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[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] A Trial to Make Frameworks of Trans-Disciplinaly Research Based on a Collaboration Between "Engishiki" and Fishery Researches
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[Research Notes] On Tan 端 and Dan 段, Units of Measure Used for Textiles in Ancient Japan
Get PDFapplication/pdf古代社会における布とは，衣服や工芸品の材料のみでなく，貨幣価値をもつ財貨であった。そのため，産地，品質の異なる製品を，一定の規格に統一して，「端」「段」などの単位で管理していた。調布，庸布とよばれた古代の布とは麻布である。調布１端は，長さ４丈２尺，幅２尺４寸に規格され，庸布１段は，長さ２丈８尺，幅２尺４寸であった。「端」と「段」とは，数える品物，規格も異なる単位であるが，10世紀になると，「端」と「段」との書き分けが曖昧になる。11世紀以降には，その区別は消滅し，「端」と「段」とが混用されている。
そこで，本稿では８世紀から11世紀の社会の中で，「端」と「段」の書き分けが，変化する過程を，正倉院文書，『延喜式』，そして10世紀から11世紀の史料により具体的に跡づける。中でも，『延喜式』には，たくさんの繊維製品に関する情報がある。『延喜式』にみる「布」に関する情報が，式制下当時の姿を伝えている可能性を推測する。そして，その姿が，古代社会から中世社会への過渡的段階であることを指摘する。Textiles in ancient Japanese society were used not only as material for clothing and other crafts, but also as goods with monetary value. For this reason, products differing in production area and quality were managed in units of measure such as tan 端 and dan 段 that were standardized. Textiles known in ancient Japan as chōfu 調布 (cloth as tax-in-kind) and yōfu 庸布 (cloth paid as tax to avoid forced labor) consisted of linen. One tan of chōfu was prescribed to be four jō 丈 and two shaku 尺 (ca. 12.5 m) in length and two shaku and four sun 寸 (ca. 0.72 m) in width, while one dan of yōfu was prescribed to be two jō and eight shaku (ca. 8.3 m) in length and two shaku and four sun in width. In other words, tan and dan were originally two units of measure employed for different goods and followed different standards. However, starting from the tenth century, the distinction between tan and dan becomes blurry, and from the eleventh century, it disappears altogether, so that tan and dan are used interchangeably.
In this paper, we trace this process within Japanese society from the eighth to the eleventh century, through the study of documents from Shōsōin, the Engishiki, and various tenth and eleventh century historical sources. In particular, the Engishiki is rich in information concerning textile products, and we surmise it is possible that the text conveys details on textiles from the period of its implementation. In addition, we point out that such context constituted a moment of transition from the ancient to the medieval period.departmental bulletin pape
The Landscape and Structure of the Ancient Settlements in the Yeongsan River Basin (Part II)
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿は，栄山江流域の古代集落の景観と構造の分析を目的としたものである。具体的には，栄山江流域（馬韓）が徐々に百済化していく段階において，集落景観がどのような変貌を遂げたのか，という点について，文献資料といくつかの集落遺跡を取り上げながら検討を行った。
まず，馬韓段階の集落の景観と構造について整理した。馬韓系住居址の特徴としては，平面方形を呈する四柱式や，壁溝施設を備えた無柱式という住居構造がある。そして，集落の規模や内容から，大きく一般集落と拠点集落に区分でき，拠点集落は栄山江本流の主な寄港地（と推定しえる地点）や各支流の終着地に形成されている。そして，拠点集落の典型的な事例として，潭陽台木里・應龍里태암遺跡を取り上げて，その内容を紹介しつつ，馬韓のひとつの小国の中心地としての性格を浮き彫りにした。
このような馬韓の集落景観が大きな変貌を遂げる時期が，5世紀中葉以後である。その事例として栄山江上流域の光州東林洞遺跡を取りあげ，集落の充実した規模や内容，交通の要衝という立地，各種の施設，集落中心部にみられる区画などを紹介しつつ，その性格を「百済地方都市」のひとつとして把握した。そして，その都市建設を主導した人物（集団）が，百済王権と直接的な関係を結んでおり，その背景に百済による栄山江流域社会（馬韓）の統合が企図されていたと考えた。
最後に，栄山江上流域の拠点的な集落が6世紀初め頃には急速に衰退し，その一方で中流域の羅州潘南面や伏岩里一帯に高塚古墳や集落が盛行する状況を指摘した。そしてこのような変動が，漢城陥落と熊津遷都という歴史的事件と連動している可能性を浮き彫りにした。This paper aims to analyze the landscape and structure of the ancient settlements in the Yeongsan River basin. Specifically, using historical documents and some of the settlement ruins, I examined the transformation that the landscape of the settlements had undergone through the stages when the Yeongsan River basin (Mahan) was gradually converted into Baekje.
First, I analyzed the landscape and the structure of the settlements in the Mahan period. Featuring characteristics of the Mahan-type dwelling sites, there are a four-post type with a rectangular plane figure and a housing structure with the facility of wall-grooves without pillars. From the size and contents of the settlements, it is possible to classify them into general settlements and base settlements, and the latter were formed at the chief port (or in a place where the chief port is assumed to have been) of the mainstream Yeongsan River and at the end of each river branch. Furthermore, to review typical base settlements, I considered the Damyang Taemok-ri/Eung Ryong-ri (태암) ruins and introduced their detail, highlighting their character as the center of one small country of Mahan.
It was after the mid-fifth century when the landscape of such Mahan settlements underwent a big transformation. As an example of this, I examined Gwangju Dongshin-dong ruins in the Yeongsan River basin and grasped the character as one of the "regional Baekje cities," while introducing the satisfying size and content of the settlement, the important location in terms of transport, the various facilities, and the sections seen in the central part of the settlement. I concluded that the person (or the group) who led the city construction formed a direct relationship with the Baekje Kingdom, and there was a plan in the background to unify the society of the Yeongsan River basin (Mahan confederacy) by Baekje.
Finally, I pointed out the situation where the Takatsuka tumuli and settlements spread all over Naju Bannam-Myeon and Fuyan-ri in the middle basin of the Yeongsan River while the base settlements of the upstream area of the River declined rapidly around the beginning of the sixth century. I then highlighted the possibility that such changes were linked with the historical incidents such as the fall of Seoul and the transfer of the capital to Ungjin.departmental bulletin pape
Structure of Pit-Type Stone Chambers and Pit-Type Stone Chambers with Side Entrance in the Southwestern Part of the Korean Peninsula in the 5th Century (Part IV)
Get PDFapplication/pdf5～6世紀前葉の朝鮮半島西南部には，竪穴式石室や竪穴系横口式石室が展開する。これらは，伝統的な木棺や甕棺とは異なる外来系の埋葬施設であり，その受容や展開の背景について検討することは，当時の栄山江流域やその周辺に点在した地域集団の対外的な交渉活動を，微視的な視点から明らかにすることにつながる。そのための基礎的な整理として，それぞれの事例の構造や系譜について，日朝両地域の事例との比較を通して検討を行った。
その結果，5世紀前半の西南海岸地域に点在する竪穴式石室については，日本列島の北部九州地域の竪穴式石室に直接的な系譜を求めることが可能であり，基本的には当地へ渡来した倭系集団が主体となって構築した可能性が高いと推定した。その一方で栄山江流域に分布する竪穴系横口式石室については，特定の地域に限定した系譜関係をみいだすことは難しく，むしろ嶺南地域や中西部地域，あるいは北部九州地域の石室構築の技術を多様に受け入れ，それを各部位に選択的に取り入れながら，特色のある墓制を成立させたと把握できる。5世紀後葉～6世紀前葉においても，栄山江流域には竪穴系横口式石室が展開している。それを採用する古墳は，前方後円墳や在地系の高塚古墳などであり，地域社会が主体的に横穴系の埋葬施設（やそれにともなう葬送儀礼）を定着させつつあったことを示している。Pit-type stone chambers and pit-type stone chambers with a side entrance developed in the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula between the 5th and 6th centuries. These were burial facilities of a foreign lineage that were different from traditional wooden coffins and burial urns. An examination of the background of their acceptance and development will lead to the clarification, from a microscopic perspective, of the external negotiation activities of regional groups scattered in the Yeongsan river basin or its vicinity at that time. To this end, as part of the primary organization, the structure and genealogy of each case was examined through comparison with cases in Japan and Korea.
As a result, concerning the pit-type stone chambers scattered in the southwestern coastal areas during the first half of the 5th century, it was possible to seek a direct lineage with the pit-type stone chambers of the northern Kyushu region of the Japanese archipelago. It was inferred that there was a high likelihood that the dominant Wa lineage groups who had come to this place had built them. On the contrary, with regard to the pit-type stone chambers with a side entrance, scattered in the Yeongsan river basin, it is difficult to find a genealogical relation limited to a specific region. Instead, it can be inferred that they incorporated various techniques of construction of the stone chambers in the Lingnan region, the Midwest region, and the northern Kyushu region. Thus, a unique tomb system was established by selectively incorporating these chambers in each area. Pit-type stone chambers with a side entrance were developed in the Yeongsan river basin even in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. Tombs that adopted these include the Zenpo-Koen-Fun or large keyhole-shaped tombs and the Takatsuka Kofun tombs of the local system, indicating that the local community was actively establishing the corridor-type burial facilities (and the funeral rituals that accompanied them).departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] A Reexamination of the Wooden Tablets Comprising Names of Medications Excavated at Anapji Pond in Gyeongju : The Medicational Culture of Ancient East Asia
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[Article] Attempts at Digitally Archiving Folk Culture Resources : To Make Use of Cultural Resources and Update the Field of Science
Get PDFapplication/pdf本論は，日記資料のデジタルアーカイブ化の手続きにおいて生起した課題と，そこで醸成された民俗学の外延の拡張と更新の可能性について論じる。本論の最終的な目的は，大きく二つに分けることができる。一つは，特定の学問分野（ここでは民俗学）が扱う資料を一般化することで共有度を高め，関心を異にする民俗研究者はもちろん，他分野の研究者や一次資料に関心をもつ一般の人びとにも利用可能な形態を構築することである。もう一つは，一次資料の綿密な検証と分析から，既存の学問の外延と内包を再考し，当該研究分野のバージョンアップを図ることを目的としている。
ここで対象とする資料とは，東日本大震災で被災した昭和初期の日記資料である。この資料からは民俗学的な視点では収まりきらない，当時の社会状況や文化的背景を垣間見ることができる。資料が示す多様な情報をできるだけ十全に抽出し，分類し，デジタルアーカイブ化するという非常に地道な作業から，上記で示した研究領域の再編を促す糸口をたどり直したいと考える。
そこで，本論では，まず，日記と文字資料を巡る民俗学とその周辺領域での研究成果を概観し，研究上のテーマを設定する。次に本稿の具体的な分析対象となる日記資料の概要について説明する。その上で資料のデジタル化，データベース化の過程で生じた課題とそれらへの対処の過程で明らかになった分類枠の検証を行う。この分類枠は，日記のデジタル化を進めていくなかで累積的に変化していった。具体的な事例との往復作業のなかで，どのような変更が必要になったのかを確認していく。ここで抽出された分類カテゴリーを，既存の民俗学の外延と比較し，両者のズレを検証した。これらの作業を通してこれまでの民俗学の分類枠組みを批判的に相対化する作業を行い，近代化に関わる諸制度の浸透や新たなメディア網，交通網といった人々の生活文化を把握するために必要なカテゴリーを確認していった。This report discusses issues which arose during the procedure of digitally archiving diary resources and the potentials for the extension and updating of the denotation of folkloristics which were fostered. The ultimate aim of this report can be summarized into two broad goals. The first is to create a structure to increase the degree of sharing of resources handled by a specific field of scholarship (folkloristics, in this case) by making it available for common use and thereby usable by folkloristic researchers with differing interests as well as the general public interested in primary sources. The second is to reconsider the denotation and connotation of existing scholarship with a thorough investigation and analysis of primary sources in an attempt to upgrade this field of study.
The resource considered here is a diary resource from the early years of Showa (which started in 1926) which was affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster. This resource offers a glimpse into the social conditions and cultural background of the day which is beyond the scope of folkloristics. Through the exceptionally plain work of extracting the varied information indicated by the resource as completely as possible, classifying them, and digitally archiving them, the writer would like to retrace clues urging the reorganization of the area of research mentioned above.
To this end, this report first provides an overview of results of research surrounding diary and written resources in folkloristics and similar areas and sets the theme for research. Next, it briefly describes the diary resource which is the subject of detailed analysis in this report. Then, it investigates the issues which arose during the process of digitizing and creating a database of the resource and the classification framework which became apparent in dealing with those issues. Changes to the classification framework were cumulative as digitization of the diary progressed. The changes which became necessary while working reciprocally with specific instances are identified. The classification categories extracted by this are compared with existing denotation of folkloristics, and discrepancies are investigated. Through these steps, the classification framework which has been common in folkloristics was critically relativized, and categories necessary to grasp the everyday culture of people including the pervasion of various systems related to modernization, new media networks, and transportation networks were identified.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Exhibiting a Corpse : Considering the Various Issues of Exhibiting Jomon Human Bones
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿では博物館の展示において，ヒトの遺体，特に縄文時代の人骨（以下，縄文人骨）を展示するにあたって，それはどのような場合に「許される」と考え得るのか，そしてその場合どのような配慮が行われるべきか，考察を加えた。
はじめに各地の博物館における人骨資料の展示状況を概観し，人骨展示がセンシティヴなものであることを指摘した。その後，死体を直接的に展示した『人体の不思議展』についての議論を踏まえて，考古学的資料としての人骨の取り扱い方，展示の際の原則を取り決めたヴァーミリオン協定とタマキ・マカウ・ラウ協定について概観し，縄文時代の人骨を展示するにあたって，それはどのような場合に「許される」と考え得るのか，そしてその場合どのような配慮が行われるべきか，という点について検討を行った。
結論として，縄文人骨の場合，1）その直接的な血縁関係者，子孫をたどることは不可能であること。2）千年以上も昔の事例であり，すでにパーソナルメモリーやソーシャルペルソナが消失しているとみて良いこと。3）長きにわたって研究資料として利用されてきていること，などの点から，特別な事情が無い限り，これを展示資料として取り扱うことは許されると判断した。This report adds analysis on museum exhibitions of human remains, in particular, human bones of the Jomon period (hereinafter Jomon human bones) as to in what situations their exhibition can be considered permissible, and, in such cases, what care must be taken in exhibiting them.
First, the report provides an overview of exhibitions of human bone resources in museums throughout Japan and indicates that the exhibition of human bones is a sensitive topic. Then, keeping in mind the debate about the Body Worlds exhibition which exhibited corpses in a direct way, the report provides an overview of the Vermillion Accord and the Tamaki Makau-rau Accord, which govern the handling of human bones as archeological resources and set general rules for their exhibition, and examines in what situations the exhibition of Jomon human bones can be considered permissible, and, in such cases, what care must be taken in exhibiting them.
The report concludes that, for Jomon human bones, 1) it is impossible to trace the direct blood relatives and descendants, 2) the cases are over one thousand years old and personal memories and social personas can be deemed to have been lost, and 3) it has been long used as a resource for research. From such points, the conclusion reached is that it is permissible to use human bones of the Jomon period as exhibition resources in the absence of other special circumstances.departmental bulletin pape
Reflections on Makoto Oda and Beheiren: Participation in Beheiren, the Ideology of Meaningless Death, and the Logic of Self as Aggressor
Get PDFapplication/pdf1965年4月に発足したベ平連（ベトナムに平和を！市民連合）は，戦後日本における市民運動としての反戦平和運動の展開のなかで大きな役割を果たした。このベ平連の運動を牽引した知識人が，ベ平連の「代表」となった小田実だった。
これまでのベ平連研究のなかでも小田の思想と行動はしばしばとり上げられてきたものの，彼がベ平連に参入した経緯や，難死の思想や加害の論理という小田の思想の形成のプロセスについては，依然として未検討の部分が残されている。本稿では，企画展「『1968年』無数の問いの噴出の時代」に提供された資料のなかのいくつかも利用して，ベ平連に参入するまでの小田の行動の軌跡，ベ平連発足時の小田起用の背景，難死の思想と加害の論理の形成のプロセスや両者の関係といった問題を検討する。
このような問題意識の下に，本稿ではまず小田の世代的な特徴（「満州事変の頃」に生まれた世代）に着目したうえで，この世代特有の経験と結びつきながら難死の思想がどのように形成されたのか，その軌跡を明らかにする。次に，ベ平連発足に際しての小田の起用について，小熊英二や竹内洋に代表される従来の説明を検討し，ベ平連の代表として「小田実か石原慎太郎か」という選択肢は存在しなかったこと，60年代前半の小田の言論活動の軌跡は戦闘的リベラルに近づく軌跡であり，ベ平連に結集した知識人のなかでの小田に対する一定の評価が存在していたこと，などを明らかにする。
さらに，これまで1966年の日米市民会議と結びつけて説明されてきた小田の加害の論理について検討する。実は，加害の論理はベ平連参加以前の段階で小田の問題意識のなかに存在していたが，むしろ回答困難な課題と小田は捉えていたこと，この問題に小田が積極的に向き合うきっかけとなったのが沖縄訪問での経験であったこと，そして加害の論理は当時の小田特有の考え方というよりも，当時の運動のなかで練り上げられていったものであったこと，などを明らかにする。Established in April 1965, the Beheiren (peace for Vietnam! civil coalition) played a significant role as a civil movement in the development of the anti-war peace movement in post-war Japan. The intellectual, Makoto Oda, led the group as Beherein's "representative."
Although the ideology and actions of Makoto Oda have often been discussed in previous studies of the Beheiren, some aspects still remain unexamined including the details of his participation in the Beheiren and the process of the formulation of his ideas such as meaningless death, and the logic of self as aggressor. The author of this paper use some documents from the exhibition, "1968: A Period of Eruption of Countless Questions," to consider certain issues such as the course of Oda Makoto's actions up to the time he joined the Beheiren, the background to Makoto Oda's appointment when Beheiren was established, the process of formulation of the ideology of meaningless death and the logic of self as aggressor, and the relationship between these two.
Given this outline, the author focuses initially on the characteristics of Makoto Oda's generation (the generation born around the time of the "Manchurian Incident") and identifies the course of formation of his ideology of meaningless death while linking it to the experiences unique to this generation. Next, the author examines previous explanations by Eiji Oguma and Yo Takeuchi with regard to the appointment of Makoto Oda when the Beheiren was established, and clarifies the following facts: the option of selecting either Makoto Oda or Shintaro Ishihara as the representative of the Beheiren did not exist; the course of Makoto Oda's discursive activities in the early 1960s was the line of thought espoused by militant liberals; and there was a measure of legitimacy for Makoto Oda among the intellectuals who belonged to the Beheiren.
Further, Makoto Oda's logic of self as aggressor is examined. This notion has been explained so far in connection with the 1966 Japan-U.S. Citizens' Conference. Actually, the logic of violence existed in Oda's awareness of issues prior to his participation in the Beheiren. However, the present study elucidates the fact that Makoto Oda had grasped that the problem was quite complicated, that the experience of visiting Okinawa prompted him to actively confront this issue, and that the logic of self as aggressor was an idea formulated within the context of the movements that occurred at that time rather than being an conception that was unique to Makoto Oda.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Reconstruction of "The Dynamism of Resource Governance" in National Forest : In Case of The AKAYA Project
Get PDFapplication/pdf近年，日本各地の人工林が本格的な利用期にさしかかっているが，とくに国有林においては，1980年代の自然保護問題への対応と2000年前後の国有林野事業の抜本的改革を経て，天然林の利用はほぼ止まっている。資源の存する地域を取り巻く社会状況・制約条件と，主体による価値付与の関数として「資源化のダイナミズム」を捉えれば，地域の生業と密接にかかわってきた天然林資源をめぐるダイナミズムは喪失されたといえる。
群馬県みなかみ町新治地区の約1万ヘクタールの「赤谷の森」は，戦前から森林を大規模に伐採，戦後の拡大造林政策によって人工林の増大が推し進められ，観光レクリエーション施設が立地した。1980～90年代にはスキー場計画やダム計画をめぐる自然保護問題が生じ，その後，奥山が「緑の回廊」に指定された，国有林野政策の典型的な経過をたどった森のひとつである。その「赤谷の森」で，赤谷プロジェクト地域協議会，関東森林管理局，日本自然保護協会の三者が協働する「赤谷プロジェクト」が発足し，生物多様性保全と持続的な地域づくりに取り組んでいる。赤谷プロジェクトの特徴は，単なる自然再生事業ではなく，国有林の共同管理を進め，実効性ある森のガバナンスを実行している点にある。
2013年，かつて国内シェアの多くを占めていたが近年は用材の入手が困難になり，廃業を余儀なくされていた地元の木製カスタネット製造業と赤谷プロジェクトとの関係が構築され，関東森林管理局は2016年，地域からの需要に応えるため，生物多様性を確保した上で広葉樹を利用することを森林計画に明記するに至った。この過程には，本来あるべき森林資源と社会との望ましい関係を再構築する「守りながら伐れる時代」の要請と応答とを見てとることができるが，そのための地域資源管理の社会的技術の再構築が必要である。In recent years, artificial forests in Japan have reached "full-fledged use periods". However, especially in national forests, through the experience of nature conservation issues in the late of 1980s, and drastic reform of the national forestry policy, the use of natural forest is almost stopped. In this paper, "the dynamism of resource governance" is constituted as a function of defining value by the actors, and its social, economical, environmental situation in the local communities. On this point of view, the dynamism of natural forest resource governance in Japan may have been lost, though it had close relation to local livelihood.
The "AKAYA Forest" is about 10,000 hectares national forest in Minakami-Town, Gunma prefecture. It is one of the forests that followed a typical course of national forestr y policy: as destructive forestry during the war, conversion from natural forest to artificial forest by the expansive afforestation policy in 1960s, location of tourism recreation facilities in 1980s, conflict concerning nature conservation and designation of protected area in 1990s-2000s. In 2003, The "AKAYA Project", which the AKAYA Project Regional Residents Council, the Kanto Regional Forest Office and the Nature Conservation Society of Japan collaborate, was established to tackle biodiversity conservation and sustainable community development. The characteristic of the project is that it is not merely a nature restoration project but promotes collaborative management of national forests and its resource governance.
In 2016, the Kanto Regional Forest Office made the forest plan of "AKAYA Forest", including sustainable use of natural forest with biodiversity ensured, to respond to the demand from the local community. The progressive plan was brought by the relationship between the local wooden castanet manufacturing industry and the AKAYA Project. While considering this process the ideal interaction of forest resources and society for reconstructing the dynamism of resource governance, "the social technology" of resource management will also have to be reconstruct.departmental bulletin pape