県茂原市の下太田貝塚で検出された多数遺骸集積土坑は，部分的に交連する骨格が複数出土していることから，縄文時代後期前葉（堀之内2式から加曽利B1式期）の20年程度と短期間に形成された人骨群であるとされてきた。そのため，時間的な変遷を排除できる人骨群として，歯冠計測やミトコンドリアDNAによる親族構造の推定が行われ，社会構造を反映すると解釈されている。しかし，人骨において直接放射性炭素年代を測定し，海洋リザーバ効果を個別に補正した較正放射性炭素年代を検討したところ，A土坑には称名寺式期から堀之内2式期の200年程度の時間幅をもった個体が含まれる可能性が示された。B土坑でも堀之内1式期と堀之内2式期の個体が含まれることがわかった。The mass burial pits found from the Shimo'ota shell midden in Chiba prefecture was considered as a skeletal population in a period as short as 20 years, because the partial articulation was observed among skeletons. Hence, the social complexity and lineage analyses has been conducted based on dental morphology and mitochondrial DNA analysis for this skeletal population. However, a series of radiocarbon dating on 10 individuals from mass burial pit-A, 4 from pit-B and one from pit-C showed a wider range of calibrated radiocarbon dates in conjunction with individual correction for the marine reservoir effect through marine food consumption. The range of the dates spans from Shomyoji pottery type to Horinouchi 2 pottery for pit-A, and also from Horinouchi 1 to 2 pottery type for the pit-B, which might correspond to a period as long as 200 years.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Materials] An Introduction to the Newly Found Medieval Documents in the Possession of Mr. Minoru Masuda
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[Report on Investigation and Research Activities] Approach for Creating Database of the Radiocarbon Dates Published on the Archaeological Research Reports in Japan
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Vegetation Landscape Changes and Their Backgrounds in the West Chugoku Mountains Region since the Rapid Economic Growth Period as the Turning Point : Cases of Yawata Highland|Northwest Hiroshima Prefecture and Akiyoshidai|Yamaguchi Prefecture
Get PDFapplication/pdf森林や草原の景観はふつう1～2年で大きく変わることはないが，数十年の単位で見ると，樹木の成長や枯死，あるいは草原の放置による森林化などにより，しばしば大きく変化する。本稿では，高度経済成長期を画期とする植生景観変化とその背景について，中国山地西部の2つの地域の例について考えてみた。その具体的な地域として取り上げたのは，広島県北西部の北広島町の八幡高原と山口県のやや西部に位置する秋吉台である。その2つの地域について，文献類や写真，また古老への聞き取りなどをもとに考察した。
その結果，八幡高原では，たとえば，今はスキー場などの一部を除き，草原はわずかしか見られないが，高度経済成長期の前までは，牛馬の放牧などのためなどに存在した草原が少なからず見られた。その草原の大部分は森林に変わり，また，高度経済成長期の前の森林には大きな木が少なかったが，燃料の変化などにより，森林の樹木は高木化した。なお，その地の草原は，高度経済成長期の直前の頃よりも少し遡る昭和初頭の頃，あるいは大正期頃まではさらに広く，その面積は森林を上回るほどであった。その変化の背景には，そこで飼育されていた馬の減少もあったが，別の背景として，大正の終り頃から製炭が盛んになり，山林の主な運用方法が旧来の牛馬の飼育や肥料用などのための柴草採取から，炭の原木確保のための立木育成へと変わったことがあった。
一方，秋吉台には，今も草原が広く見られるが，それはそこが国定公園などに指定されている所で，草原の景観を守ることが観光地としての価値を維持するためにも重要であるためである。しかし，その秋吉台の草原も，高度経済成長期の前と比べると，草原面積は少し減少している。また，草原やその周辺の山林への人の関わり方の大きな変化により，植物種の変化など，その草原には大きな質的変化が見られ，また草原を取り巻く森林も高木化が進むなど大きく変化してきている。Vegetation landscape changes since the rapid economic growth period and their backgrounds of two areas in the west Chugoku Mountains Region in Japan were studied based on literatures, photos, interviews of elders and old maps. One of the studied area is Yawata Highland which is located in the northwest of Hiroshima Prefecture, the other is Akiyoshidai, a famous limestone area which is located in Yamaguchi Prefecture. Results are as follows.
In the Yawata Highland, grassland is now rarely seen except for a ski resort etc., however before the rapid economic growth period, grassland was commonly seen there as it was used for grazing cattle and horses etc. Most of the grassland transformed into forests, and most trees of forests have become high and much bigger due to the changes in fuels etc. after the rapid economic growth period; big trees were not commonly seen before the period. The grassland was more wider in the area until the Taisho era or the very beginning of the Showa era, which go back some decades; the grassland area was at least nearly equal to that of forests or it might exceed the forest area in those days. One of the backgrounds of the change was the thriving of charcoal making from the end of Taisho period, and another one of the backgrounds was the large decrease of the number of cattle and horses kept in the area; the main uses of the land changed greatly from keeping cattle and horses and gathering grass for fodder and fertilizer to making forests to secure wood for charcoal.
Meanwhile, in Akiyoshidai, grassland is still widely seen. This is because the area is designated as a quasi-national park etc., and it is important to keep the landscape of grassland to maintain the value as a tourist spot. However, the area of grassland in Akiyoshidai has been also decreasing and that of forests has been increasing after the rapid economic growth period, although the speed is rather slow. Moreover, large changes in quality have been observed in the grassland; the plant community has been changed and some species are rare now. Furthermore, forests surrounding the grassland also have been changed greatly; the rate of tree species has been changed greatly and most trees have grown bigger. Such changes are due to the great changes of people's engagement in the grassland and its surrounding forests.departmental bulletin pape
The Segmentation Structure of Circular Villages and Extraneous Houses
Get PDFapplication/pdf本論では，縄文時代中期の環状集落を構成する家屋の中に系統の異なる家屋型式が共存する現象に着目し，これを「異系統家屋」として概念化するとともに，かかる観点から環状集落の分節構造の成り立ちとその背後にある社会関係について考察した。関東・甲信地方で拠点的な環状集落の造営が始まる中期前葉の五領ヶ台式後半から中期中葉の勝坂式期の事例に焦点を当て，分節構造の形成過程に異系統家屋がどのように関わったのかを検討した。
その結果，中期中葉勝坂式期の関東地方南西部には，北陸系の異系統家屋と推定される二重柱穴列の掘立柱建物，中信系の異系統家屋と推定される「柱間溝」を有する大形竪穴住居や多柱穴の円形竪穴住居が移入され，一部の環状集落に受容されていたことが明らかとなった。異系統家屋の受容は同じ地域にある集落でも一様ではなく，また環状集落を構成する分節単位ごとに異なる場合があることも指摘した。また，それらの異系統家屋の伝わり方が，隣接する地域や集落を順に経由した玉突き式の単純な伝播ではなく遠隔地間の直接的関係を示唆している点を，事例集成と分布論的分析から明らかにした。
このような諸現象を根拠として，勝坂式期における拠点的な環状集落の造営に複数の系統の異なる単位集団が関与していた可能性があること，そしてそれらの単位集団が個々にアイデンティティーを保持し，かつ集落外・遠隔地につながる集団関係を有していたことを論じた。また，異系統家屋の受容・共存が，同時期の土器群に見られるキメラ的な折衷土器や異系統土器の共存という現象とも密接に関連している点を指摘した。結論として，こうした諸現象を生じさせた要因を合理的に説明するモデルを提示し，勝坂式土器の分布圏に広がる広域部族の内部がリネージまたはシブのような単系出自集団に分節化していたこと，地域を超越した異系統家屋や異系統土器の動きが外婚制や半族組織によって助長された可能性が高いと考察した。In light of the phenomenon that a settlement included several extraneous houses, this paper aims to describe the structure of circular villages of the Middle Jomon period and the social context behind it. To this end, this paper examines circular village sites built in the middle phase of the Middle Jomon period in Kanto and Chubu regions to assess how the extraneous houses affected the formation of the segmentation structure of the villages.
In the middle phase of the Middle Jomon period, large posthole-type buildings originated from the Hokuriku region and pit dwellings typically seen in the Chubu Highlands region were introduced and accepted in some circular villages in the southwest of the Kanto region. This study analyses the distribution of these extraneous houses and consequently indicates that they seem to have been introduced directly from their respective places of origin, rather than spreading in orderly sequence from one village or district to the next. Moreover, this paper reveals that the acceptance and coexistence of extraneous houses were closely related to the contemporary fusion and coexistence of different styles of pottery including extraneous one.
In conclusion, this paper suggests the model of society that can reasonably describe the above-mentioned phenomena. It seems that in the middle phase of the Middle Jomon period (the Katsusaka-style Pottery period), the construction of circular villages involved multiple different lineages. These segmental groups maintained their respective identities and relations with other relatives outside of their settlements in distant places. A large tribal group whose territory coincided with the geographical distribution of Katsusaka-style pottery was segmented into various unilineal descent groups such as lineages and sibs. The geographically discontinuous distribution of building and pottery styles is likely to have been promoted by exogamy, which was generally seen in unilineal descent groups.departmental bulletin pape
A Study of Quarrying Site for the Stone Walls of Ōsaka Castle from the Perspective of a Practicing Stonemason : An Ethnographic Approach to Unravel Early Modern Granite Quarrying Techniques
Get PDFapplication/pdf小稿は，これまでおもに考古学的見地から進められてきた中世から近世にかけての花崗岩採掘技術や労働体制等の解明に，民俗学的手法によって寄与することを目指すものである。花崗岩採掘にかかわる知識や技術は，現在の職人にも保有されている。しかしながら，従来の研究は，それが十分に参照されないまま遺構や遺物の解釈が進められてきた傾向にある。そこで小稿では，現役の石材採掘職人から聞き取った花崗岩採掘の基本的な技術を提示するとともに，この石材採掘職人をともなって行なった小豆島の大坂城石垣石切丁場跡の調査で得られた職人の所感を紹介した。
花崗岩採掘の基本的な技術については，①花崗岩の異方性，②キズの見きわめと対処，③石を割る位置，④矢の大きさと打ち込む間隔，⑤矢穴の形状，⑥矢穴の列と方向，の六点に整理して提示した。また，大坂城石垣石切丁場跡に対しては，割りたい石の大小等に関係なく，大きな矢穴が狭い間隔で掘られている点，矢穴底の短辺が長いことに合理性が見いだせない点，完成度の高い矢穴と低い矢穴が見られることから，熟練の職人と非熟練の労働者が混在していた点等が指摘された。
現役の職人から得られたこれらの情報は，花崗岩採掘にともなう遺構や遺物の分析・解釈に資するものである。さらに，こうした試み自体が，民俗学と考古学との新たな協業関係を構築するものである。This article takes an ethnographic approach to elucidate the granite quarrying techniques and working systems in medieval and early modern times, which have been examined mainly from an archaeological perspective. Although granite quarrying techniques and relevant knowledge have been passed down to the present generation of stonemasons, they have received little attention in previous studies, which have mainly focused on archaeological remains and artifacts. Therefore, this article outlines basic granite quarrying techniques based on an interview with a practicing stonemason as well as his findings from the field study conducted with him in Shōdo Island to examine the quarrying site for the stone walls of Ōsaka Castle.
The basic granite quarrying techniques are explained from the following six perspectives: (i) anisotropy of granite; (ii) assessment and treatment of cracks; (iii) stone cutting position; (iv) size of wedges and spacing of wedge holes; (v) shape of wedge holes; and (vi) lines of wedge holes and their directions. With regard to the quarrying site for the stone walls of Ōsaka Castle, the stonemason mentioned the following three points: (i) the wedge holes are large and spaced close together, regardless of the size of the stone required; (ii) the short sides of the bottom of the wedge holes are unreasonably long; and (iii) the coexistence of high-and low-quality wedge holes implies a mix of skilled and unskilled workers.
The above-mentioned information given by the practicing stonemason contributes to the analysis and interpretation of archaeological remains and artifacts related to granite quarrying. More importantly, this approach will open a new avenue for collaboration between ethnography and archaeology.departmental bulletin pape
Chinese Title of General and Baekje Titles of King, Marquis, and Governor : Beakje's Regime Structure and East Asia in the Late Fifth Century (Part II)
Get PDFapplication/pdf中国皇帝から高句麗や百済，倭の君長やその臣僚に除授された将軍号などの官爵号にもとづいて，それら諸国の支配体制を解明しようとする試みがなされて久しい。特に百済や倭では君主自らの官爵だけでなく，臣僚への将軍号除正要求もしばしば行われており，将軍号をはじめ中国皇帝から除授される官爵が重視された。このうち，百済では，蓋鹵王代になって積極的に百済王の官爵号の除正要求が行われるようになったが，それは宋から百済の国際的地位を正式に認めてもらうことによって，対外的には執拗に宋に百済の軍政権を求める倭に外交的牽制をかけるため，対内的には蓋鹵王が除授された官爵，特に将軍号にもとづいて臣僚たちを王権に位置づけるためであった。蓋鹵王は中国王朝の将軍号に依拠しつつ，臣下を序列化していったのである。
その後，百済は高句麗の攻撃によって王都漢城が陥落し，一時的に滅亡の危機を迎えるが，困難のなかで即位した東城王は，南斉に臣僚の将軍号除正を要求するとともに，それと連動して百済王族・貴族の三品将軍には百済独自の王号を，四品将軍には侯号を，漢人官僚の三・四品将軍には太守号を臣下たちに授与していった。5世紀後半の百済において，百済貴族や漢人官僚たちを王権に位置づけるため，中国将軍号はきわめて重視されていたのであった。Many years have passed since research started on the peerages (e.g. General) granted by Chinese emperors to monarchs of Koguryo, Baekje, and Yamato and their retainers to elucidate the regime structures of these states. The titles granted by Chinese emperors, such as General, were considered important, especially in Baekje and Yamato, whose monarchs not only requested the titles of King and General for themselves but also often asked for the title of General for their retainers. In Baekje, King Gaeru aggressively requested the title of King of Baekje. Externally, he intended to have his kingdom's international independence endorsed by the Song Dynasty to diplomatically contain Yamato, which had persistently asked the Song Dynasty to justify its military domination over Baekje. Domestically, he intended to use the titles conferred on him, especially the title of General, to grant royal authority to his retainers. In other words, he used the title of General given by the Chinese dynasty to establish a hierarchy among his retainers.
Subsequently, Baekje was brought to the verge of extinction with its capital, Hanseong, falling to Koguryo. King Dongseong, who ascended the throne during this crisis, asked the Nan Qi emperor to grant the title of General to his retainers while he himself conferred domestic titles to them. He bestowed the titles of King and Marquis to royal family members and nobles who had been appointed as Third- and Forth-rank Generals, respectively, and the title of Governor to Chinese bureaucrats who had been appointed as Third- and Forth-rank Generals. Thus, in Baekje in the late fifth century, the Chinese title of General was considered as an important means to involve Baekje nobles and Chinese bureaucrats in the royal hierarchy.departmental bulletin pape