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[Article] East Asia and the Civil War in 1861 : International Relations around the Sovereigns’ Letters Exchanged between Shōgun and Lincoln
Get PDF一八六一年は、老中久世広周と安藤信正らが、前年に倒れた井伊直弼により着手された和宮降嫁を実現する過程と理解される（文久元年十二月十一日、江戸城入輿）。そのため、幕府は対外政策に対する朝廷の意向を汲まざるを得なくなり、両都両港開市開港延期のため条約締結国へ将軍書翰を送ることとなった。そのうちアメリカは、大統領リンカーン親書としてこれに答えた。このことはこれまでほとんど検討されることはなかった。したがって、彼の親書がどのような内外の政治を反映したものであるか、親書が幕府の政策にどのような影響を与えたか、について意識されたこともなかった。本稿は、リンカーンや国務長官スワードの動きを分析するため、オランダを始め、イギリスなどの情報を用い、米国公使館通訳ヒュースケンの襲撃殺害事件をきっかけとするアメリカの対日強硬政策の形成とその転回を明らかにする。それらの情報は、各国の、南北戦争勃発直後のリンカーン政権への評価とつながっている。同政権は北軍の困難を背景に当初煽動した対日実力行使を放棄し、条約違反行為に対するペナルティを含意する条約遵守の要求へと転換する。幕府は外国人殺傷に対する金銭賠償要求を受諾し、このことはオランダ（船長殺人事件）、イギリス（東禅寺事件）、フランス（旗番負傷事件等）へも波及した。その後賠償要求が、幕府の外交を困難に陥れたことはよく知られている。南北戦争と環大西洋世界の国際政治はリンカーン政権の対日政策転換をもたらし、幕府外交は隘路にはまっていくのである。It is a prevailing view that the preparation of the marriage of the Shōgun Tokugawa Iémochi and Kazunomiya, the younger sister of the Emperor Kōmei, was promoted under the Cabinet of Prime Minister Kuze Hirochika and Foreign Minister Andō Nobumasa during 1861. In the previous year, the Cabinet of Ii Naosuke, the Regent later assassinated, began to plan this marriage and thereafter the Bakufu was forced to embrace the anti-foreign policy of the Emperor, and in 1861, Iémochi wrote his letter to the sovereigns of treaty powers in order to request postponement of the execution of the 3rd article on the treaty ports' and cities' opening. In the United States, President Lincoln replied to the letter by himself. To this President's letter, few attention has been paid in Japan as well as in the U.S, and consequently, the domestic and international backgrounds of the letter and its effect on the foreign policy of the Bakufu have been overlooked or underestimated in the historiography. This article aims to explicate the hardline policy against Japan of the Administration of President Lincoln and the Secretary of State Seward from its beginning, which was caused by the assassination of Henry Heusken, the interpreter of the U.S. Legation in Japan, and the policy changing process to the sending of Lincoln's letter to Shōgun Iémochi. The analysis will be based on the diplomatic records of the Netherlands, Great Britain, and the United States. It will be pointed out that those sources reflect the European governments' evaluations on the ability of the Lincoln administration right after the outbreak of the Civil War. The U.S. administration finally withdrew its plan of military demonstration against Japan, and in place of it, Lincoln's letter and its accompanying letters requested Japan to fulfill the treaty stipulations, demanding duly punishment of Heusken's assassins, or, otherwise, to give satisfaction for the crime at first. The Bakufu accepted the letter and ordered to give satisfaction. Such indemnities were also paid successively to the Netherlands, Great Britain, and France, whose subjects had also been assassinated by antiforeign samurais. As a result, the Bakufu suffered from complicated limitations in the diplomatic negotiations caused by repeating demands and concession of indemnities.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Archaeological Report on the Chronology of Takahashi Shell Mound, Minamisatsuma-shi, Kagoshima Pref.
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[Articles] Social Transformation and Environment in Prehistoric and Protohistoric Japan : Towards Quantitative Comprehension and Elucidation of the Mechanism of Social Change
Get PDFapplication/pdf紀元前375年頃から紀元後700年頃までの日本列島中央部の社会変化を，「社会規模」「成層的複雑度」「戦いの頻度と文化化の度合」「表象物質化の尖鋭度」という4大別の下に19項目の考古事象を選択し，それぞれの変化を数字で表記することによって定量的に示した。そのことによって，紀元前150—紀元後25年，および紀元後175—250年の2回に，変化が急速に進む時期があったことを明らかにし，それぞれを第1の急進期，第2の急進期とよんだ。次に，高精度古気候復元の成果から，それぞれの急進期にどのような気候変動があったかのかを推定し，それがいかにして急進期をもたらしたのかを考察した。結論として，第1の急進期には，急激な低温化と湿潤化を受けて居住地や耕地を移動させることにより社会の流動化が進み，その中で人びとのアイデンティティを維持するために，加飾された土器や儀礼具など，表象の媒体としての人工物が発達した。第2の急進期は，人間側の対応がもっとも難しい数十年周期の気候変動が繰り返される時期と対応しておりそれが生み出した社会的緊張が，集団よりも個人の意思決定や個人間の関係に比重を置いた行動規範に基づく新たな社会関係を生み出し，それを正当化する世界観の書き換えとして，表象の媒体としての人工物を個人と結びつける新しい傾向が全土的に展開した。This paper reconstructs the social transformation process in prehistoric and protohistoric Japan (150 BC–AD 700) by showing the prosperity and decline of the archaeological phenomena related to the social scale and complexity, warfare, and the material expression of group/individual identity. As a result, the author found two periods of rapid progress in 150 BC–AD 25 and AD 175–250, and compares them with high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstruction using tree-ring oxygen isotopic ratios to illustrate the relationship between climate change and social transformation.
In the first period in 150 BC–AD 25, increasing rainfall and cooling made the society unstable with the frequent shift of residential areas and agricultural lands, where the people developed symbolic artefacts such as elaborated pottery and ritual instruments to reinforce their bonds and identity. The second period in AD 175–250 correlated to decades-cycle climate fluctuation hard to treat for people, which created social tendency not for communal tradition but for individual leadership in group decision-making. This change helped to form the rank society of the following Kofun period after AD 250 when many artefacts were developed to symbolize the status and prestige of individual elites.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] A Reappraisal of the Functions and Significance of Akita Castle in the Ancient History of Exchanges in the North
Get PDFapplication/pdf最近，知床半島における神功開宝の出土，根室半島での秋田産須恵器の出土などの新たな知見により，8～9世紀の本州・国家と北海道との交流の様相が改めて脚光を浴び，そのなかで出羽国・秋田城の果たした役割も問いなおされている。
7世紀後半に発端する倭・日本の日本海ルート重視の北方政策は，北海道と本州北部との交流の変遷にも影響を及ぼした。8世紀には，続縄文文化期以来の在地的な交流を基盤とする太平洋側ルートが存続したが，秋田城における朝貢・饗給の定例化に伴い，9世紀初頭までに日本海ルートが卓越し，北海道と本州北部との交流は秋田城交易に収斂される。秋田城の構造や，横走沈線文土器，須恵器の出土状況などもこうした想定を裏付ける。
その一方で，9世紀の秋田城交易は，王臣家・国司や富豪層らの独自の経済活動を内在し，より多様化する兆候をみせていた。9世紀初頭の改修に伴う秋田城の構造変化は，同時期における朝貢・饗給の質的変化と連動していた可能性がある。秋田城が北方世界の「交易港」として機能した8世紀中葉～9世紀の期間，これに寄生・便乗しつつ生まれた経済的・社会的な諸関係は，秋田城交易の内実を変質させ，9世紀末～10世紀に進展する次代の北方交易体制を準備した。
9世紀の秋田城交易には，同時代に東アジア海域の国際交易に乗り出していた新羅・唐の海商が関心を寄せていた形跡もある。承和期に北部九州で新羅人張保皐との国際交易をおこなった文室宮田麻呂は，奥羽社会に深い関係をもつ文室大原や綿麻呂らと近親であり，近江を拠点に北方世界との交易に関与していた蓋然性がある。文室氏のような王臣家の活動を介して，古代の秋田城とその周辺は，北方世界と東アジア海域の国際交易をつなぐ接点としての側面をみせることがあったのである。Recent findings, such as the excavation on the Shiretoko Peninsula of a Jingu-Kaiho coin and the discovery on the Nemuro Peninsula of sueki earthenware that had been produced in Akita, are once again spotlighting exchanges between Hokkaido and the ancient state of Japan on Honshu, the main island of Japan, in the eighth and ninth centuries. In this context, the roles played in such exchanges by Akita Castle in Dewa Province are also being reassessed.
Japan’s late seventh century northern policy, which placed importance on the Sea of Japan route, affected exchanges between Hokkaido and northern Honshu. While a Pacific route, based on local exchanges dating from the Epi-Jomon culture period, also existed in the eighth century, the Sea of Japan route had presumably gained prominence by the early ninth century, with exchanges between Hokkaido and northern Honshu dominated by trade through Akita Castle, as Emishi people had periodically paid tribute to the provincial government at the castle, which had reciprocated by holding feasts for them. The structure of Akita Castle and the excavation of pots with transverse grooved-line patterns and sueki earthenware support this assumption.
Meanwhile, trade through Akita Castle in the ninth century showed signs of diversification, as it included independent economic activities by imperial family members, aristocrats, provincial governors, and wealthy people. The renovations and structural changes to the castle in the early ninth century may have been connected with qualitative changes that occurred in tributes and feasts during the same period. Akita Castle served as a “port of trade” in the north from the mid-eighth to ninth centuries, and various socioeconomic relations that parasitized or piggybacked on that status changed the nature of trade through Akita Castle, paving the way for a next-generation northern trade system that thrived from the end of the ninth century into the 10th century.
Some evidence shows that trade through Akita Castle in the ninth century gained the attention of maritime merchants in Silla and Tang who embarked on international trade during the same period across East Asian seas. Funya no Miyatamaro, who traded in northern Kyushu during the Jowa era (834 to 848) with Jang Bogo, a powerful maritime figure from Silla, was a close relative of Funya no Ohara and Funya no Watamaro, who had deep ties with the Ou (Tohoku) society, and it is therefore plausible that Funya no Miyatamaro, based in Omi Province, was involved in trade with the north. Activities by the Funya clan and other imperial family members and aristocrats offer a glimpse of Akita Castle and its surroundings in ancient times as a point of contact for international trade in the north and across East Asian seas.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Materials] Manuscript Lineages of Scroll 39 of the Engishiki and Critical Edition of “Naizenshi” (Tentative)
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[Article] Ancient and Middle Age of Fudoji site, Kagoshima City
Get PDFapplication/pdf不動寺遺跡は、鹿児島市の南部、谷山地区の下福元町に所在する縄文時代～近世の複合遺跡である。谷山地区は、古代の薩摩国谿山郡に淵源し、「建久八年薩摩国図田帳」では、島津庄寄郡の谷山郡と見え、近世には谷山郷とされた。古代の谿山郡は隼人が居住する「隼人郡」の一つで、『和名類聚抄』によれば、谷山・久佐の二郷からなり、両郷は、永田川の中流・上流域と下流域すなわち西側と東側に存在した。不動寺遺跡では、奈良時代の明確な遺構は確認されておらず、奈良時代の遺構は、不動寺遺跡の範囲外、埋没河川の上流側にあると考えられる。平安時代のものとして緑釉陶器・初期貿易陶磁（越州窯系青磁など）・硯（風字硯・転用硯）などの遺物が出土し、遺構としては館跡・遣水状遺構・池状遺構・火葬墓・円形周溝墓・土師甕埋納遺構が検出されている。九世紀以降は郡家遺構そのものが確認されているわけではないが、谷山郡家が置かれていた可能性が高く、その後、園池を伴う有力者の居館として機能するようになった。不動寺遺跡の南南西約五〇〇メートルの谷山弓場城跡でも一〇世紀後半の蔵骨器の火葬墓が出土しており、蔵骨器の形式から、被葬者は不動寺遺跡の関係者と考えられる。また、一〇世紀後半～一一世紀前半には、北西九州と関連の深い円形周溝墓が営まれており、その被葬者は北部九州との関係を持っていた可能性が高い。一二世紀になると、不動寺遺跡では遺構が確認されなくなる。
一二世紀代になると、谷山郡の中心は、約一キロメートル東方の砂丘状微高地上に立地する北麓遺跡に移った。このような中心地移動の背景には、一二世紀半ばの阿多忠景を代表的存在とする薩南平氏の谷山郡への進出があると考えられる。ここには近世には地頭仮屋がおかれ、谷山麓が置かれた。The Fudoji site is a complex site from the Jomon period to the early modern period located in Shimofukumoto-cho, Taniyama district, in the southern part of Kagoshima city. The Taniyama district originated in the ancient Taniyama county of Satsuma province, and in the “Kenkyu 8th year Satsuma Province Zudencho”, it was seen that Taniyama county was Yorigori of Shimazu no sho, and in the early modern period it was designated as Taniyama township.
The ancient Taniyama county is one of the “Hayato-gun” where Hayato lived, and according to “Wamyo Ruijusho”, it consists of two townships, Taniyama and Kusa. It existed in middle / upstream and downstream areas of the Nagata River, that is, on the west and the east sides. No clear remains of the Nara period have been confirmed at the Fudoji site, and it is thought that the remains of the Nara period were outside the range of the Fudoji site and on the upstream side of the buried river. Relics from the Heian period such as green glazed pottery, early trade pottery (Etsushu kiln celadon, etc.), and Inkstones were excavated . Remains of the any aristocratic person’s residence, water supply-like remains, pond-like remains, cremation tombs, circular groove tombs, burial remains of Haji potteries have been detected. Although the remains of the Guuke (a county office) have not been confirmed in the 9th century, it is highly possible that the Taniyama Guuke was located there, and after that, it began to function as a residence for influential people with a garden pond. A cremation tomb of bone ware in the latter half of the 10th century was excavated at the site of Taniyama Yunba Castle, which is about 500 meters south–southwest of the Fudoji site. In addition, from the latter half of the 10th century to the first half of the 11th century, a circular groove tomb closely related to northwestern Kyushu was operated, and it is highly possible that the burial person had a relationship with northern Kyushu. The remains of the 12th century are no longer confirmed at the Fudoji site.
In the 12th century, the center of Taniyama county moved to Kitahumoto site, which was located on a sand dune-like micro-high ground about 1 km east. It is thought that the background to this movement of the center was the advance of Satsunan Heisi, whose representative existence was Ata Tadakage in the middle of the 12th century, to Taniyama county. In the early modern period, a Jitokariya was set up here, and the Taniyama Fumoto was placed there.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] Explanation of Two Tables on Shin’yu-revolution
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