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[Research Notes] A Fundamental Study of the Port in the Takatsu and Masuda River Basins in Iwaminokuni in Medieval Times
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[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Archaeological Report on the Chronology of a Human Bone Excavated at Tanowaki Site, Nishinoomote, Kagoshima Pref.
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[Article] Lead Isotope Analysis of Lead-containing Pigments Taken from Early Modern Objects in Yamagata Prefecture
Get PDFapplication/pdfこれまで，日本の仏像彫刻に関する研究は，造形の様式など美術史的な観点から行われており，表面の彩色についてはあまり取り上げられていなかった。特に，近世の仏像の彩色に使用されている色材を，自然科学的な手法で考察した事例は，個別の報告にとどまっており，体系的な研究とはなっていない。
本研究では，近世・近代の仏像彫刻に使用されている彩色材料の変遷を体系的に調べていくための端緒として，山形県内の寺院が所蔵する像に使用されている鉛丹7点を採取し，鉛同位体比分析を行った。資料の製作年は19世紀である。
得られたデータは，これまでに報告されている鉛鉱石の数値や，各鉱山の稼働時期，鉛顔料の売買について記した文献史料に基づいて解析し，それぞれの顔料の産地推定を行った。
採取した試料のうち6点は，数値のみから比較すると秋田県の太良鉱山，尾去沢鉱山，青森県の舟打鉱山，新潟県の葡萄鉱山が産地の候補となった。そのうち，既報にある太良鉱山の2点の鉱石で，鉛同位体比の数値に差異がみられることや，18世紀〜19世紀に大坂・堺で鉛丹・鉛白を製造していた商店などの記録，鉱山の採掘状況など，歴史的な経緯をあわせてしぼりこんでいくと，太良鉱山産原料である可能性が高いことがわかった。
もう1点の試料は，ｂ式図で他の試料とは数値がやや離れていることから，太良鉱山以外の鉱山からも，原料の鉛が集められ，混合して使われていたのかも知れない。A lead isotope analysis was conducted on the wooden sculptures stored in the temples of Yamagata Prefecture to test for red lead pigments. The sculptures were made at the late Edo period and the first half of the Meiji period (19th century). Based on previously reported lead ore isotope ratios and references to the trade of lead pigments, the production areas of lead pigments were estimated.
Six out of seven samples, when compared to the lead isotope ratios, indicated that Daira, or Osarizawa in Akita Prefecture, Funauchi in Aomori Prefecture, and Budō in Niigata Prefecture were possible lead mining areas. Historical documents from the lead pigment production company which was active in the 18th to 19th centuries in Sakai, Osaka, mining conditions of the mines and historical background were taken into consideration, and it was concluded that Daira was most likely the origin.
One sample shows slightly different ratio from the others. This indicates that the lead did not originate from one mine but from a mixture of lead collected from several mines to produce the pigment.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Materials] Modern Japanese Translation of Scroll 11 of the Engishiki, “Dajoukan” (Tentative)
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[Article] Reconstruction of Neolithic Shell Trade Based on Radiocarbon Data from Shell Deposits in the Okinawa Islands, FY2018
Get PDFapplication/pdf本論は，科研費共同研究の一環としておこなった貝殻の炭素14年代測定結果(較正年代)にもとづく考古学的考察である。沖縄諸島の先史時代遺跡に残る大型巻貝(ゴホウラ・イモガイ)の集積を対象に，16遺跡で検出された弥生時代併行期の貝殻集積27基のうちから，ゴホウラとイモガイの貝殻合計51個を選んで測定し，結果を整理してその歴史的意味を示した。
貝殻集積は北部九州と沖縄諸島間の貝殻の交易(貝交易)に伴う諸行為によって，貝殻産地に残されたものである。考察では，上記年代値に，貝殻消費地である北部九州の弥生遺跡に残るゴホウラ・イモガイ腕輪の時期を加えて比較した。この値は，すでに公表されている貝輪着装人骨を含む弥生人骨の炭素14年代を介して確定したものである。こうして導いた較正年代67例をもとに，1200kmの海域をはさんだ産地と消費地間の時間的関係を整理し，弥生時代から古墳時代にわたる貝交易の動向を以下の6群に分けて述べた。以下の( )内は確率分布曲線のピーク位置を示す。
・A群(501 cal BC 以前)：西北九州沿岸部の支石墓人によって沖縄諸島と九州間の貝交易が始まる時期。弥生早期から前期中葉の時期に対応する。
・B群(500～201 cal BC)：北部九州平野部の弥生人によるゴホウラ類・イモガイ類の貝殻消費が始まり，複数種類の貝輪に対応した形の貝輪粗加工品が沖縄から輸出される時期。弥生前期後葉から中期中葉に対応する。
・C群(200 cal BC ～ 1 cal BC)：弥生社会のゴホウラ類・イモガイ類の消費数が最大になり，沖縄でのゴホウラ確保に行き詰まりの兆候が見え始める時期。弥生中期後半に対応する。
・D群(1 cal BC/cal AD1 をまたぐ)：九州での貝殻需要が衰退し貝交易が収束する時期。弥生中期末から後期初頭に対応する。
・E群(cal AD301 ～ cal AD500)：消費地が短期間のうちにヤマト王権の畿内から九州へと移り，一方で種子島広田集落において沖縄との交易関係が深まる時期。
・F群(cal AD501 以降)：貝交易の第二のピークに対応する。
貝交易の動向を，絶対年代を対応させて示した点が本論の特徴である。In Neolithic sites in Okinawa islands, remains of large numbers of shells of Strombus latissimus and Conidae species are found. They were prepared for people from the Yayoi culture in Kyūshū. They sailed to Okinawa to trade and get shells, which were made into bracelets of religious function for shamans in Kyūshū. The shell trade lasted through the Yayoi and Kofun periods. In 2018, the project group selected 51 shells of 27 deposits in 16 sites in Okinawa in order to acquire radiocarbon dates. The dates covered the whole Yayoi period and most of the Kofun period. We added 16 radiocarbon dates previously gathered from bones of Yayoi people, some found with Strombus and Conidae bracelets on their hands in Northern Kyūshū. These bracelets must originally have been collected in sites from Okinawa. We compared ¹⁴C data from both areas – Okinawa, the shell production place and North Kyūshū, the shell consumption area.
These 67 radiocarbon dates from shells and human bones were ordered chronologically and classified in 6 groups as follows. Group A date to the time before 501 cal BC, the starting period of shell trade, when Yayoi fishermen from Northwest Kyūshū came down to Okinawa to get shells for their own. Group B date from 500 to 201 cal BC, when agricultural people in Northern Kyūshū joined the shell trade and took the leading role by expanding consumption and making characteristic bracelets. In this context, Okinawa people started to make half-made shell bracelets in accordance. Group C date from 200 to 1 cal BC, when the amount of shell consumption reached a peak which caused a degradation in quality of Strombus. Group D covers the 200 years around between 100 cal BC and cal AD100, when shell consumption in Kyūshū suddenly decreased and the shell trade rapidly found an end. Group E dates from cal AD301 to 500, when the area of main shell consumption moved from Kyūshū to Yamato. On the other hand, the people of Tanegashima separately began to use Conidae for their ornaments during this period. At this time the situation and background of shell trade changed dramatically. Group F covers the time after cal AD501, but we have only one radiocarbon datum from this time up to now.
Neolithic shell trade was presented with concrete dates for the first time in this paper.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Archaeological Report on the Chronology of Human Bones Excavated from Kofuns of Okayama Pref. : Iimoriyama-Higashi No.1 Kofun, Shobuzako Kofun, Kariya Kofuns, Kume-San’nari No.4 Kofun, Akabane Kofuns and Nakashima No.1 Kofun
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[Article] Imperial Aspects of the Kingdom of Ryukyu from the Perspective of the Ruins of Settlements in Sakishima Islands
Get PDFapplication/pdf八重山・宮古といった先島諸島には，沖縄本島では見られない石積みで囲われた集落遺跡がある。発掘調査によってそこから出土する中国産陶磁器は膨大で，それらの遺跡は13世紀後半から14世紀前半に出現し，15世紀代を最盛期とする。しかし16世紀代の遺物は激減し，この時期に集落が廃絶したことがわかる。竹富島の花城村跡遺跡に代表される細胞状集落遺跡は，不整形な石囲いが数十区画にわたって連結したもので，その外郭線は崖際にさらに石を積み上げた防御性をもったものである。このような遺跡が先島の密林に埋もれており，その多くは聖地として現在も祀られている。
宮古地域では15世紀の早い段階で廃絶する集落遺跡が多数みられる。近年発掘調査され，陶磁器調査を実施したミヌズマ遺跡はその好例である。八重山地域はやや遅く，15世紀後半から16世紀前半のある段階に廃絶する集落が多い。細胞状集落遺跡はいずれもこの時期に終焉を迎えており，八重山に劇的な出来事が起こったことが想定される。ちょうど第二尚氏の尚真王の時期に当たり，太平山征伐(オヤケアカハチの乱)の影響と考えられる。すなわち，琉球王府によって，独立文化圏をなしていた先島が侵犯され，この地域が琉球の一地方として併呑されたことを示すのである。 先島地域の中世を語る文献資料はほとんどなく，近世になって琉球王府が編纂した史書によってこの地域の歴史は語られてきた。しかし，集落遺跡やその遺物は実は豊富に残されており，これらを分析することで先島の独自性とそれを呑み込む琉球の帝国的側面を論じる。In the Sakishima Islands, including the Yaeyama and Miyako Islands, there are ruins of stone buildings displaying masonry techniques not seen on the main island of Okinawa. A great number of Chinese ceramic wares have been excavated from these sites. Scholars have concluded that these remains date back to the late 13th and early 14th centuries, with some of the ruins that display the highest stage of development being from the 15th century. However, there are noticeably fewer artifacts from the 16th century, as it is likely that the settlement was destroyed at this time. The settlement ruins like connected cells, which notably include the ancient ruins of Hanasuku Village on Taketomijima Island, refers to an irregular stone enclosure of dozens of connected sections. The perimeter of the enclosure is protected by a cliff edge where more stones are piled up. Similar ruins are still buried under the dense forests of Sakishima, with many of them still enshrined as sacred sites.
In the Miyako area, there are many settlement ruins that were destroyed early on in the 15th century. The Minuzuma ruins, which were recently excavated and where surveys of ceramic wares have been conducted, serve as such an example. In the Yaeyama area, the majority of settlement ruins were destroyed sometime during the late 15th or early 16th century. The settlement ruins like connected cells were also destroyed during this period, and it appears that a dramatic event occurred in Yaeyama. This closely corresponds to the reign of Sho Shin of the Second Sho Dynasty and can be considered a consequence of the Oyake Akahachi revolt. In other words, this suggests that Sakishima, which was an independent cultural domain, was invaded by the Ryukyu Royal Government and that this region was annexed by the Ryukyu Kingdom as a result.
There are few historical documents that discuss the Sakishima region during the medieval period. Moreover, in early modern times, the history of this region was discussed based on history books compiled by the Ryukyu Royal Government. However, an abundance of settlement ruins and artifacts remain. Therefore, by analyzing these ruins and artifacts, we discuss the uniqueness of Sakishima and the imperial aspects of the Ryukyu Kingdom that annexed it.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Questions Concerning Lacquer Culture in the Jomon Period and its Origin : From Historical Perspectives to Contemporary Challenges
Get PDFapplication/pdf本論文では，縄文時代の漆文化の起源をめぐる研究史について，1926年から2010年代まで歴史を整理した。縄文時代の編年的な位置づけが定まらない1930年代には，是川遺跡に代表される縄文時代晩期の東北地方の漆文化は，平泉文化の影響を受けて成立したものという考えがあった。1940年代に唐古遺跡で弥生時代の漆文化の存在が確認されて以降，中国の漢文化の影響を受けた弥生文化から伝わったという意見もあった。1960年代以降，照葉樹林文化論の提唱を受け，縄文時代の漆文化は大陸から各種の栽培植物とともに伝わったという見方も広がった。1980年代には，中国新石器文化と縄文文化との共通の起源を想定する共通起源説も登場した。これらはいずれも縄文時代の漆文化を列島外から来たとする伝播論である。一方，加茂遺跡の縄文時代前期の漆器の出土を考慮して，1960年代には縄文時代の漆文化自生説も登場する。その後，1990年代には縄文文化の独自性や縄文時代の漆文化の成熟度を重視する研究者から，自生説が主張されるようになる。2000年の垣ノ島B遺跡の発見，2007年の鳥浜貝塚の最古のウルシ材の存在の確認によって，縄文時代の漆文化自生説は力を増した。しかし，垣ノ島B遺跡の年代は信頼性が担保されていないこと，また垣ノ島B遺跡の事例を除外すると，中国の河姆渡文化の漆製品は日本列島の縄文時代早期末の漆器と同等かそれ以上の古さを持っていることを年代学的に検証し，改めて縄文時代の漆文化の起源が大陸からの伝来であった可能性を考慮する必要性があることを論じた。This paper discusses the history of research conducted from 1926 to the 2010s concerning the origin of the lacquer culture in the Jomon period. In the 1930s, when the chronological position of the Jomon period was undecided, there was a theory that the lacquer culture in the Tohoku region at the end of the Jomon period, which is represented by the Korekawa Site, was established under the influence of the Hiraizumi Culture. The existence of a lacquer culture in the Yayoi period confirmed at the Karako Site in the 1940s led to the view that it was brought from the Yayoi period under the influence of the Chinese Han Culture. Beginning in the 1960s, as the theory of East Asia broadleaved evergreen forest culture was advocated, and there was a widespread view that the lacquer culture in the Jomon period was brought from Mainland China along with various cultivated plants. In the 1980s, the common origin theory, which hypothesized a common origin of the Chinese Neolithic culture and Jomon culture, also appeared. Diffusion theories argued that the lacquer culture in the Jomon period was brought from outside the Japanese archipelago. In contrast, in consideration of the excavation at the Kamo Site of lacquerware made during the early Jomon period, the “indigenous” theory of lacquer culture in the Jomon period also appeared in the 1960s. Then, in the 1990s, researchers who focused on the uniqueness of Jomon culture and the maturity of the lacquer culture in the Jomon period began to advocate the “indigenous” theory. The discovery of the Kakinoshima B Site in 2000 and the confirmation of the existence of the oldest lacquer tree remain at the Torihama shell mound in 2007 strengthened the theory of indigenous lacquer culture in the Jomon period. However, the reliability of the dating of the Kakinoshima B Site is not guaranteed. Moreover, excluding the case of the Kakinoshima B Site, this paper argues that it is essential to chronologically verify that the lacquerware products of the Hemudu Culture in China are as old or older than the lacquerware products made at the end of the Jomon period in Japan and reconsider the possibility that the origin of the lacquer culture in the Jomon period may have been brought from Mainland China.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Techniques and Original Pictures of Lacquer Plaques with Landscape
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿は，18世紀末から19世紀初頭にかけて制作された西洋銅版画写しの輸出漆器のうち，風景を表したプラークに注目し，その原図と技法に関して検討を加えることによって，輸出漆器特有の問題の一端を示すことを目的とする。筆者はかつて，肖像図蒔絵プラケットの原図となった銅版画の同定と，両者の比較に基づいて，それらの制作事情に関する考察を加えたことがある。今回は，同様の手法で，風景図蒔絵プラークの特徴について考察し，一連の漆器に共通する問題を抽出したい。
風景図蒔絵プラークの中で，共通する画家による銅版画を原画とする作例として，フランス人画家ジャン・バルボーが手がけた版画集に基づいたローマ景観図蒔絵プラークのシリーズを紹介し，多くの作例がまとまって注文された可能性を指摘する。さらに，ロシアの画家マハエフにちなんだ銅版画による作例を取り上げることにより，原図となった版画が蒔絵制作に際してどのように用いられたかを考察する。Among the export lacquere copies of Western prints made between the late 18th century and the early 19th century, this paper focuses on the plaques showing famous cityscapes or buildings, thus investigating their techniques and original pictures to elucidate part of the issues peculiar to exported lacquerware. In the past, I have conducted studies to identify engravings that became the original pictures for laquer plaquettes of portraits and compare the prints with the laquer plaquettes to clarify their production conditions. I have thus employed the same approach to study the distinctive characteristics of lacquer plaques of landscape scenes, with the aim of extracting issues that a series of lacquerware have in common.
Among the lacquer plaques with landscape, I have introduced the series of lacquer plaque with views of Rome on the collection of prints made by Jean Barbault, a French artist. Further, I have deduced that many examples were possibly requested together. Considering the case of engravings associated with Makhaev, a Russian artist, I have discussed how the prints were used as original pictures in the making of the lacquer art.departmental bulletin pape