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[Article] The Prevalence of Syphilis and the Local Community in Early Twentieth-Century Japan : The Case of Tochigi Prefecture's Kitsuregawa Hospital
Get PDF本稿では，明治後期から大正期の栃木県塩谷郡喜連川町において，喜連川病院が行った梅毒診療の記録から，同地域の遊廓の性売女性ならびに地域住民の罹患を考察する。
近世に宿場町喜連川の性売買の場であった飯盛旅籠は，明治以降に新地（松並遊廓）に移転した店と，町中心部に残った料理店の二つに分化し，その両方で性売買が継続された。明治中期に設立された喜連川病院では，二つの場の性売女性と地域住民双方の梅毒等の性感染症治療を手がけた。喜連川病院の処方記録簿と「診断書」から復元される娼妓の罹患は，松並遊廓における梅毒蔓延がきわめて深刻な状況にあったことを示している。娼妓らは梅毒治療を行いながら稼業を継続したとみられ，罹患娼妓の営業を停止するという意味での検梅制度の効果は限定的なものに止まっていたと推測される。こうした松並遊廓における梅毒蔓延状況は，遊客，ひいては地域住民の梅毒罹患リスクを高めたと考えられる。
喜連川病院では梅毒に罹患した地域住民の治療も行っていたが，梅毒患者の居住地は喜連川宿内に集中し，次いで喜連川町域の村々，そして近隣の村や山間部の村々であった。男女とも農業従事者が大半を占めている。喜連川病院の梅毒患者の診療圏は，明治期の喜連川が宿場としての重要性を失いつつあったこともふまえれば，松並遊廓に来る遊客の居住域ともおおむね重なっていたと考えられる。
喜連川病院の花柳病受診者は，この地域の罹患者の氷山の一角ではあるが，罹患者は喜連川宿内に止まらず周辺農村にも幅広く及んでいた。受診によって可視化される既婚女性や子供の罹患の背景には未受診の男性罹患者の存在が前提されることから，強制的な検査（徴兵・娼妓検梅）という契機や，医師の届出にもとづく統計類には捕捉されえない，膨大な梅毒罹患が地域社会内に存在したことが示唆される。Utilizing syphilis treatment records from Kitsuregawa Hospital in Shioya District, Tochigi Prefecture, this paper examines the spread of syphilis among prostitutes and within the regional community. During the early modern period, Kitsuregawa Post Station was home to unofficial brothels known as meshimori hatago. After the Meiji Restoration, those local brothels were divided into two groups: those that moved to Kitsuregawa's newly created Matsunami Brothel Quarter and those that remained in the town center. Established in 1899, Kitsuregawa Hospital treated local prostitutes for syphilis and other venereal diseases. The morbidity of syphilitic prostitutes, which can be reconstructed from the prescription records and medical certificates of the Kitsuregawa Hospital, indicates that syphilis was extremely prevalent in Matsunami Brothel District. The high rate of syphilis can be attributed to two factors. First, it is likely that many prostitutes continued work while receiving medical treatment. Second, the local VD inspection system seems to fail to disrupt the business of many infected prostitutes. These two issues combined contributed to increased rates of syphilis among both brothel patrons and other members of the local community. In addition to prostitutes, Kitsuregawa Hospital also treated area residents for syphilis. Most lived in the Kitsuregawa poststation town area, while others came neighboring villages and surrounding mountain communities. Many male and female patients were agricultural workers. Considering that Kitsuregawa's significance as a post station declined during the Meiji period, the catchment area of syphilis patients treated at Kitsuregawa Hospital likely overlapped with the residential dispersion of patrons who visited Matsunami Brothel District. The number of people diagnosed with VD at Kitsuregawa Hospital represents a small portion of those afflicted. In addition to the many married women and children who were treated after contracting syphilis, there was a huge number of male patients who were never treated and therefore cannot be identified using Hospital records. This suggests that syphilis was extremely widespread in Kitsuregawa and the surrounding area, and that data compiled using medical reports and record collected during medical inspection of soldiers and prostitutes fails to capture the scope of the issue.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Human Bones of the Kofun Period Excavated at Nonoi-Nihongiyama Kofun, Sakai-shi, Osaka Pref.
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Archaeological Excavation of the Araumi Shell Mound in Chiba Prefecture : Abstract
Get PDFapplication/pdf1. The Araumi Shell Mound is geographically located on the northern part of the Shimousa Upland, south of the Tone River: the address is Neda, Araumi, Narita City, Chiba Prefecture. A paddy field called Naganuma lying on the west of the site is formerly a cove in the warmer Jōmon Period. The shell mound is situated on the hilltop facing Naganuma paddy field, 28 meters high from the paddy field, and 30 to 33 meters above sea level. There are 4 exposures of shells atop the hill, A to D, compound a horseshoe-shaped shell mound approximately 100 to 150 meters wide. The site was excavated in the 1960s by Professor Masae Nishimura of the Waseda University, reported as the shell mound toward the end of Jōmon Period according to the unearthed potteries of the end of the Final Jōmon Period. These potteries were classified and named Araumi type, formed under the strong influence of Ōhora A' type of Tōhoku region.
2. About 30 years later, in 1989 and 1990, the National Museum of Japanese History conducted anew excavation of the site as part of the research project by the museum, intending to investigate aspects of transitions from Jōmon to Yayoi applying contemporary perspectives and methods, on the basis of technical development of Archaeological excavations of shell mounds and accumulated knowledge of the early stage of Yayoi Period. The excavated area by the Waseda University extends from the western part of the hill to the valley. Shell layers including Araumi type potteries were found mainly in the valley. Most of those locations were thoroughly excavated then and became thick cedar forest nowadays. We planned a central trench of 12 by 8 meters in the adjacent area, a north to south trench of 2 by 36 meters, and an east to west trench of 2 by 18 meters; totaling 200 square meters were excavated.
3. The Araumi shell mound is comprised mainly of Japanese basket clams deposited 70 centimeters thick at the thickest shell layer in the central trench. Disposal units of shells are important to comprehend the formation of this amount of shell mound. We observed uniformity of size of shells and inclination of shells so as to demarcate each disposal unit. We also paid attention to the presence and conditions of animal bones in shell layers. Size of shells and growth lines of shells are analyzed so as to confirm that shell layers were formed in years or not.
4. We have succeeded to demarcate disposal units to some extent. The thick shell layer of Japanese basket clams up to 70 centimeters were estimated to be formed in 2 years. According to the analysis of growth lines, shells were gathered all year round but mainly from the beginning of summer to the beginning of winter, and selectively triennial or quadrennial shells. Animal bones were not dispersed in layers around but clustered in some layers which appears in dozens of centimeters interval. Those bone layers are sandwiched between pure shell layers which were formed mainly from spring to fall, so that we infer huntings were done in winter. Impression of rice hulls was found on sherds from the excavation by the Waseda University. In 1990s around when we excavated the site, rice farming in the Late and/or the Final Jōmon Period was considered plausible. As expected, plant opal was detected from the soil of shell layers by our excavation. Also, charred rice and wheat were found by water separation of the soil. Thus, the possibility of rice farming around the Araumi shell mound in the Final Jōmon Period is to be considered. Replica method (resin casting of seed impressions on sherds and microscopic observation so as to identify species of seeds) had been progressed since late 1990s. Since then, the emergence of cereal crops such as rice or millet is estimated in the end of the Final Jōmon even in the western Japan. We applied carbon-14 dating to charred cereals unearthed from the Araumi shell mound; they were dated Early Modern. Replica method on unearthed sherds from the site failed to detect any impression of cereals. There are no affirmative evidence of rice farming or so around the Araumi shell mound in the end of the Final Jōmon Period. Plant opal detected in soil may be infiltrated from upper soil, so that nowadays it is preferred not to treat plant opal as an evidence of rice farming. There are no evidence of cereal cultivation found in the excavation, therefore the Araumi shell mound is concluded that it is a remain of hunter-gatherer in the end of the Final Jōmon Period.
5. The north/south trench across the hilltop was planned to find pit-dwellings and the settlement area of Araumi type epoch. Some depressions were found but were, contrary to expectations, considered to be pit-dwellings of the Late or the former half of the Final Jōmon Period and/or Kofun Period. By the unearthed various artifacts throughout the trench, we got a clue to comprehend and reconstruct the lives of the ancient people. Unintermitted succession of pottery types from the former half of the Late Jōmon to the end of the Final Jōmon denotes that the Araumi shell mound was a major settlement sustained for a long time. The northernmost shell layers of the north/south trench belong to Chiami type, just before Araumi type. Southern shell layers of the central trench belong to the latter half of the Araumi 1 type and northern shell layers of the same trench belong to Araumi 2 type. Shell layers were formed in places within a relatively short period of time, and they are getting newer towards the valley. These are the results of the analysis of pottery types. Stone tools of the Final Jōmon Period are 4 hammerstones for plant food preparation, 2 whetstones, and 1 stone rod. Other 2 large stone rods unearthed belong to the Late Jōmon Period. A surface collection of massive bladed polished stone axe from the adjacent crop field is possibly of Yayoi, socalled Futogata-Hamaguriha-Sekifu. This might be a remnant of Yayoi culture that came to the site. Bone/antler wares are such as fishery spearheads and leisters. Shell wares are such as shell bracelets and small ornaments made of shell with a hole. A noteworthy artifact is the carved antler rod (dagger-like), a kind of ornament derived from waist decoration, with carved patterns specific to Chiami type pottery. This is the 7th finding from the Araumi shell mound. Similar ornaments were found widely from Toyama and Aichi to Miyagi Prefectures. Interaction with Tōhoku region that is also known by potteries, and interaction with Central Highlands and Tōkai regions suggest a hub character of the Araumi shell mound. Thus, the Archaeological research of the Araumi shell mound concluded that the site was mostly formed by Jōmon culture such as livelihood and cultural artifacts. In Chiami type and Araumi type epochs, influence of Yayoi culture is rare. Formation of extensive several shell mounds and thick shell deposits bear eloquent testimony to Jōmon characteristics of the site.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] The Excavation State of the Birosuku Type White Porcelain Bowls in the Kusado Sengen-cho Site
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[Research Notes] Signatures of Korean Old Documents by Status and Gender
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[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Human Skeletal Remains Excavated from the Mound Tombs in Okayama Pref.
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