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The Acceptance and Development of Horse Breeding in the Yeongsan River Basin (Part III)
Get PDFapplication/pdf日本列島の馬匹生産のはじまりに栄山江流域からの渡来人（渡来集団）が大きな役割を果たした，という有力な仮説がある。主として日本列島における馬関連考古資料と栄山江流域系（産）土器の遺跡レベルでの共伴関係に依拠したこの仮説の最大の問題は，肝心の栄山江流域において，いつから，そしてどのような経緯で馬匹生産がはじまり，どのように展開したのかという議論が決定的に欠如している点にある。そこで本稿では，栄山江流域を中心とする全羅南道一帯から出土している馬関連考古資料，具体的には馬具とウマ遺存体の集成をおこない，栄山江流域における馬匹生産の受容と展開について現状での整理を試みた。
まず栄山江流域出土馬具の編年をおこない，栄山江流域における馬具の出現時期は熊津期以降，すなわち5世紀後葉以降であり，百済の他地域や新羅，加耶だけでなく，倭に比しても遅れることを確認した。また馬具の系譜が多様であることを明らかにし，栄山江流域における主体的な製作や，百済中枢との一元的な関係のもとで馬具が出現したわけではないことを論じた。次にウマ遺存体の出土事例についても検討をおこない，栄山江流域における馬の本格的な飼育開始はやはり熊津期以降とみられること，栄山江流域に現れる葬送儀礼の中で馬を犠牲にする風習は百済中枢ではなく，加耶などと関連することを指摘した。漢城陥落，熊津遷都を前後する頃，栄山江流域社会に大きな変化が現れることは，既に様々な考古資料をもとに議論されてきたが，少なくとも馬匹生産の受容に関しては，百済中枢との一元的な関係では理解できず，東方の加耶の諸地域（諸集団）との関係がより大きな役割を果たした可能性を提起した。
このように栄山江流域における馬匹生産の開始時期は日本列島よりも遅れることが明らかとなった以上，日本列島に馬匹生産をもたらした渡来人（渡来集団）の故地は，栄山江流域以外の地に求めるべきであろう。The toraijin (torai groups) were the people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced continental culture to the Japanese people. There is a predominant hypothesis that the toraijin from the Yeongsan river basin had a significant role to play at the beginning of horse breeding in the Japanese archipelago. The biggest problem with this hypothesis is that it mainly relies on the archeological references related to horses in the Japanese archipelago and the correlations at the level of ruins of the earthenware of the Yeongsan river basin lineage (produced). There is a definite lack of discussion of when and in what circumstances horse breeding began and how did it develop in the Yeongsan river basin. In this paper, we attempt to organize the current situation about the acceptance and development of horse breeding in the Yeongsan river basin. We compile archeological references related to horses excavated from the Jeollanam-do stretch with focus on the Yeongsan river basin, specifically horse trappings and horse remains.
We conducted a chronological analysis of horse trappings excavated from the Yeongsan river basin and ascertained that the period of appearance of horse trappings in the Yeongsan river basin was after the Ungjin period. The period dates back in the late 5th century, which is later compared not only to the other regions of Baekje or Silla and Gaya but also to Wa. Further, we clarify that the genealogy of the horse trappings was diverse and discuss that independent production in the Yeongsan river basin or the horse trappings did not appear under the centralized relationship with the central Baekje. We also conducted an examination of cases of appearance of horse remains, which indicates that the introduction of full-fledged breeding of horses in the Yeongsan river basin was after the Ungjin period. Additionally, the custom of sacrificing horses as part of a funeral ritual that appeared in the Yeongsan river basin was related not to the central Baekje but to Gaya, among others. Although the appearance of significant changes in the Yeongsan river basin society was during the period of the fall of Hanseong and the transfer of the capital to Ungjin as discussed based on various archeological references, the acceptance of horse breeding, at least, cannot be understood through a centralized relationship with the central Baekje. This indicates that relations with the various regions (various groups) of Gaya possibly have a more significant role to play.
Thus, we clarify that the period of the introduction of horse breeding in the Yeongsan river basin was at a later date than what has been stated in the Japanese archipelago. Consequently, one ought to look for the place where the toraijin (torai groups) who introduced horse breeding to the Japanese archipelago lived previously that is in regions other than the Yeongsan river basin.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Materials] Critical Edition of Scroll 5 of the Engishiki (Tentative)
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[Research Notes] Comprehensive Memorandum about "Hotogi 瓫(盆)" and "Motai 瓮・缶"
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[Research Notes] Paying Tribute and Consumption of the Bonito Product Judging from "The Engishiki Saiku Code (延喜斎宮式)
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[Research Notes] Research on the Engishiki During the Edo Period : On Article 13 "Supplies for Dyeing" in the "Procedures for the Bureau of Sewing Management"
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[Research Notes] Overview of the Research on Engishiki Outside of Japan : Focusing on Translations of Engishiki
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[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Naga Awabi (A Thin Strip of Dried Abalone) in the Ancient Tax Thing Production : Verification Experiment of a Kind, a Production Method and the Preservation Period
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[Research Notes] The Production of the Tribute "Tounin" from Provinces Described as the Article "Tenyakuryo" in "Engishiki" Comfirmed by the Data of Archeological Site Reports
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[Article] The Lineage of Bronze Products in Kamitsukeno during the Kofun Period
Get PDFapplication/pdf西毛地域の古墳出土品を鉛同位体比分析した。分析した古墳は一部に5世紀後半（井出二子山古墳・原材料は朝鮮半島産）や6世紀前半のものも含むが大半は6世紀後半～7世紀初頭に属する。さらにその中で角閃石安山岩削り石積み石室を内蔵する古墳が多い。この石室は綿貫観音山古墳や総社二子山古墳を代表とする西毛首長連合を象徴する墓制と考えられている。特に観音山古墳からは中国北朝の北斉製と考えられている銅製水瓶や中国系の鉄冑などをはじめ，新羅製品も多い。新羅製品は他の角閃石安山岩削り石積み石室出土品にも認められている。かつて倭は百済と良好な関係を結ぶ一方，新羅とは常に敵対関係にあったと考えられてきたため，学界ではこの一見矛盾する事実の解釈に苦しんできたが，筆者は「新羅調」「任那調」に由来するものと考えた。特に今回分析に供した小泉長塚1号墳の出土品中に中国華北産原料を用いた金銅製冠があったが，新羅は当該期の倭同様，銅の原料が少なく何度も遣使した北朝から何らかの形で入手した原材料を用いて制作したものを「新羅調」等として倭にもたらしたものと考えた。もちろん直接西毛の豪族連合にもたらしたのではなく，倭王権にもたらされたものが再分配されて西毛の地にもたらされたものと考えている。西毛は朝鮮半島での活動や対「蝦夷」戦に重要な役割を演じ，そのことを倭王権が高く評価していたことは『日本書紀』の記事からも窺える。こうして6世紀後半～7世紀初頭における西毛の角閃石安山岩削り石積み石室出土品から，当該期の国際情勢を窺うことができるのである。
なお，井出二子山古墳出土品に使用された銅が朝鮮半島産である可能性が高いことは，当該期の状況（加耶や百済との交流を中心とする）から見て矛盾しないものである。Artifacts from multiple Japanese tumuli (kofun) in the Seimo region were subjected to lead isotope ratio analysis. The tumuli analyzed included some from the latter half of the 5th century (Ide Futagoyama Tumulus: raw materials originating in the Korean Peninsula) and from the first half of the 6th century, but the majority belong to the latter half of the 6th century to the early 7th century. Furthermore, most of those contain chambers of carved, piled stones of amphibole andesite. This stone chamber is considered iconic of the burial practices of the alliance of chiefs in the Seimo area, as represented by the Watanuki Kannonyama Tumulus and Soja Futagoyama Tumulus. Especially in the Kannonyama Tumulus, copper water jars and Chinese iron helmets thought to be made in Northern Qi, a Northern Dynasty of China, have been found, along with many items made in Silla. Silla products have been found among artifacts from other chambers of carved, piled stones of amphibole andesite. The academic world had struggled to interpret this apparently contradicting fact, as it had been thought that Wa had constantly been at odds with Silla while carrying on a good relationship with Baekje. However, the writer theorizes that these derive from "Sillaesque" and "Mimanaesque." In particular, there was a gilt bronze crown made of raw materials originating in North China among the artifacts from Koizumi Nagatsuka Tumulus No. 1 analyzed for this study. Like Wa of the time, Silla did not have much raw copper materials, and the writer theorizes that Silla used raw materials procured in some way from the Northern Dynasty, to which it had sent many envoys, crafted the articles, and conveyed "Sillaesque" and other styles to Wa. Of course, the articles are not assumed to have been brought directly to the alliance of clans in the Seimo area, but they are assumed to have been brought to the Wa government then redistributed and brought to the land of Seimo. Seimo played a vital role in activities on the Korean Peninsula and in battles against the Emishi, and entries in Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan) show that this was highly valued by the Wa government. As has been related, we can peer into the international affairs of the time through artifacts from chambers of carved, piled stones of amphibole andesite in Seimo from the latter half of the 6th century to the early 7th century.
The fact that the copper used in artifacts from Ide Futagoyama Tumulus has a high probability of having originated in the Korean Peninsula is consistent with the circumstances of the time (mainly interaction with Gaya and Baekje).departmental bulletin pape