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[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] The History of “Botanical Garden of Everyday Life”
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[Research Materials] Siebold’s Open Letters from Japan, Part I ： The First and the Third Open Letters in Japanese Translation
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[Article] Kobayakawa Family Who Transferred Their Stronghold from East Japan to West Japan in Kamakura Period and Gakuonji Temple (Part III : The Theory of Moving Warrior Lords to the West)
Full text link近年の日本中世史研究では武士の移動に注目が集まっている。西遷や北遷といった御家人の移動は鎌倉時代に特徴的な武士の移動といえよう。西遷や北遷に際して、御家人たちは移動先でどのような環境を利用したか、またどのような環境を構築していったかの考察が必要である。そこで本論文では、安芸国沼田荘に西遷した相模武士小早川氏と沼田荘内の楽音寺に即して、この問題の検討を試みた。
楽音寺は沼田荘の開発領主沼田氏の氏寺であり、沼田氏に代わって沼田荘に乗り込んだ小早川氏にとって、楽音寺を掌握することはそもそも政治的にも重要なことであった。さらに今回の検討によって、楽音寺院主は沼田荘一宮（豊田神社）の学頭職を兼帯し、楽音寺は沼田荘内の宗教的紐帯たる一宮修正会に深く関わっていたことが明らかになった。楽音寺のこうした機能は地域支配にとっても重要であったと考えられる。
小早川氏は新たに沼田荘の地域支配を進めるにあたって、楽音寺を地頭氏寺とすることによって掌握しようとした。今回の検討で楽音寺の院主（沼田氏以来の系譜をひく）と寺僧との間に利害の不一致が見出されたことから、小早川氏はこの点を利用して楽音寺への関与を試みたと想定した。このような姿勢は、西遷武士が既存の組織や勢力をとり込んでいくあり方として、今後の西遷武士研究でも参考になるものと考えられる。
しかし、小早川氏による楽音寺の氏寺化そのものは成功せず、小早川一族の問題とともに、楽音寺院主沼田一族の存在の大きさが確認された。南北朝期以降、小早川氏は楽音寺と新たな関係をとり結んでいくことになるが、その実態は今後の検討課題である。
最後に沼田荘内の梨子羽郷地頭職をめぐるいくつかの問題（誰が継承したのか、なぜ鎌倉幕府に没収されたのか）について新たな見解を示した。One of the themes attracting attention in recent study of Japanese medieval history is movement of the bushi. It is typical movement in Kamakura period that gokenin transferred their stronghold from east Japan to west or north Japan. What kind of environment of the place, where they moved to, did they use to settle in there, and what kind of situation did they create there? This paper examines the relation between Gakuonji temple in Nuta-no-sho estate and Kobayakawa family to make this subject clear.
Gakuonji temple was the Nuta’s family temple, who was the original ruler of Nuta-no-sho estate. The prime priest of Gakuonji temple, who held an additional post of master scholar of Nuta-no-sho Ichinomiya which was the shrine of the highest status in Nuta-no-sho estate, participated in a religion event which tied Nuta-no-sho estate deeply. Therefore, Gakuonji temple played an important role in dominion of the region.
Kobayakawa family, who took place for Nuta family, tried to make Gakuonji temple their family temple in order to rule over Nuta-no-sho estate effectively. In fact, there was a conflict of interest between prime priest and the other priests in Gakuonji temple, and Kobayakawa family were going to intervene in the temple, taking advantage of this conflict. This case provides us an effective viewpoint about how did bushi who transferred their stronghold take power and organization in the place where they moved to.
Kobayakawa family eventually could not make Gakuonji temple their family temple. Internal trouble of Kobayakawa family and big presence of Nuta family who succeeded to the position of prime priest of Gakuonji temple prevented it. After Nanboku-chō period, Kobayakawa family built new relations with Gakuonji temple. The concrete state of the relations is an examination subject of the future.
Additionally, this paper shows new lights of some subjects about jito of Nashiwa-go in Nuta-no-sho estate.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Country Grade in Terms of Legislation and Protocol (Part 2)
Full text link律令制下の国については、養老令に大国・上国・中国・下国の四等級が規定され、『延喜式』民部上のいわゆる「国郡表」に合計六十六国二嶋について、その具体的等級が書かれている。その内訳は、大国が十三国、上国が三十五国、中国が十一国、下国が七国二嶋となっている。
古くは漠然と、奈良・平安時代を通じて「国郡表」の等級は基本的に変化しなかったと考えられてきた。そのことを前提に、実態としての国司定員の名称と定員の変遷を詳細に検討することで、国の等級を復元しようとする研究が進展し、また天平期の正税帳を用いた個別の諸国研究も深化した。しかしながら、上国（甲）（乙）論に代表されるように、令や格式に示される法制的な位置づけと実態とは乖離する場合があり、正確な制度的変遷は追いにくい。すでに格式の変遷に注目した研究もあるが、史生定員と国の等級の関係を捨象しており、両者は総合されていない。
そこで本稿では、史生を含む国司定員について格式による法制度的検討により、大宝令から『延喜式』に到る変遷を考察し、「国郡表」に見える国の等級に対応した国司四等官および史生の定員規定の細分化を試みたい。
実態的な任命においては、一見すると無秩序のように見える国司定員の運用は、法制度に限定するならば、かなり厳密に運用され、法令間に緊密な関連性をもっていたことが指摘できる。大国と中国には、それぞれ准大国と准中国、准大国と准下国という「准国」制ともいうべき例外が確認される。とりわけ「上国の准中国」と「中国の准上国」では、史生定員に限れば逆転現象も生じていた。本来は国の負担能力などを基準に定められた等級に対して、国司の定員という国の格式による要素が加味されて複雑な運用となったことが想定される。The Yoro Code stipulates four grades of provinces under the Ritsuryo system: top, top, middle, and bottom, and the so-called “KoKu-gun Table” in the Civil Division of the Engi shiki describes specific grades for a total of 66 provinces and 2 islands. The breakdown is as follows: 13 top-ranked provinces, 35 top-ranked provinces, 11 middle-ranked provinces, and 7 lower-ranked provinces.
It has been vaguely believed in the past that the grades in the “KoKu-gun Table” were basically unchanged throughout the Nara and Heian periods. Based on this assumption, research attempting to reconstruct the kuni grades has progressed by examining in detail the names and changes in the capacity of kokushi as a matter of fact, and research on individual countries using the Shozei tax account ledgers of the Tempyo period has also deepened. However, as typified by the theory of “superior provinces (A) and (B),” there is sometimes a discrepancy between the legal status indicated in decrees and codes and the actual situation, making it difficult to accurately track institutional transitions. Some studies have already paid attention to the transition of laws and regulations, but they have discarded the relationship between the number of subordinate clerks and national grade, and the two have not been synthesized.
This paper, therefore, examines the transition from the Taiho ordinance to the Engi shiki by examining the legal system of the capacity of kokushi, including lower-ranking scribes, and attempts to delineate the provisions for the capacity of kokushi fourth-grade officials and shisei corresponding to the national grades as seen in the “KoKu-gun Table”.
In the actual appointment, it can be pointed out that the seemingly disorderly operation of kokushi capacity, if limited to the legal system, was quite strictly administered and had a close relationship between laws and ordinances. The most senior and middle-ranking states are identified with exceptions that could be called the “associate state” system, namely, associate most senior and associate middle-ranking states, and associate most senior and associate lowest-ranking states, respectively. In particular, there was an inversion of the “associate-middle countries of the top countries” and “associate-superior countries of the middle countries,” limited to the number of lowerlevel clerical positions. It is assumed that the complicated operation was caused by the addition of a factor based on the country’s ranking in terms of the number of quotas for national clerks to the grades originally determined based on the country’s burden-bearing capacity and other factors.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] “Partnerships” and “Location” at the Niigata Prefectural Museum of History : Focusing on Cultural Property (Part II)
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[Article] Tradition and Records of Historical and Cultural Research Centers in Aizu : Analysis of the “Shinhen Aizu Fudoki (新編会津風土記)” (Part III)
Full text link本稿は『新編会津風土記』を素材に、十九世紀初めの会津地方における歴史および文化が継承される姿とその内容について考察するものである。
ここでは古代以来の地域において蓄積されてきた宗教的な歴史意識が、社寺や堂舎、古蹟、とりわけ寺院をよりどころとして受け継がれ、また記録される際に編集、再認識されていることが明らかになった。会津という地域における歴史文化はこうした宗教的な拠点にむすびつくかたちで記憶され、認識が更新されてきたのである。
具体的には、伝説を日光山縁起の受容や地域的展開、回国の宗教者の定着とその痕跡として捉え直すことで、会津という一定の地域における広義の宗教史を構築する可能性が確認できた。また空海の伝承や真言宗寺院の中興の記録を広く確認し、検討することで、地域の支配権力との関わりや宗教活動の内実にも迫ることができた。以上の検討と分析により、近世の官撰地誌における歴史文化研究拠点の記事を糸口に地域宗教史を構築していく可能性と有効性とを確認することができた。This paper uses the “Shinpen Aizu Fudoki” as its material to examine how the history and culture of the Aizu region at the beginning of the 19th century was inherited and its content.
Here, it is clear that the religious historical consciousness that has been accumulated in the region since ancient times is inherited from shrines and temples, halls, and ancient sites, especially temples, and is edited and re-recognized when recorded. The history and culture of the region of Aizu has been remembered and updated in a way that is connected to these religious bases.
Specifically, by reconsidering the legend as the acceptance of the origins of Mt. Nikko, its regional development, and the establishment and traces of religious believers who migrated abroad, we have confirmed the possibility of constructing a broader religious history in the specific region of Aizu. Furthermore, by widely confirming and examining the legends of Kukai (空海) and the records of the revival of Shingon sect (真言宗) temples, we were able to get closer to the inner workings of religious activities and the relationship with the ruling powers of the region. Through the above consideration and analysis, we were able to confirm the possibility and effectiveness of constructing regional religious history using articles on historical and cultural research centers in early modern official geographical journals as a starting point.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Materials] Earthquake Monument in Xichang, Sichuan Province (Part IV)
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