National Museum of Japanese History Repository
Not a member yet
2571 research outputs found
Sort by
[Article] The Aspects of Medieval Remains in Kikaijima Island, Amami-Ōshima Island, and Satsuma-Ōsumi Area
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿では喜界島・奄美大島と薩摩・大隅地方の中世遺跡について両地域で出土した建物跡・土坑墓などの遺構と中国陶磁器などの遺物を比較し，11世紀後半から16世紀を5段階に分けて関連を検討した。
11世紀後半～12世紀前半には喜界島城久遺跡群において焼骨再葬墓のように中世日本にない要素がある一方で四面庇付掘立柱建物跡・建物群内にある土坑墓など薩摩・大隅地方と類似する点が認められ，これまで文献史学から指摘されていた喜界島で九州の在地領主層，宋商人が南島での交易に関与したことが遺跡からもうかがえる。
しかし12世紀後半になると喜界島・奄美大島の陸上の遺跡で中国陶磁器が減少する。この時期に南島との交易に関連した阿多忠景の平氏から追討や源頼朝により貴海島への征討などが起こっており，このような事件の影響が中国陶磁器の流通に反映されていることが考えられる。
13世紀以降15世紀にかけて両地域間では，遺構・遺物の差異が目立つ状況にある。奄美大島の赤木名城は九州戦国期の山城と類似が指摘されているが，15世紀に九州の築城技術が伝えられたとは考えにくく，近世に整備された可能性がある。
15世紀に喜界島・奄美大島は琉球と対立し敗れている。喜界島と奄美大島笠利地区の15世紀の遺跡が存続せず，16世紀の遺物がほとんど出土していない。集落の移動があったことが想定されるが，そこに琉球の支配がどのように関係しているのかは今後の検討課題である。This paper compares the medieval remains of Kikaijima island, Amami-Ōshima island, and Satsuma-Ōsumi area through an analysis of the remains of buildings and pit graves excavated in these regions, as well as relics, such as Chinese ceramic wares. We examine the interrelationship of these excavated items by classifying the time period stretching from the latter half of the 11th century up until the 16th century into five stages.
Many of the archaeological discoveries dating back to the abovementioned period were not seen in medieval Japan, such as the bone-burning reburial graves observed in Kikaijima Gusuku sites. However, discoveries similar to Satsuma-Ōsumi area, including pit graves around dug-standing pillar building with eaves on the four sides were also identified. As shown by these remains in Kikaijima island and indicated in existing historical documents, local lords and Sung merchants of Kyushu were conducting trade in the Southern Islands.
However, there were fewer Chinese ceramic wares from the latter half of the 12th century excavated from the remains of Kikaijima and Amami-Ōshima Islands. This period witnessed events affecting trade with the Southern Islands, including the punitive expedition of Ata Tadakage of the Taira Clan and the conquest of Southern island by Minamoto no Yoritomo. Therefore, it can be assumed that these events affected the distribution of Chinese ceramic wares.
Among the excavated remains and relics, significant differences were noticed in objects dating from the 13th to the 15th centuries. Although scholars have observed that the Akagina Castle site in Amami-Ōshima island is similar to the Mountain forts of the Kyushu Sengoku period, it is unlikely that Kyushu castle construction techniques had been transmitted in the 15th century, and they may have developed in the early modern period.
In the 15th century, Kikaijima and Amami-Ōshima Islands were defeated in a war with the Ryukyu Kingdom. The 15th century ruins of Kikaijima island and Amami-Ōshima Kasari District have not survived, and very few relics from the 16th century have been excavated. It can be assumed that these settlements relocated. However, the question of how this relates to the dominance of the Ryukyu Kingdom needs to be examined in future research.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] Charactaristies Observed in the Using of Carved Lacquer Tray for Karamono Tea Caddy
Get PDFapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
[Article] The Inside Stories of Contract Document Exchanges in Joseon : The Types and Characteristics of Bonmungis 本文記
Get PDFapplication/pdf契約文書は朝鮮時代の私文書のうち最も伝存量が多く、伝存時期が広範囲にわたっており、授受者の身分の幅も広い文書だと言える。その中でも割合の大きい文書が土地売買文記である。土地売買は官の公証なしに私人間の文書作成によって契約が成立するかわりに、契約時に契約文書以外に他の文書を添付することが多い。同一の土地が過去に取引されたことがあれば、その際に作成された売買文記を添付することが一般的であり、これを本文記という。本文記ほど一般的ではないが、対象物が登載された各種の権原文記が添付されることもある。
本稿で事例分析した結果、売買契約文書において本文記が言及されたものは70パーセント程度だが、このうち約半分だけが、実際に本文記を添付することを明記していた。これは、土地売買の際、本文記の授受が決して日常的な慣行ではなかったことを示している。権原文記を添付した事例は、本文記よりも少ない。財産相続文書や訴訟文書が権原文記になる場合が多いので、これを土地売買の際に一緒に提供すれば、残りの財産に対する権利行使が難しくなるからである。
実際に、名門両班家の伝存古文書を見ると、その家の社会経済的影響力が大きいほど、契約文書において本文記の残る割合が大きい。特に、権原文記の場合、地域の両班単位ではあまり見られず、全国的に名高いごく少数の家門に見られるのみである。つまり、社会経済的地位が高いほど、その地位を利用して本文記、権原文記を取得する確率が高く、所有権がしっかりと保障される確率が高かったことを推測させる。しかし、これは推定であり、今後より多くの契約文書の分析による立証が必要である。Contract documents comprise the biggest portion of private documents remaining today from Joseon through a broad span of periods and a wide spectrum of social standing between the concerned parties. The biggest percentage of the documents consists of land sales contracts. Land deals were made through the preparation of a document between individuals without the need of a notarization from authorities. In many cases, additional documents were attached to the contracts during the process of making the contract. In general, the old contracts were attached, and they were called Bonmungis. Various types of title documents for objects of transaction were attached in some cases.
The case analysis results show that approximately 70% of sales contract documents mentioned a Bonmungi and about 50% of them mentioned the intention to attach a Bonmungi. Cases of title documents being attached were far fewer than those of Bonmungis attached. This was because documents on inheritance of property or lawsuits were used as title documents in many cases. In the case of land transactions, once they were provided along with sales contracts, the other party would have extreme difficulty exercising their right to the remaining property. However, it was not common practice to provide a Bonmungi or title document in addition to a sales contract in the case of land transactions. A look at antique documents transmitted in prestigious noble families show that the greater their social and economic influences were, the bigger the influx of Bonmungis and title documents became. It was estimated that the higher social and economic status one had, the greater the possibility was that he would use his status to obtain Bonmungis and title documents and thus have his ownership firmly guaranteed. Future study will need to demonstrate this by analyzing more contract documents.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Ships and Voyages for Trade between Medieval Japan and Korea
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿は，中世日朝交流を支えたインフラとしての海上交通の実態を明らかにしようとするものである。日本側の最大の窓口であった対馬にフィールドを設定し，対馬―朝鮮間を往来する船とその航海の実態について，①「使船」(通交貿易船)の規模，②「飛船」(飛脚船)の規模，③乗員と積載重量，④航海の実際，⑤造船・修理・船具の観点から考察を進めた。
とりわけ①と②については，以下の結論を得た。朝鮮側の法制によって，日本側は4～5反帆(推定：全長9.24m
以下，積載重量9.3t以下)程度の小型船を「使船」として使用することが義務づけられていた。その型式としては，荷船と小早が存在した。基本的には荷船が使用されたが，対馬宗氏が朝鮮に使節を急派するときには小早が使用され，飛脚船という意味で「飛船」と称された。いずれも帆走と櫓漕ぎを併用するものであったが，荷船が帆走をメインとするのに対し，小早(飛船)は櫓漕ぎをメインとした。
こうした動力源の違いは，航海のあり方を規定するだけでなく，経済・社会のあり方をも規定するものであった。通交貿易を担う対馬の商人は，村落の地侍層であり，彼らが使用した小型の荷船は帆走をメインとしたもので，船員を最小限に抑え，より多くの貨物を積載するという経済的な合理性を追求する航海を行った。それゆえ，対馬から朝鮮への渡航は，晴天・順風・潮流などの好条件がそろう春季(旧暦3月)に集中するという傾向がみられる。荷船の航海には季節性があり，春季の朝鮮渡航を起点とする1年の経営サイクルが存在したことを示唆する。
小早(飛船)は，小型船であっても30人程度の船員(水手)の動員を必要とした。船員には操船のための力量(経験・知識と技術・体力)が要求されるため，宗氏はその夫役を対馬北端の「渡口」(出港地)である鰐浦と周辺村落にのみ課していた。こうした櫓漕ぎをメインとする小早であれば，天候や海況の制約を乗り越え，対馬海峡を快速で縦断することができたのである。This paper aims to elucidate the actual role of maritime transport as a fundamental enabler for exchange between Medieval Japan and Korea. This study focuses on Tsushima, Japan’s biggest gateway, and examines ships and their voyages between Tsushima and Korea from the following five perspectives: (1) the size of standard trade ships; (2) the size of ships carrying express messengers; (3) crew members and payload; (4) actual voyages; and (5) shipbuilding, repair, and fittings.
Among them, the examination from the perspectives (1) and (2) reached the following conclusions. Japanese traders were required by Korean regulations to use a small vessel up to 9.24 meters in estimated length with a payload capacity of up to 9.3 tons. Meanwhile, the lord of Tsushima had a small boat, which was of the same size as the above-mentioned trade ships, to send express messengers. The trade ships were mainly powered by sails, while the express messenger boat was mainly powered by oars.
This difference in power source between the trade ships and messenger boat affected not only their navigation styles but also their economic and social implications. Most of the traders in Tsushima were small business merchants living in villages. Although they were only allowed to use small sailing ships, they pursued greater economy in operations by minimizing the number of crew members and carrying as much cargo as possible. For the same reason, they usually chose to embark from Tsushima for Korea in Spring (in the third lunar month), the season when the weather, wind, and tides were ideal for sailing. This implies that there were businesses whose annual business cycle started in spring.
On the other hand, the express messenger boat was small but required some 30 seamen with certain experience, knowledge, skills, and power to navigate the boat. Therefore, the lord of Tsushima recruited seamen from villagers in the surrounding areas. Mainly powered by oars, the express messenger boat was able to travel through the Tsushima strait at a great speed regardless of the weather and sea conditions.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Materials] On the Manuscripts of the Fifty Waka Poems of Doujohosshinnouke : The Reprint and Simplified Comparison of the Fifty Waka Poems of Kenpo from the Tanaka Collection
Get PDFapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] 19th Japan-related Collection of the Smithsonian Institution : Perry, Harris, and the First Japanese Mission
Get PDFapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Nuclear DNA Analysis of Human Bones Excavated at Inome Cave Site, Izumo-shi, Shimane Pref.
Get PDFapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Mitochondorial DNA Analysis of Human Bones Excavated from Jeoksan-dong No.44 Tumulus, Jinsan-dong, Goryeong, Korea
Get PDFapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] Seals Stamped on the Date of Inbanjo 印判状 Style Documents
Get PDFapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape