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[Article] Changes to Funeral Rites and Inheritance of Settlement Management : The Case of Akimonto Settlements that Hand Down “Mibu no Hana Taue”
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿は，1980年代まで葬儀における地域社会の相互扶助を比較的維持してきていた農村部におけるそれ以降の2020年の現在までの変化を追跡したものである。葬儀の変化のうちとくに集落での葬儀の伝承に大きな役割を果たしてきていた講中とか組と呼ばれる近隣組織の相互扶助の関係が，新たなホール葬や家族葬へ，という変化の中で，どのように変化しているのか，具体的な調査事例をもとに分析し論じたものである。そして，葬儀の変化が集落の結集に影響を与える程度というのは，それぞれの集落の旧来の結集力に葬儀の相互扶助の関係がどれだけの比重をもっていたかによって異なるということが指摘できた。調査地とした広島県西北部の俗に安芸門徒と呼ばれる浄土真宗の卓越した地域では，葬儀の相互扶助をはじめ集落の結集の上で大きな機能を果たしていたのが講中とか組という近隣組織であった。そのまとまりが，ホール葬の導入によって弛緩している事例もある一方で，今回集中して調査した地域社会では，2008年のJA「虹のホール」の開業以降に進んだホール葬の採用へという変化の中でも，講中の相互扶助の関係と一定の結集力は維持されてきていることが追跡できた。その背景として注目されたのは，1980年代から進められた農事組合法人の設立による，旧来の個家別営農から集落営農へという展開に成功したという事実である。同じ町域の大小約160の集落でも2008年の時点で法人組織や特定営農団体が設立されていた25の集落では，比較的集落の結集力が維持されているという傾向性が指摘できる。つまり，今回の調査地及びその町域の集落におけるホール葬の採用をめぐる2010年から2020年ころの急速な変化は，集落ごとの生産と生活の変化に連動しており，それまで均質的であった集落運営のありかたに対して，それぞれの集落が維持していた結集力の強弱の差異を顕在化させてきているということができる。This paper considers rural areas, which had relatively continued mutual aid in the community for funeral rites from the 1980s to the mid-90s, and catalogs the changes that followed, up to today, 2020. Among changes to funeral rites, it analyzes specific research examples and theorizes how the mutual aid relationships of neighborhood organizations, called koju (religious associations) or kumi (groups), that had played major roles in transmitting funeral rites, especially of a settlement, are changing with the transition to new forms: funeral services at funeral halls and family funeral services. It can be pointed out that the degree of influence that changes in funeral rites have on the cohesion of a settlement depends on how weighted the mutual aid relationships for funeral rites had been in the traditional cohesion of a settlement. The area of study was the northwest region of Hiroshima Prefecture, where Jodo Shinshu is prevalent and has followers called Akimonto. There, what had been serving major functions in the cohesion of settlements, including mutual aid for funeral rites, were neighborhood organizations, koju and kumi. Some cases show that such groups have weakened with the introduction of funeral services at funeral halls. In a community that this research concentrated on, however, despite the transition to funeral services at a funeral hall after the opening of Japan Agricultural Cooperative’s Niji no horu (rainbow hall) in 2008, it was confirmed that the mutual aid relationship of koju and some cohesion was still being maintained. What attracted attention as a background for this was the success in the development from agricultural management as individual families to as a settlement through the establishment of agricultural producers’ cooperative corporations, which started in the 1980s. Among the approximately 160 settlements in the same town, large and small, it can be indicated that the 25 settlements that had established a corporate organization or a specified agricultural management group by 2008 tended to maintain relatively strong cohesion as a settlement. Rapid changes took place at the settlements in the town this report surveyed between 2010 and around 2020 concerning the adoption of funeral services at funeral halls. The changes were linked to the changes in production and daily life of the individual settlement, and the report suggests that the management of settlements had been uniform until that time, but the changes brought to the fore the differences in cohesion strength that each settlement had maintained.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] Changes in Funeral Rites and Bon Events on the Island : A Case Study of Himeshima Village in Oita Prefecture
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[Articles] Simulation of Variations in Climate, Agricultural Production, and Population During Yayoi and Kofun Eras Using Tree-Ring Oxygen Isotopic Ratios
Get PDFapplication/pdf樹木年輪セルロースの酸素同位体比は，夏の降水量や気温の鋭敏な指標として，過去の水稲生産量の経年変動の推定に利用できる。実際，近世の中部日本の年輪酸素同位体比は，近江や甲斐の水稲生産量の文書記録と高い相関を示し，前近代の水稲生産が夏の気候によって大きく支配されていたことが分かる。この関係性を紀元前500年以降の弥生時代と古墳時代の年輪酸素同位体比に当てはめ，本州南部の水稲生産量の経年変動ポテンシャルを推定し，さらに生産―備蓄―消費―人口の4要素からなる差分方程式を使って，同時期の人口の変動を計算した。ここでは農業技術や農地面積の変化が考慮されていないので，人口の長期変動は議論できないが，紀元前1世紀の冷湿化に伴う人口の急減や，紀元前3—4世紀，紀元2世紀，6世紀の気候の数十年周期変動の振幅拡大に伴って飢饉や難民が頻発した可能性などが指摘でき，集落遺跡データや文献史料と対比することが可能である。Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of tree-ring cellulose, a novel proxy sensitive to summer precipitation and temperature, can be utilized to estimate past inter-annual variations in paddy rice productivity. In fact, tree-ring δ18O in central Japan shows high correlations with documentary records on paddy rice productions in Ohmi and Kai regions during early modern era, indicating that premodern paddy rice productions were seriously influenced by summer climate. I applied this relationship to tree-ring δ18O time-series in central Japan during Yayoi and Kofun eras since 500 BCE in order to calculate inter-annual potential variations in paddy rice productivity and human population in southern Honshu using differential equations consisting of four variables (agricultural production, storage, consumption, and population). Although long-term variations in population cannot be discussed here because of the lack of changes in agricultural technology and rice paddy areas in the equation, their middle-and short-term variations are illustrated clearly as the decrease in population due to rapid wetting and cooling in 1st century BCE and the frequent occurrence of famines and refugees in 3rd–4th centuries BCE and 2nd and 6th centuries CE caused by enhancements of multi-decadal climate variability, those are comparable with archeological evidences and historical literature.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Characteristics of Regional Domination in the Northern Part of the Ancient Dewa Province : Ancient Fortification and “Fence” as a Regional Control Base
Get PDFapplication/pdf出羽国北部においては，8世紀に律令国家により出羽柵（秋田城）や雄勝城などの古代城柵が設置され，9世紀以降も城柵を拠点として広域の地域支配が行われた。古代城柵遺跡である秋田城跡や払田柵跡においては，城柵が行政と軍事，朝貢饗給機能に加え，交易，物資集積管理，生産，居住，宗教，祭祀などの機能を，複合的かつ集約的に有した地域支配拠点であった実態が把握されている。特に，継続的に操業する城柵内生産施設を有して周辺地域開発の拠点として機能した点については，出羽国北部城柵の地域的な特徴として指摘される。
10世紀後半には，出羽国北部城柵はその地域支配拠点としての実態と機能を失っていく。律令支配が終焉を迎えるなか，地方豪族である清原氏による新たな支配体制が成立し，新たな地域支配拠点として「柵」が出現する。そして大鳥井山遺跡をはじめとする柵の実態的機能には，出羽国北部城柵との共通性が認められる。
律令国家体制から王朝国家体制に変わり，11世紀以降には荘園公領制下で土地開発が進むなか，出羽国北部は城柵設置地域であり，かつ荘園未設置地域という特徴的な地域性を有することとなった。在庁官人の出自とされる清原氏は，その地域特性などを背景に，柵を地域支配拠点として，古代城柵の持つ複合的かつ集約的な地域支配のシステムや，開発拠点としての特徴的機能を継承し，直接支配地域である横手盆地などにおいて，独自性を持つ大開発領主となったと考えられる。
出羽国北部における大開発領主として成長し，11世紀代において，その軍事力と経済力を誇示した清原氏の地域支配の背景には，出羽国北部の地域特性や，古代城柵から柵へと受け継がれた特徴的な地域支配のシステムがあったと考えられる。In the northern part of The Dewa Province, in the 8th century, the Ancient Japanese state installed ancient fortification such as The Dewa Fort, Akita fortress, and Okachi fortress, and after the 9th century, the ancient fortification was used as a base for wide-area regional control. In the Akita fortress ruins and the Hotta fortress ruins which are ancient fortification ruins, the fact that the fortification was a regional control base which had the function such as the trade, the commodity accumulation management, the production, the residence, the religion, and the ritual, etc. in addition to the administration, the military, and the morning tribute pay function was grasped. In particular, it is pointed out that it functioned as a base for the development of the surrounding area with the fortress production facility which operates continuously as a regional feature of the ancient fortification in the northern part of The Dewa Province.
In the second half of the 10th century, the Dewa Province Northern fortification lost its actual condition and function as a regional control base. As the rule-of-law state system comes to an end, a new system of control by Kiyohara clan as a local ruler family, is established, and a new “fence” emerges as a new regional control base. And, the commonality with the northern ancient fortification in The Dewa Province is admitted in the actual function of the fence including the Otoriiyama ruins.
The change from the rule-of-law state system to the dynasty state system, and in the 11th century and beyond, land development under the manor public system was under way, and the northern part of Dewa Province was ancient fortification installation area, and the area without manor was installed. Kiyohara clan, who is considered to be a self-proclaimed official of the Government Office, is believed to have inherited the complex and intensive regional control system of the ancient fortification and its characteristic functions as a development base, and became a major development lord with originality in the Yokote Basin, which is a directly controlled area, using the “fence” as a regional control base.
Kiyohara clan who grew up as a great development lord in the northern part of The Country, and showed off his military and economic power in the 11th century, is believed to have had the regional characteristics of the northern part of the Dewa Province as well as a characteristic regional system that was handed down from the ancient fortification to the “fence”.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Materials] Documents on the Navy of Sengoku Daimyo Otomo
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[Article] Bowring’s and Harris’ Treaty Negotiations with Siam in Comparison : Siamese-Western Diplomacy against the Background of Changing Trade Conditions in Asia from 1820s to 1850s
Get PDF本稿は，初代米国駐日総領事タウンゼント・ハリスが来日前にシャムで行った条約交渉を取り上げ，それが行われた歴史的背景と交渉経過を，前年に展開された英使バウリングの交渉経過と対比させつつ考察し，ハリスにとって初めての「外交」経験が持った意味と，それが彼の日本外交に与えた影響を検討することを目的とする。本論は三章から成り，第1章では，19世紀半ばまでのシャムの対外貿易の諸前提と，英米が対シャム条約締結を求めた事情を整理する。第2章では，バウリングの対シャム条約交渉（1855年）の経緯を，彼の刊行日誌及び随員パークスの未公刊日誌に基づき再構成する。第3章では，ハリスの対シャム条約交渉（1856年）の課題と企図，交渉経緯と結果を，刊行・未刊行のハリス関係文書を総合的に参照しつつ再構成し，その特徴を，バウリングの経験と比較しながら考える。
比較考察から明らかになるのは，シャム側が，米使ハリスを英使バウリングよりも格下の外国使節として扱い，両者の待遇を細かに差別化していた様相である。本稿ではその背景に，世界の国々の君主や代表たちをランキング化して捉え，欧州の帝室・王室の高貴な交友関係に自らも一員として連なることを重視する一方，そうしたロイヤル・コネクションの圏外にある米国大統領とその代表の扱いを劣等視する，モンクット王の世界観を読み取った。一方でシャム側は，英国の脅威に対する危機意識を背景に，対外的難事の際の米国の仲裁を条約で規定することを求めたが，仲裁条項の代わりとして米国に有利な条件が最終的に確保できず，また序列認識に基づく差別待遇を敏感に感じ取っていたハリスは，これに応じなかった。その後ハリスは，対欧米関係の蓄積が比較的薄い日本において，欧州諸列強に対する米国の優位的地位の確保と，日米修好通商条約第2条の米国仲裁条項に象徴される特別な日米友好関係の構築に腐心することとなるが，その外交活動は，シャムにおける否定的経験から得られた次のような教訓を，念頭に置いて展開されていた面があると考えられる。すなわち，ヨーロッパ列強に対して劣位に置かれる形での外交交渉は望ましくない，と同時にアジアの国々は侵略的な西洋列強に対処するため仲介国の存在を強く求めている，という観測である。This article focuses on the treaty negotiations which the first American Consul General to Japan Townsend Harris conducted in Siam in 1856 before he was accredited to Shimoda, Japan. By comparing the American-Siamese negotiations with those conducted by the British Plenipotentiary Sir John Bowring with Siam in the previous year, this article aims to assess the meaning of Harris' first diplomatic experiences in Asia and their influences upon his ensuing diplomacy in Japan. The article consists of three sections: Section one overviews the historical backgrounds of the Siamese foreign trade under the Chakri dynasty by the middle of the nineteenth century and the reasons why Britain and the United States needed to conclude or revise commercial treaties with Siam. Section two reconstructs the British-Siamese negotiations in 1855 based on the published journal of Bowring and the unpublished journal of his secretary, Harry Parkes. Section three reconstitutes the American-Siamese negotiations in the following year based on published and unpublished sources relating to Harris, analyzing the mission entrusted to him by the U.S. government, his own plan for the Siamese treaty, and the detailed process of the negotiations and their results.
Comparing the two negotiations reveals that the Siamese royalty and nobles treated the American representative Harris as an inferior envoy to his British counterpart Bowring, and discriminated against him in layered ways. The worldview of the King Mongkut was presumably behind these discriminative receptions, and he seemed to view international relations as hierarchy of superior and inferior sovereigns and their representatives. He put a high value on integrating himself into honorable social connections with the European royal and imperial sovereigns, while regarding the American President and his representative as alien to those royal connections, and estranged himself from them. On the other hand, the Siamese side, perceiving the British military threat, hoped to stipulate in the Siamese-American treaty that the U.S.A. would act as a friendly mediator in difficulties arising between the Siamese government and any European power. However, Harris kept declining this request, being offended by those discriminative treatments, and also because he saw that there were no quid pro quo benefits to be had. After that, in Japan, where the accumulation of relations with Europe and the United States was relatively thin, Harris focused on securing the superior position of the United States over the European powers and establishing a special Japan-US friendship symbolized by the US mediation clause in Article 2 of the American-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce, which was to be concluded by him in 1858. The author argues that this kind of diplomatic course Harris pursued in Japan may have partially been influenced by his negative experiences in Siam, from which he should have learned the following things: that negotiating from a lesser status was not desirable; and that the Asian countries were very eager for a mediator to help them cope with the competing Europeans, who were acting as predators and sometimes as colonizers.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Elucidating the History of Yaponesian Based on Archaeological Data : Researches in FY 2020
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[Article] Social Conceptions about Brothels in the Late Middle Ages
Get PDF本稿の課題は、遊女が性売買を前面化させる鎌倉後期以降、遊女の主たる活動場所になった遊女屋が、社会的にどのような場所と受け止められていたのかを明らかにすることにある。そのために本稿では、絵画史料に見える遊女屋の描かれ方、および禁制に見える博奕との親近性の二点から遊女屋をめぐる社会観念について分析する。
まず絵画史料の分析から、当時の人々は、遊女たちが入口に立って客との交渉を行う情景によって遊女屋をイメージしていたと思われる。そうした入口での交渉は、遊女が容姿や年齢によって即座に評価され得る「商品」であることを示しており、遊女が性売買を基本的な生業とするようになった鎌倉後期以降の歴史性に立脚した現象であった。
次に、遊女屋は一六世紀になると共同体から排除されるようになるが、その際に博奕・博奕宿とともに排除されていることから、治安上の懸念が問題であったことを論じる。遊女屋ではしばしば遊女をめぐる闘諍が起きており、傍輩間で起こるそうした闘諍は、名誉意識と関わるだけに遊女屋を離れた後にも尾を引くことが多く、共同体内部の人間関係に関わる問題であったと考えられる。その背景には、鎌倉後期以降、遊女観念が芸能の提供者から性的サービスの提供者へと変化することによって、客と遊女との関係が性売買を最終的な目標とする形に変わってきていることが影響していると思われる。
このように、鎌倉後期以降における遊女屋の社会観念は、遊女の変容を踏まえて形成されている。また遊女屋は、都市的な場所として、あるいは危険な場所として、空間的な実体をもってイメージされるようになっている。このことは、遊女の活動が遊女屋という特定の空間に根差すようになったことを受けて生じる変化であろう。遊女屋という空間としての把握が可能になり、また支配的になる事で、後の遊廓につながる空間的排除の前提が準備されていったのではないだろうか。The task of this paper is to clarify what kind of place the prostitutes' halls, which became their main place of activity after the late Kamakura period when prostitution came to the fore, were perceived to be by society. For this purpose, this paper analyzes the image of brothels from two points of view: the way they are depicted in historical paintings, and their closeness to gambling.
First of all, from the analysis of historical paintings, it seems that people at that time had an image of a brothel based on the scenes of prostitutes standing at the entrance and negotiating with customers. Such negotiations at the entrance indicate that prostitutes are “commodities” that can be immediately evaluated based on their appearance and age. This was a phenomenon based on the historical nature of prostitution since the late Kamakura period, when prostitutes began to make it their basic occupation.
Secondly, the brothel became excluded from the community in the 16th century.At that time, it was eliminated along with gambling and gambling lodges, which raised the issue of public safety concerns. In the brothel, there were often fights over prostitutes. Such quarrels among parishioners often lingered even after they left the brothel because they were related to a sense of honor, and were a problem for human relations within the community. This is probably due to the fact that since the late Kamakura period, the relationship with prostitutes has changed to one of sex trade.
Thus, the image of the brothel in the late Kamakura period onward has been formed based on the transformation of the prostitute. In addition, the brothel has come to be imagined with spatial substance, as an urban place or a dangerous place. This is probably a change resulting from the fact that the activities of prostitutes now take place in a specific space, the brothel. The image of the brothel as a space led to its exclusion from the urban space and the formation of yukaku (red light district)departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Brothels, Customers, and Prostitutes of the Shin-Yoshiwara Red-Light District in the Late Tokugawa and Meiji Restoration Period : Based on Letters of Koina, Model for Yuichi Takahashi's Painting, A Courtesan, and Other Prostitutes of Inamoto-ya
Get PDF本論文は、新吉原遊廓の上層の遊女屋稲本屋抱え遊女が客に宛てた書状を中心的な素材とし、幕末維新期の新吉原の遊女屋と客、遊女の実像を明らかにすることを課題とする。稲本屋の抱え遊女小稲は、高橋由一による油彩画「花魁」のモデルとしても知られるが、一次史料に基づく検討は乏しく、稲本屋の経営実態や小稲の履歴など基礎的な事実も十分に明らかにされていない。そこで本論文では、第一に、「吉原細見」などを用いて、岡場所から新吉原有数の遊女屋となった稲本屋の経営の拡大過程、および遊女小稲の履歴などの基礎的事実を確定する。第二に、信濃国中野代官所領井上村の豪農坂本幸右衛門家に残る史料等を用いて、稲本屋の経営状況と客の特徴を明らかにする。第三に、小稲をはじめ幾人かの遊女たちが坂本幸右衛門ら豪農に送った書状を読み解き、遊女らの行動と意識、遊女集団の特徴などを探る。以上の分析からは、遊女屋、遊客、遊女の実像が浮かび上がると同時に、遊女集団における競争の組織化や序列の内面化、「仕置き」（暴力）などによって維持されていた幕末維新期の遊廓の実態が明らかになる。This paper aims to provide a true picture of the Shin-Yoshiwara brothels, customers, and prostitutes in the late Tokugawa and Meiji Restoration period, using as the main source material the letters to customers of prostitutes at the Inamoto-ya brothel, a high-class brothel in the Shin-Yoshiwara red light district.
Koina, a prostitute of the Inamoto-ya brothel, is known to be the model for Yuichi Takahashi's painting, A Courtesan. However, there is little research based on primary sources and even the basic facts have not been elucidated concerning the management situation of Inamoto-ya and Koina's personal history.
In this paper, using materials such as the Yoshiwara saiken (a guidebook for visitors to Yoshiwara), I firstly confirm the basic facts concerning the process of expansion of Inamoto-ya from its beginnings in an unofficial red-light district to becoming one of the leading brothels of Shin-Yoshiwara and the personal history of the prostitute Koina.
Secondly, using historical materials related to the loan funds run by temples and shrines in the name of Bukkoji Temple remaining in the family of Koemon Sakamoto, a wealthy farmer from Inoue Village in the Nakano magistrate's office district of Shinano Province, I elucidate the management situation of the Inamoto-ya brothel and the characteristics of its customers.
Thirdly, by reading and interpreting the letters sent by Koina and other prostitutes to Koemon Sakamoto and other wealthy farmers, I explore the prostitutes' behavior and sensibilities and the characteristics of prostitutes' groups. From the above analysis a true picture emerges of the brothels, customers, and prostitutes, shedding light on the actual situation of brothels of late Tokugawa and Meiji Restoration period, where competition was systematized and hierarchies internalized within prostitutes' groups and order was maintained by violence, among other means.departmental bulletin pape