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    [Article] Effects of Forest Reserves on Non-Government Property on Conservation and Livelihoods : A Case from Costa Rica

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    application/pdfいわゆる「イエローストーン型」と呼ばれる住民排除型の保護地域への反省から,地域住民の福利を重視した保護地域のありかたが議論され,実際に導入されてきた。例えば,国際的な登録制度であるユネスコの生物圏保存地域では,自然保護の度合いの強い順に核心,緩衝,移行の3つの区域に分けて自然保護と経済発展のバランスを取ることが目指されている。しかし,その多くが途上国にある熱帯林では,このようなバランスをいかにして取るのか,難しい課題となっている。 そこで,本稿では,中米のコスタリカを事例対象として,民有地の保護地域が自然環境の保全と地域住民の生業にあたえる影響を論じる。20世紀後半までに農地開発などのために大規模な森林減少を経験したコスタリカでは,1996年に改正された森林法によって天然林の伐採を原則全面禁止すると同時に,環境サービス支払いの制度などによって森林保全の価値を土地所有者への直接的な便益に変換する政策を導入し,森林面積は増加に転じた。また,1950年代から始まる保護地域政策は,現在では国土面積の4分の1以上が指定されるに至っているが,その過程で地域住民と政府の間の利害対立も生んできた。そうしたなかで,緩衝・移行地域を含む生物圏保存地域と類似した性質をもつ「生物回廊」という種別の保護地域が,自然環境の保全のみならず,地域住民の生業戦略においても一種の緩衝効果をもたらしうることを,コスタリカの農村の事例によって示した。Discussion and application have progressed regarding the types of protected areas that support the wellbeing of local residents, as a countermeasure to the so-called "Yellowstone Model" of exclusionary protected areas. Biosphere Reserves under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme, for example, are intended to balance conservation with development, by classifying core, buffer and transition areas, depending on the level of protection. Such balance is difficult to achieve, however, particularly in tropical forests, most of which are located in developing countries. This article studies the effects of protected areas on conservation of the natural environment as well as on the livelihoods of local residents in Costa Rica. After a massive loss of its forest mainly due to agricultural development through to the late 20th Century, Costa Rica amended its Forest Law to introduce both prohibition of natural forest clearing and direct benefits in the form of environmental service payments to land owners who conserve their forests. This policy has managed to bring about an upturn in forest cover trends in Costa Rica. Policy on protected areas was initiated in the 1950s in Costa Rica and its scope expanded to the current status whereby over a quarter of the national land territory is officially protected. One byproduct of this process, however, has on the one hand been conflict with local residents with regards to protected areas. On the other hand, the category of protected areas called "Biological Corridors" resembling the Biosphere Reserves with buffer and transition areas have demonstrated their buffer effects not only on conservation but also on livelihood strategies of local residents.departmental bulletin pape

    [Article] Changes in the Promotional Images of Yakushima Island as a Tourist Site

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    application/pdf本報告では,観光雑誌・ガイドブックとして知られている「旅」や「るるぶ」の文字情報や写真情報を活用しながら,1993年に世界自然遺産に登録された屋久島の観光イメージの変遷を明らかにした。その結果,時代ごとに観光地「屋久島」のイメージが変化してきたことが明らかとなった。1950年代には秘境としての屋久島が強調され,山域よりも里の暮らしなどが観光資源と表現されていた。国立公園に編入された時期を除いて,1980年代までは里の温泉や滝が主要な観光資源として頻繁に写真などにも掲載された。しかし 1990年代以降になり,世界遺産登録も一つの契機となり,観光イメージの中心が,縄文杉や白谷雲水峡といった山域に移行した。とりわけ近年は,エコツーリズムを活用した新たな観光形態が紹介されるようになる。例えば,太鼓岩やウィルソン株のハート形の空洞などに代表される新しい観光資源が誕生し,観光地「屋久島」イメージの変化にも影響を与えていた。 こうした観光地のイメージ変化をもたらす要因として,観光発展の初期の段階では,観光地へのアクセスが大きく影響しているものと考察された。そして飛行場といった交通機関や道路環境や木道といった登山道整備が改善される中で,アクセスが容易となり,山岳記事が少しずつ増えていったと考えられる。山岳記事が増える中で,大衆観光地化やエコツーリズム産業の発展も進み,観光雑誌・ガイドブックの出版社側も新たな情報の更新を繰り返してきた。ただしこうした迅速な観光資源化は,コンフリクトを生み出してきた。持続的な観光発展のために,行政側が提供する観光情報を検討する時期に来ている。This paper clarifies the chronological changes in promotional tourism images of Yakushima Island as a tourist site, designated as a world natural heritage site in 1993, using textual as well as visual information for photos published in Japanese travel guidebooks, such as "Tabi" and "Rurubu." This study found that the images of Yakushima have changed across the ages. In the 1950s, Yakushima's images emphasized its remoteness and local livelihoods, which were favored as tourism resources over its mountainous areas. Photos of hot springs and falls adjacent to the seashore were frequently picked up until the 1980s except for the age (around 1965) mountainous area of Yakushima Island was designated as a part of a National Park. After the 1990s, however, the main tourism resources in Yakushima shifted to the mountainous areas, such as Jomon-sugi Cedar and Shiratani-Unsuikyo. Recently, other tourism resources related to the ecotourism industry, such as Taiko-Iwa, known as Drum Rock, and Wilson's stump, with its heart-shaped cavity, were newly exploited. These newly developed resources had a strong influence on changing images of Yakushima. There are several reasons the images of Yakushima have shifted over time. In the early stages of tourism development, limited means of transportation to Yakushima Island and to its mountainous areas critically affected the production of tourism images. Development of infrastructure, such as an an airport, roads, and footpaths, enabled visitors to Yakushima to venture into its mountainous areas, and articles in tourism magazines focusing on the mountainous areas gradually increased as a result. Disclosure of information about the mountainous areas led the penetration of mass tourism and the development of the ecotourism industry in Yakushima. With this increase in interest in the mountainous areas, publishers repeatedly updated their tourism magazines with newly found Yakushima information. However, the quick commodification of natural resources might cause conflicts, including issues of overuse and of alpine accidents. Public authorities must consider to what extent information about the mountainous region should be disclosed for the purpose of sustainable tourism development in Yakushima.departmental bulletin pape

    The Construction Technologies of the Keyhole-shaped Tumuli in the Yeongsan River Basin (Part IV)

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    application/pdf本稿では,栄山江流域における前方後円墳の築造技術の実態について検討を行った。まず,発掘調査が行われている前方後円墳について,立地と基礎工程(整地)・墳丘の築造企画・墳丘の築造技術・墳丘盛土と埋葬施設構築の相関性・外表施設(葺石・周堤・円筒形土器)という視点から,その築造過程や用いられた技術について基礎的な整理を行った。 次に,その内容について相互に比較を行うことで,前方後円墳の築造技術の特質について検討した。その結果,整地の方法は様ざまである一方で,墳丘企画については,墳丘長と後円部径の比7:4を示す事例が大半である点が注目できる。また,前方部や周溝の形態によって,大きくA,B型式に大別できた。 墳丘盛土と石室の相関性については,平面的に,墳丘の中心部に石室(玄室)を築造する設計意図が,全ての事例において確認できる。その一方で,立面的には,石室優先型と折衷型という2つの類型の設定が可能である。また,墳丘築造において墳丘外縁に沿って土堤を構築する点(土堤盛土方式)も共通的である。ただし,土堤の断面形態や高さは多様である。 実は,このような墳丘築造技術の中には,在地の伝統的な古墳においても認められるものも含まれている。むしろ,前方後円墳の築造の際には,前方後円という墳形(とその企画)のみが新たに導入されただけで,実際の墳丘築造技術は,地域の伝統的な方式を固守していた可能性が高い。そのような意味あいにおいて,前方後円墳を築いた集団は,その周辺において伝統的な古墳を築造していた集団と,同様な歴史的脈絡の中で活動していたと推定できる。In this paper, I examined the construction technologies of the keyhole-shaped tumuli in the Yeongsan River basin. First, I conducted a basic analysis of the keyhole-shaped tumuli construction process and the technologies used from the perspective of the locations and the basic process (land preparations), the planning of the construction, the technologies of the construction, and the correlation between the embankments of the tumuli and the construction of the burial facilities along with the external facilities (fukiishi-stones covering the slopes of tumuli, surrounding embankments, and cylindrical earthenware). Next, I examined the characteristics of the construction technologies of the keyhole-shaped tumuli by comparing their contents. The result shows that, while there are various ways to level the land, the ratio of the lengths of tumuli to the diameters of the posterior circles is 7:4 in the majority of the cases. Moreover, I was able to roughly divide the tumuli into type A and type B according to the forms of the front and the surrounding moats. As for the correlation between the embankments and the stone rooms, I can confirm that there is a design intention to construct a stone room (an empress room) in the center of the mound in all the cases. On the other hand, it is possible to have two types of setting in terms of elevation surfaces: the type that prioritizes a stone room and the eclectic type. Additionally, they share a common feature, which is to build embankments along the outer line of the mound in the construction (the embankment/mound method). However, there are differences in the cross-section shapes and the heights of embankments. In fact, some of these construction technologies are also found in the traditional tumuli in the area. It is highly possible that when constructing the keyhole-shaped tumuli, only the keyhole shape (and its planning) was introduced, and the locally used traditional method was firmly kept in the actual construction technologies of tumuli. In that sense, we can assume that the group that built the keyhole-shaped tumuli was active in the same historical context with the group that built the traditional tumuli around them.departmental bulletin pape

    [Article] Application of TEI to Engishiki and Japanese History Text Data Sharing

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    application/pdf本論文では,『延喜式』の本文情報のデジタル化と流通の手法について検討を行った。とりわけTEI(Text Encoding Initiative)という,国際標準を適用し作成したデータについての説明を行い,さらにより広く日本の歴史資料のテクストデータ共有のありようについても述べた。 なお,本研究についての具体的な内容については,すでにいくつかの国際会議等でも発表を行うとともに,論文化も予定されている。そのため,本論文では,これらの技術的側面には詳細に触れることなく,より歴史学の立場からの意義について検討を行った。 筆者らはテクストデータの国際的流通と研究での高度活用を目指し,延喜式のTEIマークアップを行うこととした。TEI(Text Encoding Initiative)とは,人文学に関するテクスト資料を国際的に流通・共有・活用することを目指したプロジェクトであり,そこで作られた規格のことも呼称する。TEIは人文情報学研究の一つの手法として作られているため,歴史資料をどのように理解し,データを加えたかなどの情報をエレメント(タグ付の要素)によって記録することができる点が大きな利点である。このようなメリットに鑑み,筆者らはTEIによるデータ化を提案した。 特に『延喜式』の量的なデータについてTEIによるマークアップをほどこし,トランザクショノグラフィの手法を用い,全体像を解析する可能性について,踏み込んだ検討を行ったほか,合わせてこれらのマークアップ手法を基盤データとして用いるためのマニュアルの作り方について検討を加えた。 日本史研究の活性化という観点からは,このような歴史資料や研究手法の可視化は欠かすことができない。人文学や歴史学が「危機」と呼ばれる現在であるからこそ,基盤データを構築し,自由に流通し,様々な可能性を開く研究を検討することが求められる。In this paper, we have examined the digitalization of the text information of Engishiki and strategies for its distribution. In particular, we have discussed the data obtained through the application of an international standard known as TEI (Text Encoding Initiative), and introduced ways to more broadly circulate the text data of Japanese historical materials. This paper we do not discuss in detail the technical aspects of our project, but we rather focus on its significance from the standpoint of historical research. Aiming to facilitate the practical use of the text data for international circulation and research, we have applied TEI markup to the Engishiki. TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) is a project intended to promote the international circulation and use of textual data in the humanities, and it's also called the standards developed within these project. Since TEI is a tool specifically developed for the digital humanities, it offers the advantage of allowing users to record information on one's understanding of historical materials through the use of "elements" (pieces of information to which a tag has been attached). Bearing such merits in mind, the authors have proposed a digitalization model based on TEI. In particular, we have applied TEI markup to quantitative data of Engishiki and ventured into an examination of the possibility of parsing an overall picture of the text through the use of a method known as "transactionography." In addition, we have also discussed ways of creating a manual on how to use these markups as information bases. The development of methods of visualization for historical materials and research methodologies is necessary in order to more active the research on Japanese history. At a time in which the humanities and history are said to be in "corner", it is all the more urgent to construct base information, distribute it freely, and devise new methods that can lead to new avenues for inquiry.departmental bulletin pape

    [Research Notes] Hasō [ハソウ] in the "Procedures for the Bureau of Computation" and Earthenware Hasō

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    [Article] Provenance Studies on Japanese and Korean Bronze Objects by Lead Isotope Analysis

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    application/pdf日本と韓国で出土した青銅資料について,鉛同位体比からみた原料の産地推定を行った結果をまとめた。韓国研究機関の研究者によって,韓国産鉛鉱石のデータが新たに報告されたことにより,これまで困難であった日本の古墳出土資料の原料の産地を推定できる可能性がきわめて高くなった。また一方で,韓国出土資料であっても,朝鮮半島産のほかに中国産の原料が使用されたと推定される場合があることもわかった。 島根県の加茂岩倉遺跡出土銅鐸の分析からは,銅鐸の型式によって原料の産地が切り替わる時期が明確に示された。また本体と鋳掛部分との比較から,同じ原料を使用している場合と,鋳掛時に異なる産地の原料が追加されている場合があることがわかった。 これまで取られてきた表示法(a式図,b式図)では,韓国産鉛鉱石のデータに,中国産や日本産鉛鉱石の分布範囲と重なる部分があり,これらを識別する有効な表示法をみつける必要がある。ただし,気をつけなければいけないのは,それらはあくまでも現在採取できる鉱山の試料だということである。出土青銅資料の原料の産地を推定するためには,それと同時期に稼働していた鉱山であるかどうか,原料の採掘地と資料の製作地との間につながりがあったかどうかなどを検証する必要があり,単に考古資料と数値を比較しただけで考察することはできない。韓国における,今後の鉱山遺跡や製錬遺跡の調査が待たれる。The results of estimating the locations of origin of the raw materials of bronze resources excavated in Japan and Korea based on their lead isotope ratio are summarized. New data of Korean lead minerals published by researchers at Korean research institutes have dramatically increased the likelihood of success in estimating the locations of origin of the raw materials of resources excavated at Japanese tumuli, which had been problematic. Another find was that in some cases, resources excavated in Korea had been inferred to have raw materials originating in China, not only in the Korean Peninsula. A study of the dotaku (ceremonial bronze bells) excavated at the Kamo-Iwakura archeological site in Shimane Prefecture clearly indicated the timing of when the origin of raw materials change, according to the type of dotaku. Further, by comparing the body of the dotaku with its mended parts, it was discovered that, in some cases, the same raw materials were used while in other cases, raw materials of a different origin were added during mending. Display methods which had been used (figure format A and figure format B) show that the data of Korean lead minerals has regions overlapping with the distribution for Chinese and Japanese lead minerals, and there is a need to find an effective display method which would succeed in distinguishing them. However, it must be kept in mind that those samples are only from mines which facilitate sampling today. Estimating the location of origin of the raw materials for excavated bronze resources would still require verifying factors such as whether the mine was active at the time and whether there was a link between the location the raw material was mined and the location the resource was fabricated. It cannot be speculated simply by comparing archeological resources with the numerical values. Further investigation into remains of mines and smelting facilities in Korea is anticipated.departmental bulletin pape

    [Article] Museum Activities in Ordinary and Extraordinary Times Against Earthquake and Nuclear Disaster : A Focus on Fukushima Prefecture's Disaster-Affected Cultural Assets and the Disaster Heritage

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    application/pdf東北地方太平洋沖地震と大津波により引き起こされた東京電力福島第一原子力発電所の事故は,福島県の太平洋側に広く住民が帰ることを許されない地域を生んだ。そこには土地の歴史を物語る多くの文化財が取り残され,人の姿が消えて静まり返った町には暮らしに関わる全てのモノが置き去りにされた。このような状況を受けて,福島県では被災した文化財と震災そのものを物語る震災資料(震災遺産)という,ふたつの資料保全活動が進められてきた。原発事故の影響により多くの困難をともなった被災文化財の保全だが,個別的な活動から組織的な事業へと展開し,現在では各自治体を主体に大学や県との連携による活動へとシフトしている。さらに震災発生から3年が過ぎた頃からは震災資料の保全も行われるようになり,震災や原発事故をどう後世へ伝えていくべきかという議論も同時に進められてきた。 被災地の博物館としては,これらの活動により保全した資料から地域をどう描き,未来へ伝えるかが問われている。今後,地域の歴史を語る際に震災や原発事故は欠かせないが,災害や被害のみを切り取ることでそれらを地域の歩みと断絶させてしまうのではなく,長い暮らしの営みのうえに位置づけることはひとつの大きな使命であろう。その一方で,保全した資料がもつ価値の醸成を,博物館や研究者に閉じ込めることなく地域へと開いていくことも求められる。博物館が資料収集や調査研究の成果を一方的に公表する場としてだけではなく,現物を介した双方向的なコミュニケーションの場という性格をもつことで,多様な震災像や地域像を守り伝えていくことができるであろう。The accident suffered by Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant of the Tokyo Electric Power Company as a result of the off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and large tsunami created a large area on the Pacific side of Fukushima Prefecture to which residents are not permitted to return. Many cultural assets telling the history of the land were left behind, and all items having to do with life were abandoned in the towns left quiet by the absence of people. In response to this situation, Fukushima Prefecture has perpetuated a two-fold resource preservation activity, of disaster-affected cultural assets and of earthquake disaster resources which tell the story of the earthquake disaster itself (disaster heritage). The preservation of disaster-affected cultural assets met with many challenges due to the effects of the nuclear power plant accident, however, it developed from individual activity to an organized endeavor, and is now shifting to an activity led by individual municipalities in coordination with universities and the prefecture. Further about three years after the earthquake disaster, the preservation of earthquake disaster resources also began, concurrently with the debate on how the earthquake disaster and the nuclear power plant accident should be relayed to future generations. How the region is portrayed and how it is relayed to the future by the resources preserved by these activities has become the responsibility of museums of the disaster-stricken area. The history of the region can no longer be told without the earthquake disaster and the nuclear power plant accident, but one major duty must be to refrain from cutting out only the disaster and damage and isolating them from the story of the region but to position them relative to the long history of life there. Another requirement would be to allow the maturation of the value of the preserved resources to be opened to the public, not limiting it to the museum or researchers. Should the museum become a place of two-sided communication through objects and not merely a place of one-sided announcement of resource collection or investigation and research results, it would be able to safeguard and relay varied views of the earthquake disaster and of the region.departmental bulletin pape

    [Article] Reconstruction of Folk Cultural Studies Focused on Data-base of Monuments Made of Stone : A Case Study of Shishiori District in Kesen-numa City, Miyagi Prefecture

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    application/pdf本論は,東日本大震災の被災地域における石造遺物の総合的なアーカイブ化に向けた試論に位置づけられる。以下では,震災記念碑に集中した関心を修正し,石造遺物一般を生活世界と親和性の高い位相で捉えなおすことと,震災によって寸断された民俗文化研究の資料や研究環境をもう一度切り結び,それらの基盤を復旧し,整序したいと考える。その具体的な資料として以下では,気仙沼市の市史編纂の過程で実施された金石碑に関する調査資料を取り上げる。市史編纂に関する資料は,津波の被害からは免れたものの,現在も未整理の状態が続いている。 地域に残る金石碑,顕彰碑などの石造遺物全般については,その多くは現況さえ確認されていない。地区の有志によって再建されたものがある一方で,野ざらしのまま放置されているものも多い。震災による被害は言うに及ばず,大規模な復旧工事によって周囲の環境が激変したり,遺物自体が存廃の危機に立たされたりするケースもある。これらの石造遺物の現況を総体的に把握することが喫緊の課題である。以下では気仙沼市鹿折地区をケーススタディとして,石造遺物のデジタルアーカイブ化とそのための課題について検討していくことになる。This report is positioned as an essay considering the comprehensive archiving of stone artifacts in regions affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster. Our intention below is to rectify the interest concentrated on a monument commemorating the earthquake disaster, to reconsider stone artifacts in general at a phase with higher affinity to the lifeworld, and to re-break and reset the resources and the research environment which had been fragmented by the earthquake disaster, recovering and realigning their bases. This report specifically considers resources used in investigating metal and stone steles in the process of compiling the history of Kesen-numa City. Although resources related to compiling the city history were spared damage by the tsunami, they remain unorganized to this day. As for all the metal and stone steles, honorary steles, and other stone artifacts remaining in the region, many of them have not even had their current state confirmed. While some have been reconstructed by volunteers in the area, many remain weather-beaten and neglected. Though damage by the earthquake disaster needs no mention, there are cases of rapid changes in the surroundings or threats to the existence of the stele itself due to large-scale recovery work. The pressing issue is to get an overview of the current state of these stone artifacts. What follows is an examination of digitally archiving stone artifacts and the issues involved by means of the Shishiori District of Kesen-numa City as a case study.departmental bulletin pape

    [Research Notes] The Characteristics of Municipalities Having National Parks : The Analysis based on Official Statistics

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    application/pdf本研究の目的は,統計指標を用いて,国立公園を有する地方自治体の特徴を明らかにすることである。具体的には,統計指標にもとづいて自治体を分類し,人口構成や産業構成を考慮した上で,国立公園の有無によって自治体の特徴がどのように異なるのかを検討した。ここでは,2013年3月31日時点の全自治体を対象とし,人口・産業・財政についての統計指標を分析した。 第一に,国立公園の数や行政区分・所在地域との関係といった基礎的分析を行ったところ,(ⅰ)2013年度末の時点で,国立公園を有する自治体の数は373であり,全自治体の21.4 %となる。(ⅱ)他の地域に比べ,中国・四国は国立公園を有する自治体の割合が多いのに対し,関東・関西・九州・沖縄ではその割合が少ない。(ⅲ)行政区分によって国立公園を有する自治体の割合が変化するわけではない。ということが明らかになった。 第二に,人口状態や産業構成をコントロールした上で,国立公園の有無による自治体の違いを検討した。まず,統計指標をもとに,因子分析とクラスター分析を行い,自治体を5つのタイプ(小規模村落型,村落型,小都市型,中都市型,大都市型)に分類した。そして,タイプごとに国立公園の有無による自治体の違いを検討したところ,以下の3つの知見が得られた。(A)自治体のタイプの違いによらず,国立公園を有する自治体は,そうでない自治体に比べ,自市区町村内就業率が高く,失業率が低かった。これは国立公園があることで,自治体内の雇用が促進されることを示唆している。(B)小規模村落型や村落型の場合,国立公園を有する自治体は人口が比較的多く,財政状態も比較的よいことが明らかになった。小規模な自治体の場合,国立公園があることで人口減少やそれにともなう財政悪化を食い止める可能性がある。(C)中都市型や大都市型の場合,国立公園を有する自治体は比較的人口が多いものの,高齢化率が高く,財政状態も比較的よくなかった。ただし,この結果は国立公園の効果というよりも,自治体の地理的状況を反映した結果である可能性もある。The purpose of this study is to show the characteristics of municipalities having national parks by analyzing official statistics. This study examined the difference between municipalities having and not having national parks by classifying municipalities based on official statistics to control the difference of population and industrial composition. Here, this study analyzed statistical indicators about population, industrial composition, and fiscal administration of all municipalities in Japan at March 31, 2013. First, this study analyzed the number and the basic characteristics of municipalities having national parks. The results are followings: (i) the number of municipalities having national parks was 373 and this was 21.4% of the total Japanese municipality; (ii) the proportion of municipalities having national parks were higher in Chugoku and Sikoku area than Kanto, Kansai, Kyushu, Okinawa areas; (iii) there was no relationship between administration boundary and the number of municipalities having national parks. Second, we examined the characteristics of municipalities having national parks by controlling the difference of population and industrial composition. Based on factor analysis and cluster analysis of statistical indicators, this study classified municipalities into five groups: the small scale rural area, the medium scale rural area, the small scale urban area, the medium scale urban aream and the large scale urban area. Next, this study analyzed the difference of characteristics between municipalities having and not having national parks by each groups. There are three findings of this analysis. (A) Regardless of groups of municipality, the proportion of workers who do not commute from neighboring cities and the unemployment rate were lower in municipalities having national parks than municipalities not having national parks. This result implies that the tourism industry relating to national parks absorbs labor force in municipalities. (B) In the small and medium scale rural area,population size of municipalities having national parks is larger, and the municipalities are in better fiscal shape. This result shows that national parks may have spillover effect in population growth and fiscal stability in the small scale municipalities. (C) In medium and large scale urban area, population aging rate of municipalities having national parks is higher, and the municipalities are in worse fiscal shape. However, this result may reflect the geographical situation of municipalities having national parks.departmental bulletin pape

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