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[Research Notes] Ise Daijingu Hourakuji Temple in the Tanaka Collection
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[Research Materials] The Abstract of MIZUTANI Teijiro Diary : Mainly Study about Stone Monument of the King Koukaido-ou
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[Research Notes] The Difficulty of Funerals Becomes More Apparent : Disruption and Support of Mutual Aid for Funeral Service on Local
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[Research Notes] Memorandum on Ancient Writing Culture and Gender : From the Perspective of East Asia and Japanese Local Communitie
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[Research Notes] Women in the Lower Society of the Hagi Castle Town Looking at Oshiokicho
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[Article] The Takahashi Shell Mound in Kagoshima Pref. : A Relay Point in Neolithic Shell Trade Based on the Analysis of Strombus Shell Waste Fragments Excavated from the Site
Get PDF本論は，弥生時代に沖縄諸島と北部九州を結んで継続した大型巻貝の交易（貝交易）の中継地として知られる高橋貝塚を対象に，遺跡に残された交易品（貝殻）の分析を通してその実態を具体的に描こうとするものである。
論の前半では，貝塚の5文化層の出土土器と，上下4層で実施した貝殻等の炭素14年代測定結果によって時間的な枠組みを確定し，これに基づき，出土したゴホウラ類（ゴホウラ・アツソデガイ）を分析して当地で行われた作業内容を復元し，時間的変化を述べた。後半ではこれを同時期の沖縄諸島にのこる貝殻集積の出土遺物と対応させて，貝殻産地と中継地・消費地の関係を検討し，高橋貝塚を貝交易上に位置づけた。論の要点は以下の通りである。
・高橋貝塚は弥生前期中葉に始まり，同中期前葉まで継続した集落遺跡であり，琉球列島産の大型巻貝を用いた腕輪の各製作段階を示す貝殻187点が残されている。これらの9割以上はゴホウラ類である。
・高橋貝塚人は当初から，沖縄貝塚人が作ったゴホウラの背面貝輪用粗加工品をもとに西北九州人のために背面貝輪を作り，さらにゴホウラ原貝から北部九州人のために腹面貝輪粗加工品を作り，これらを北の消費地に輸出していた。
・高橋貝塚人は途中から背面貝輪製品とともに粗加工品も合わせて作るようになった。
・腹面貝輪の製作では，ある段階で沖縄から粗加工品用の貝輪素材が届くようになり粗加工品生産の効率が上がるが，間もなく腹面貝輪粗加工品の生産拠点が高橋貝塚から沖縄に移り，高橋貝塚での腹面貝輪粗加工品の生産量は激減する。
・腹面貝輪粗加工品が中継地を介さずに消費地に届くようになると貝交易における高橋貝塚の存在価値は低下し，遺跡は衰退する。
・貝交易の中継地としての高橋貝塚の最大の特徴は，沖縄から届いた貝殻や貝輪素材を，製品化し，あるいは製品に一歩近づける加工を行って消費地に届けるという，貝交易初期の経済的役割を果たした点である。The Takahashi shell mound is located in southern Kyūshū. It was a relay point for shell trade between the Okinawa Islands and northern Kyūshū during the Yayoi period. This paper attempts to describe the actual situation of the relay through the analysis of the traded shells left in the site as outlined below.
- The Takahashi shell mound is a settlement site that started in the middle of the early Yayoi period and continued to the latter part of the same period. The cultural layers from layer I to layer V are deposited almost horizontally, and 187 shell fragments in total have been excavated. They reveal all stages in the production process for bracelets from large conches from the Ryūkyū Islands. More than 90% of these are Strombus.
- The people living at Takahashi shell mound made two types of shell bracelets during the layer V period and exported them to different areas. One is a finished product of shell bracelets using the back of Strombus. This was made from roughly processed products that arrived from Okinawa and was exported to northwestern Kyūshū. The other was a roughly processed product using the abdomen of Strombus, which was exported to northern Kyūshū.
- During the period of layer IV, people began to produce roughly processed items from the back of shells for bracelets by themselves and exported these to northwestern Kyūshū.
- During the period of layer I and II, roughly processed products from the abdomen of Strombus begin to decrease at the Takahashi shell mound site, on the other hand, an increase of the same style of roughly processed products in sites of the Okinawa Islands can be observed parallel in time. Both phenomena indicate that the production base had moved from the Takahashi shell mound to Okinawa.
- Roughly processed products of the abdominal shell bracelets began to reach the consumption are in northern Kyūshū directly, without passing the Takahashi shell mound any more, such that the importance of the site as a relay point in shell trade decreased and the site itself declined soon.
The characteristic of Takahashi shell mound as a relay point is that it played an economic role in the early stages of shell trade by processing and exporting shells and roughly processed products materials that arrived from Okinawa for two consumption areas.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Archaeological Human Bones Stored by School of Medicine, Kumamoto University
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[Article] Women in Ancient Political Space
Get PDF政治空間という概念は幅広いが、本稿では、国家意志の決定・執行及び、国家意志が形成される「場」を政治空間と定義し、そのなかでも朝儀に焦点をしぼって国家意志形成過程への女性の参画を考察したい。
八世紀に女性が朝儀に参列したことは既に指摘されてきた。それは、男女ともの王権への仕奉を前提にした、朝儀への参会が仕奉の一形態だという観念に起因する。
天平宝字四年の藤原仲麻呂の太政大臣任官儀は、仲麻呂を政権の中枢に据えるという王権の構想を、諸司を領導する官人たちに周知するために行われた。女性もここに行立したのは、天皇の意志を官人に周知徹底し国家意志を形成していく過程に組み込まれていたからである。これまでの研究では内侍司が重視されてきたが、王権は、国家意志達成のために他の後宮十二司の女官の動員も必要としたことが、『続日本紀』和銅元年七月乙巳条から明らかとなった。
朝儀への列立にあたっては、五位というラインが重要だった。女性への五位直叙の背景には、朝儀に行立し得る資格を彼女たちに与える王権側の動機があったのである。
『日本書紀』『古事記』にみえる鏡作氏の上祖イシコリトメは、専門職集団を率いる女性リーダーである。七世紀から八世紀にかけて、専門的な職掌で王権へ仕奉した人々の祖先伝承には、部を率いる女性の姿を想定させるものが含まれる。応神紀の吉備氏伝承中の兄媛は、織部を管掌することで王権に仕えた、伴造というべき女性として読み解かれるべきだろう。『日本書紀』に菟狭国造の祖としての菟狭津媛が記され、『古事記』に荒河刀弁という「木国造」がみえる。八世紀には五人の女性国造任命が確認できるが、その背景には、令制以前の女性国造の存在と記憶があったのではないだろうか。
八世紀の女性の朝儀参列は、律令制下で制度化されたのではなく、令制前に遡り得ると判断できる。In this paper, I focus on the decision and execution of national will and the participation of women in the ancient political space. I would like to point out women participation in the process of forming national will, by research the ceremonies in court of the monarch held to form national will.
Researcher has already pointed out that women attended the Imperial Ceremonies in the 8th century. It stems from the idea that both men and women should contribute the kingship. The ruler thought attendance at ceremonies was also he and her obligation to the state.
In 760, monarch Koken held an appointment ceremony to inform leading senior officials of the idea of putting Fujiwara no Nakamaro at the top of the administration, and female officials also attended the ceremony. Female officials also attended the ceremony because it was incorporated into the process of thoroughly pursuing the will of the monarch and forming the national will.
In the past, researchers have emphasized Naishi-shi. But the kingship also required the cooperation of female officials of Twelve offices to achieve the purpose of the nation. It became clear from the record of “Shoku Nihongi” on July 15, 708. It should not be overlooked that the higher rank of fifth was important in participating in the 8th century Imperial Council. When women were promoted fifth rank, researchers have considered a special benefit for being a woman. However, the existence of a fifth-ranked female official should be considered as a motive of the kingship giving qualify them for attending the Imperial Council.
Going back in time, the ancestral folklore of those who served the kingship in professional positions from the 7th to the 8th centuries includes those reminiscent of the woman who leads the department. For example, Kagami-tsukuri's ancestor Ishikoritome, who appears in “Nihon Shoki” and “Kojiki,” is a female leader who leads a professional group. E-hime, a powerful tribe in the Kibi region during the time of Ōjin, was a woman who ruled Oribe and served the monarch, and she should be called the official who managed the ancient professional group.
“Nihon Shoki” and “Kojiki” describe women of the local tribes who belonged to the kingship and were appointed as the local chieftain. Usatsuhime is described as the ancestor of Usa no Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Kokuzō) in “Nihon Shoki”, and Arakawatobe was called “Ki-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko” in “Kojiki”. The monarch of the 8th century appointed six women to be Kokuzō. Behind this may have been the existence and memory of women's Kokuzō before ritsuryō polity.
In the 8th century, women attended at the ceremonies in court of the monarch. That was not first created by the Ritsuryō system but had executed before Ritsuryō system.departmental bulletin pape