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[Article] Interdisciplinary Research on the Lacquer Culture of Ryukyu and Scientific Analyses of Ryukyu Traditional Lacquerwares (Review)
Get PDFapplication/pdf歴史的な種々の琉球漆器の漆膜を科学分析すると日本産や中国産のウルシ Toxicodendron vernicifluum の木から得られる漆液を利用したものだけでなくベトナム産ハゼノキ Toxicodendron succedanea から得られるアンナン漆液が使われていた。また事例は少ないがタイ産やミャンマー産のウルシ Gluta usitata の樹液を利用した漆器もあった。
漆器は器物に単に漆液を塗り作られるのでなく，素地・木地を選び，下地を整え，漆で中塗り上塗りを行い，必要に応じて加飾を施し，美しい漆器になる。歴史的な漆器は，かつては地元の漆液を使い，木胎となる木材及び下地材を選び使われてきたが，時代の推移や経済の発展に伴い漆の原料や漆材料を遠方から入手して漆器が作られるようになった。このようなことから漆器の素地，下地及び上塗りの構造とそれらの材料を調べた。すなわち歴史的な琉球漆器がどんな種類の漆液を用い，中塗り，上塗りにどのような漆を用い，漆器が作られているかを種々の科学分析で調べ，漆器の塗装材料と塗装構造を明らかにしてきた。科学分析法としては熱分解―GC/MS(ガスクロマトグラフ/質量分析)法，クロスセクション法及び蛍光X線分析を用い，更に顕微IR(赤外線吸収)スペクトル，Sr(ストロンチウム)同位体比分析，放射性炭素14年代測定法及び木胎の樹種同定法などの分析法を駆使して漆に関わる材料情報を収集し，どんな技術で漆器が作られたかを研究してきた。我々はこれまでいろいろな科学分析で種々の琉球漆器の塗膜を分析評価する case study 研究をしてきた。本総説では，これまでの研究成果をとりまとめ，歴史的な琉球漆器がどんな漆を使い，どのような漆材料を選び，どんな塗装構造で作られたかを総合的に考察した。Lacquer is a unique process in Asia that uses sap tapped from lacquer trees grown wild or cultivated in areas of East Asia such as Japan, China and Korea, and from the Ryukyu Islands to Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. It has been used to prepare crafts or wares for more than 8000 years. The surfaces of objects made of wood, bamboo, cloth, paper, porcelain, leather, and metal are coated with lacquer sap not only for protection but also for esthetic effect. Despite differences in the nations, languages, and customs in Asian countries, the interlinked lacquer cultures demonstrate interrelations and are also part of modern life.
Okinawa, located in southernmost Japan, has a nearly 500-years history as the Ryukyu Kingdom and has a Ryukyu lacquer culture with its own characteristics. During its history, the Ryukyu Kingdom maintained good relations with both China and Japan and also traded with Southeast Asian countries. Ryukyu people actively imported neighboring countries’ cultures and technology via trade activities and formed a new culture characterized by complex cultural elements. Therefore, we find similar materials and techniques in the lacquer crafts to those of Chinese, Japanese, and Southeast Asian countries. That is, the history of Ryukyu lacquerwares overlaps with the history of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and clarification of Ryukyu lacquer crafts will increase understanding of the history and culture of Okinawa. In addition, identification of lacquer species is important in the conservation and restoration of valuable ancient Ryukyu lacquerwares.
We analyzed many kinds of Ryukyu lacquerwares belonging to the Urasoe Art Museum by Py-GC/ MS, and detected urushiol and/or laccol pyrolysis products, suggesting that the laquerwares were prepared using the lacquer sap from Toxicodendron vernicifluum and/or Toxicodendron succedanea. Many of our research results have shown that analytical pyrolysis is an effective method for characterization of lacquer films. Moreover, microscopy and cross-section studies demonstrated that the lacquers had a multi-layer coating structure. X-ray analytical microscopy was carried out directly on the surface of lacquerwares to determine the presence of different pigments. The analysis results on Ryukyu lacquerwares based on our research papers revealed that lacquer sap tapped from Toxicodendron vernicifluum and/or Toxicodendron succedanea lacquer trees grown on the Asian continent were used alone and/or combined as a coating material. Ryukyu was an independent kingdom at same points in its history and traded very actively with surrounding countries. Analysis of the results of our research confirmed that Ryukyu people efficiently used the imported coating materials alone or in combination to make lacquerwares using many techniques, such as mitsuda-e, haku-e, chinkin, urushi-e, raden and/ or tsuikin decorating techniques in Ryukyu lacquerwares. These investigations provide scientific support for the conservators, restorers, and archaeologists of lacquer.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Folklore Issues Surrounding Lacquer
Get PDFapplication/pdf漆は日本列島上の生活文化において|きわめて重要な役割を果たしてきた。産業構造の変化によって|漆の位相は前近代とは大きく異なってしまっている。端的に漆の価値と社会的な重要性は大幅に低下したといってよい。その点で漆は過去のものになりつつある。しかし|だからといって民俗的な価値はなく|その追究は不要であるということはない。
本稿では|かつての生活の諸場面における漆の様相を民俗学の立場から総合的にとらえていくための予備的な考察をおこなう。そのために|ここではまず|従来の民俗学における漆をめぐる調査|研究の成果をふり返り|そこでの問題意識と具体的な調査内容とを確認する。次に漆をめぐるさまざまな民俗事象が形成される背景となったであろう漆栽培とその樹液をめぐる近世の様相を|北奥羽地方(弘前藩)の史資料をもとに確認する。さらに漆をめぐって伝承されてきた俗信や説話をとりあげ|そこから見出される生活世界における漆の問題を考えてみたい。つまり本稿では|近世期以降の漆をめぐる史資料を概観し|漆の民俗研究を進めるための問題群を確認することを目標とし|課題の解決というよりも漆をめぐる民俗学的な課題の確認とこれからの考察の方向性とを提出することを試みるものである。
結論として|漆をめぐる民俗的な研究課題としては|第1に木材としての漆の生態と利用|第2に地域のなかでの漆の生産と技術|第3に遠隔地をむすぶ漆の樹液の流通と人びとの移動|第4に近代化過程における漆の位相|第5に漆をめぐる俗信と説話およびその背景|といったものが挙げられるということが導き出せた。Lacquer played a vital role in the life and culture of the Japanese archipelago. Lacquer, as we see today, was very different in the premodern era; this is because of the changes in the industrial structure; these changes have greatly deteriorated the value and social importance of lacquer. Hence, lacquer is becoming a thing of the past. However, this aspect does not mean that it possesses no folkloric value or its examination is not necessary.
Therefore, this study conducts a preliminar y assessment to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the role of lacquer in various areas of daily life in the past from a folkloric viewpoint. For this purpose, I first consider the results of studies and research surrounding lacquer in folklore studies until today and confirm their awareness of issues and concrete study contents. Further, I confirm aspects of early modern lacquer tree cultivation and sap that constituted the background in which various folkloric phenomena surrounding lacquer were developed, with an emphasis on the historical material of the Kitaouu Region (Hirosaki Domain). I then discuss traditional folk beliefs and stories surrounding lacquer and try deducing the issues related to lacquer in daily life. This study hence takes a general viewpoint of the historical material surrounding lacquer since the early modern era to deduce issues for advancing folkloric research on lacquer and present directions for future research.
I thus conclude the following folkloric research issues surrounding lacquer: (1) the ecology and use of lacquer as a wooden material, (2) the production of and technology related to lacquer in the region, (3) the distribution of lacquer tree sap and the movement of people that connect distant areas, (4) phases of lacquer in the process of modernization, and (5) the folklore beliefs and stories surrounding lacquer and their background.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] A New Methodological Approach to the Letters of the Kamakura Hojo Family : The Case of the Letters of Hojo Tokimasa 北条時政, Yoshitoki 義時, and Yasutoki 泰時
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[Article] Development of an Online Medieval Document Exhibition Platform with an Audio Reading Function
Get PDFapplication/pdf国立歴史民俗博物館共同研究「中世文書の様式と機能および国際比較と活用の研究」(2016～2018年)の成果公開の一環として，中世文書資料のオンライン展示システム『日本の中世文書WEB』(以下，『中世文書WEB』)を開発した。『中世文書WEB』は文書画像の拡大・縮小表示に対応する画像ビューワーに加えて，読み上げ音声の再生とアニメーションによる翻字の強調表示機能を備えている。さらに利用者の情報交換を可能にするフォーラム機能を実装した。2020年1月8日のシステム公開後，1週間の評価期間中に5,000人を超える人々がWebサイトを訪問するなど，本システムを通じて中世の古文書に対して多数の人々が関心を寄せていることが明らかになりつつある。システムの利用者に対して実施したアンケートでは，音声読み上げとアニメーションを組み合わせたインターフェイスが，資料内容の理解に大きく寄与することが分かった。IIIF(International Image Interoperability Framework)をベースにした本システムは高い拡張性を備えており，機関横断型の古文書展示プラットフォームや，任意のWebサイトに組み込み可能な音声読み上げ対応のIIIFビューワーとして発展する可能性を備えている。In connection with the publication of the outcomes of a collaborative research project promoted by with the National Museum of Japanese History, “Styles and Functions of Medieval Documents and an International Comparison and Usage Study” (2016 to 2018), we developed a system for the online exhibition of medieval documents, Japanese Medieval Documents Online (“chuseimonjo.net” hereafter). Chuseimonjo.net features audio reading and highlight functions using animations as well as an image viewer that supports zoom-in/zoom-out functions for document images. Furthermore, there is a forum that enables information exchanges between users. Since the launch of the system on January 8, 2020, it has become increasingly clear that many people are taking an interest in medieval documents through this system, including more than 5,000 visitors to the website in a one-week assessment period. In a survey implemented among the users of the system, it was found that the interface that combines audio reading and animation greatly contributes to the understanding of the content of the materials. This system, which is based on the IIIF (International Image Interoperability Framework), is highly expandable and has the potential to be developed as a cross-agency exhibition platform for ancient documents as well as an IIIF viewer supporting audio reading that can be embedded on any other website.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Prehistoric Tombs of the Oike B and C Sites, Takarajima Island in Kagoshima Prefecture
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[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Elucidating the History of Yaponesian Based on Archaeological Data : Researches in FY 2019 (1)
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