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[Article] Formation and Development of the Yayoi People II : Focusing on Genetic Relationships with the Neolithic People in the Korean Peninsula
Get PDF全羅南道の島嶼部に位置する安島貝塚で出土した新石器時代前期の人の中に，古代東アジア沿岸集団の核ゲノムを含まない人が存在することを2021年11月刊行のNatureで知った。このことは，新石器時代の当初から古代東アジア沿岸集団の核ゲノムを含まない人びとが韓半島の南部にも存在していたことを意味する。したがって，韓半島新石器時代人の核ゲノムは，古代東アジア沿岸集団の核ゲノムを持っている新石器文化人（韓半島系）と，もっていない新石器文化人（西遼河(さいりょうが)系）などを含むなど，前期から多様であったと考えられる。そこで多様な核ゲノムを引き継いだ韓半島青銅器文化人を想定し，渡来人として水田稲作を九州北部に伝えた場合の弥生時代人の成立と展開について作業仮説をたてた。その結果，現状では核ゲノムを異にする4タイプの弥生時代人を想定できることがわかった。① 渡来系弥生人Ⅰ：西遼河系＋在来（縄文）系弥生人の核ゲノムをもつ。例：福岡県安徳台遺跡，鳥取県青谷上寺地遺跡など弥生中期～後期の遺跡。② 渡来系弥生人Ⅱ：韓半島系（西遼河系＋古代東アジア沿岸集団系）の核ゲノムをもつ。例：愛知県朝日遺跡で弥生前期後半。在来（縄文）系弥生人との混血ほぼ認められない。③ 在来系弥生人：渡来系弥生人ⅠまたはⅡ＋在来（縄文）系弥生人の核ゲノムをもつ。例：長崎県下本山遺跡や熊本県大坪貝塚など，弥生後期以降の遺跡。いわゆる西北九州弥生人。④ 在来（縄文）系弥生人：縄文人と同じ核ゲノムをもつ。例：佐賀県大友遺跡や愛知県伊川津貝塚など，弥生早～前期の遺跡。I learned from Nature published in November 2021 that among the people of the early Neolithic period excavated at Andong shell mound in the island area of Jeollanam-do, there were people who did not have the nuclear genome of ancient East Asian coastal groups. This means that people who did not include the nuclear genome of ancient East Asian coastal groups have existed in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula since the beginning of the Neolithic period. Therefore, it is considered that the nuclear genome of the Neolithic people of the Korean Peninsula were diverse from the early period, including Neolithic culture people (Korean Peninsula series) who have the nuclear genome of ancient East Asian coastal groups and those who do not have it (Xiliao River series), etc. "Therefore, assuming the Korean Bronze Age cultural people who inherited various nuclear genomes, we once again simulated the formation and development of Yayoi period people. As a result, it was found that four types of the Yayoi period people with different nuclear genomes can be assumed at present.” ① Yayoi people I who were indigenous people as the Jomon people: Have the nuclear genome of the Jomon people. Example: Otomo dolmen in Saga Prefecture, Initial Yayoi ② Yayoi people II who were immigrants to ancient Japan: having the nuclear genome of the Korean Peninsula (West Liaohe system + ancient East Asian coastal group system): Asahi site in Aichi Prefecture, Early Yayoi period ③ Northwest Kyushu Yayoi people” refers to people who have the nuclear genome of both “immigrant Yayoi people I and II” and “indigenous (Jomon) Yayoi people”. They appeared in the late Yayoi period, for example, at the Shimomotoyama site in Nagasaki Prefecture and the Otsubo shell mound in Kumamoto Prefecture ④ Indigenous (Jomon) Yayoi people: have the same nuclear genome as Jomon people. Example: Otomo site in Saga prefecture, initial Yayoi period. Ikawazu shell mound in Aichi Prefecture, early yayoi period.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Materials] The Itinerary of Historian : The Diaries of Manabu TSUKAMOTO
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[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Archaeological Report on the Chronology of Human Bones in Yayoi Period, Medicine Dep. Kumamoto University : Sasao, Kuwamizu, Hatakenaka and Otsubo site
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[Article] Fish and Meat-Eating in Fukuoka Prefecture from Meiji to Early Showa Period : Based on “Minzoku Shiryo Kinkyu Chosa” and “Shoku Seikatsu Zenshu Kikigaki Fukuoka no Shokuji”
Get PDF本稿は昭和38年度福岡県民俗資料緊急調査資料と，『日本の食生活全集 聞き書 福岡の食事』の検証から福岡県における魚食と肉食の実態を検証した。
福岡県民俗資料緊急調査の検証から，話者は明治23年前後の生まれであり，主に日露戦争前後の生活が記録されたものだった。30地区のうち副食として魚が記されていたのは半分の15地区だった。頻度が記述されている11地区のうち，漁村である3地区だけが日常的に魚を食べることが出来たが，そのほかの地区は，魚を食べる機会は限られており，塩魚や干し魚が食べられていた。
肉食で鶏肉の記述があったのは8地区だった。日常的に食べられていたわけではなく，お祝いや来客などの特別な時に食べられた。鯨肉の記述があったのは8地区で，オバイケなど塩鯨が食べられた。動物性タンパク質は日常的には，ほとんど食べられなかった。
1899～1918年の平均漁獲高を多い順に示すと，鰯，カナギ，鯛，鯖，靴底魚，鰤，鯵となる。鯛は来客時の特別な魚とされているが，よく食べられた鯖や鯵よりも，圧倒的に漁獲高は高い。魚種は不明であるが，干し魚の生産は乱高下しながら，1910年から急増するのは鰯の漁獲高の動きと似ている。
『日本の食生活全集』の検証から，話者は明治40年前後生まれであり，主に大正の終わりから昭和の初めころの食生活が記録されたものだった。
福岡市周辺の魚食は，塩いわしや塩さば､干もの，塩クジラなど，福岡県民俗資料緊急調査の記述と一致している。その一方で，生のあじ，さばも手に入るようになり，焼いたり煮つけにしたりして食べるなど，魚を食べる頻度は増加した。
その背景には，漁獲高の飛躍的な増加がある。1921～1935年の平均漁獲高は，かなぎを除いて1899～1918年よりも鯛の1.6倍を除いて倍増している。かなぎは激減した。This paper examined the actual conditions of fish and carnivorous foods in Fukuoka Prefecture from the verification of the 1963 Fukuoka Prefecture Folklore Urgent Survey Material and the “Complete Collection of Japanese Eating Habits: A Questionnaire on Fukuoka Meals”.
From the verification of the Fukuoka Prefecture Folklore Urgent Survey, the speaker was born around 1897 and mainly recorded the life before and after the Russo-Japanese War. Of the 30 districts, half of the 30 districts had fish listed as a side dish. Of the 11 districts where the frequency is described, only 3 districts, which are fishing villages, were able to eat fish on a daily basis, but in the other districts, the opportunity to eat fish was limited, and salt fish and dried fish were used. It was being eaten.
There was a description of chicken in carnivorous areas in 8 districts. It was not eaten on a daily basis, but was eaten at special times such as celebrations and visitors. There was a description of whale meat in eight districts, where salted whales such as obaike were eaten. Animal protein was rarely eaten on a daily basis.
The average catches from 1899 to 1918 are shown in descending order: sardines, kanagi, sardines, mackerel, demersal fish, yellowtail, and horse mackerel. Although mackerel is considered to be a special fish for visitors, its catch is overwhelmingly higher than that of well-eaten mackerel and horse mackerel. Although the species of fish is unknown, the rapid increase in dried fish production from 1910 is similar to the movement of sardine catch, while the production of dried fish fluctuates.
From the verification of “Complete Japanese Dietary Habits”, the speaker was born around 1890, and mainly recorded the eating habits from the end of the Taisho era to the beginning of the Showa era.
The fish food around Fukuoka City is consistent with the description of the Fukuoka Prefecture Folklore Emergency Survey, such as salted sardines, salted mackerel, dried fish, and salted whales. On the other hand, raw horse mackerel and mackerel are now available, and the frequency of eating fish has increased, such as by baking or boiling.
Behind this is the dramatic increase in catch. The average catch from 1921 to 1935, excluding Kanagi, doubled from 1899 to 1918, except for 1.6 times that of sea bream. Kanagi has dropped sharply.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Production and Consumption Trends of Matsutake Mushrooms and Shiitake Mushrooms during the High Economic Growth Period and Their Background
Get PDFマツタケは高度経済成長期の初期頃まで庶民の口にも入りやすいキノコであったが，高度経済成長期の間に生産量が急減し，多くの消費者には手が届きにくい高級食材となっていった。一方，それとは対照的に，シイタケはその間に生産量が急増し，価格が大幅に下がることにより庶民的な食品へと変わっていった。
そのような変化において，食品の価格は消費者にとってとくに重要だったと思われる。本稿では高度経済成長期の頃のことを中心に考えるが，その時期はインフレ率が高かったため，消費者が各年に感じた物価（消費者感覚価格）を，それぞれの年の実際の物価を日雇労働者賃金と比較することにより考えた。また，高度経済成長期の頃のことを考えるために，20世紀初期からの流れも考えてみた。また，マツタケとシイタケの生産-消費動向の背景についても，その20世紀初期からの流れも含め考えた。
その結果，高度経済成長期の頃，マツタケの消費者感覚価格は，その初期から後期にかけて，しだいに2倍ほどに上昇していったと考えられる。ただ，20世紀初期からの変化を見ると，高度経済成長期初期のマツタケの消費者感覚価格は，20世紀初期の約3倍もあり，決して安いと感じられるものではなかった。そして，それが高度経済成長期にさらに高騰することにより高級食材として定着してゆくことになった。
それに対し，シイタケは逆に高度経済成長期の期間を通して生産量は大きく増え，消費者感覚価格は半減し，消費者が求めやすい価格となった。長年の研究の末，シイタケは人工栽培が容易になり生産量が大幅に増えたのに対し，マツタケはそれが難しい状態が続いた。さらに，高度経済成長期のプロパンガス普及により，里山の利用がなくなり森林環境が大きく変化したことによって，マツタケはいよいよ発生しなくなった。一方，シイタケ生産急増の背景には，里山で使われなくなった広葉樹が入手しやすくなったこともあった。Matsutake mushroom was popular among common people until the early stage of the high economic growth period, but it became a luxury food which was difficult for most consumers to afford as its production sharply decreased during the period. On the other hand, in contrast, the production volume of shiitake mushroom greatly increased during the period, and it became a popular food as the price dropped significantly.
In such change, the price of the food seems to have been especially important for consumers. Since the price fluctuation was large due to high inflation rate during the high economic growth period I focus on in this paper, I considered the prices that consumers felt in each year (consumer-perceived prices) by comparing the actual prices in each year with day laborer's wages. I also considered the trend from the early 20th century in order to consider the period of high economic growth. Also, I considered the background of production and consumption trends of matsutake mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms since the early 20th century.
As a result, it is considered that the consumer-perceived prices of matsutake mushroom almost doubled from the beginning to the end of the period of high economic growth. However, if you look at the change from the early 20th century, the consumer-perceived prices of matsutake mushrooms in the early period of high economic growth were about three times as high as that in the early 20th century.
In contrast, the production volume of shiitake mushrooms increased significantly throughout the period of high economic growth, and the consumer-perceived prices were almost halved, making it more affordable for consumers. After many years of research, the artificial cultivation of shiitake mushroom became easy and the production volume increased drastically, while matsutake mushroom continued to be difficult to cultivate. Furthermore, due to the spread of propane gas during the period , the use of satoyama (woodlands near villages) as in the past disappeared and the woodlands environment greatly changed, resulting in the disappearance of matsutake mushrooms.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Trends in Barley and Wheat Eating Habits and Observed Changes in Saitama Prefecture : Questionnaires Used for the Emergency Survey on Folk Materials in Japan and the Distribution of Eating Habits in Saitama Prefecture
Get PDF本稿では，全国的に実施された民俗資料緊急調査の共通の調査票「民俗資料緊急調査票」を手掛かりとして，当時の日常的な麦食の実態を明らかにするとともに，高度経済成長期の食生活とその変化について検討する。埼玉県教育委員会は，昭和52～53（1977～78）年度に「埼玉県民俗文化財分布調査」を実施し，調査地点150カ所の調査票を作成した。この調査票の記述に基づき，戦前まで全国的に主要な麦作地帯だった埼玉県の食生活について，粒食と麺食という主食の側から分析した。調査票が対象としている大正時代から昭和初期にかけて，粒食は米に大麦を混ぜて炊いた麦飯が一般的だったが，その配合は地域により異なり，台地上や山間部など水田耕作の不向きなところでは麦が優位となっていた。また，麺食は茹で上げるウドン系と煮込むオッキリコミ系に分けることができ，主に夕食として食べられ，日常的な麺食は県中央から県北，秩父地方で顕著だった。ただし，ハレの日の食事としては全県的に食べられていた。大麦・小麦の生産，製粉の効率，麺食の日常性等の違いによって，日々の麦食に地域性が生まれていたことが分かった。こうした麦に支えられた食生活は，大麦・小麦の生産量の減少とともに，高度経済成長期に姿を消す，あるいは食卓にあがる機会を減らしていった。その一方で，ハレの食事とされてきた麺食は，外食によって手軽に食べることができるようになり，地域性のある身近な食事として浸透していった。This study investigates current people's daily eating habits in Saitama Prefecture, based on the questionnaires used for the Emergency Survey on Folk Materials, a nationwide survey conducted by the Agency for Cultural Affairs. We also examine their eating habits during Japan's high economic growth period (from around 1955 to 1973) and the changes seen since then. The Saitama Prefectural Board of Education conducted the Saitama Prefecture Folk Cultural Property Distribution Survey from FY1977 to FY1978 based on the questionnaires used in the national survey, and completed questionnaires for 150 survey sites prefecture-wide. Based on the answers to these questionnaires, we analyzed people's dietary habits in Saitama Prefecture, which was one of the major barley and wheat production sites in Japan before World War II, from the perspective of staple foods, namely grain-based foods and noodles. From around 1912 to 1935, a mixture of barley and rice was a popular grain-based food in the prefecture. However, the composition of different grains varied according to region. The percentage of barley was higher than rice in areas where paddy rice cultivation was challenging, such as plateaus and mountainous areas. There were two types of noodles made from wheat flour. One requires prior boiling (e.g., udon noodles) to prepare them, and the other can be prepared without any prior boiling (e.g., okkirikomi noodles). At that time, noodles were ordinarily eaten in the central and northern parts of Saitama Prefecture, mainly at supper. However, on celebratory occasions, people ate noodles as a special meal throughout the prefecture. It was found that the people's habits of eating barley and wheat foods varied from region to region because for reasons that included the production status of barley and wheat, their milling efficiency, and the prevalence of noodle-eating habits in each region. Due to reduced production during Japan's high economic growth period, dietary habits that included barley and wheat products disappeared and there were fewer opportunities to serve them at home. On the other hand, noodles eaten on special occasions became more popular and remained as regional foods, since they could be rapidly prepared at restaurants and other dining facilities.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] Japanese Big Merchant's Use of “Yukaku” (a red-light district) in the Edo Period
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[Article] Female Employees and Officials of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Japan : The Cases of the Savings Department from 1900 to 1918
Get PDF本稿では、戦前日本における少数の女性官吏の例である、逓信省の郵便貯金関係部局の女性事務職について、採用に至る経緯や制度的前提、労働のあり方や昇進・昇給の状況、勤続年数などを、女性の雇員採用が始まる一九〇〇年から、女性がはじめて判任官に任用される一九〇六年を経て、おおよそ第一次世界大戦期までを対象として明らかにした。また、この時期に採用され、後年そのすぐれた珠算技能によって著名となる三木（清水）を美喜という人物のライフコースを追跡することによって、その後の状況を展望した。
その結果、日露戦後の貯金部局における女性雇員採用は、日露戦後の行政整理基調のなかで、低賃金の事務職員を得ることが目的であったこと、また、判任官任用に際しては、民間での女性事務職需要の増大を背景とし、民間に劣る給与額にかえて、官吏登用をインセンティブとする意図があったことが明らかとなった。
一方、雇用側は長期勤続を望んでいたが、勤続年数はおよそ一〇 年を超えることは少なかったと推測される。これはしばしば同時代史料においては結婚のためであるとされるが、男性雇員・判任官の勤続年数も同程度であり、そもそも当時の事務職労働市場は流動的なものであった以上、結婚を理由としてことさらに取り上げる言説そのものにジェンダーステレオタイプが入り込んでいることが指摘できる。
また、女性の昇給・昇進のスピードは男性より遅く、競争も熾烈であった。それを潜り抜けた長期勤続者の一例である三木を美喜は、おなじ職場の男性判任官と結婚し、出産を経ても勤務を続けた。この際、家事・育児を担当したのは夫の母であった。二〇世紀日本における三世代同居の共稼ぎという家族類型をどのように位置づけてゆくかは、今後の研究上の論点たり得よう。The female officials in the savings department of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications is one of the few examples of female officials in prewar Japan. Initially, these women were hired as temporary employees (yatoi), but some of them were later promoted to lower-level officials (Han'ninkan). In this paper, I have clarified the background to the decision to hire women, their working conditions, promotion, salary increases, and years of service, covering the period from 1900, when the hiring of women began, to the First World War Period. In addition, I traced the life course of Miki (Shimizu) Omiki, who was hired during this period and later became famous for her excellent skills in calculation.
As a result, it became clear that the purpose of hiring women in the savings department after the Russo-Japanese War was to obtain low-wage clerical staff amid the trend of administrative reorganization. The results also revealed that the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications intended to provide incentives to women by promoting them to official positions as the demand for female clerical workers increased in the private sector.
On the other hand, although the Ministry wanted long-term employment, it is estimated that the length of service rarely exceeded about 10 years. Marriage was often cited as a reason for this. However, considering that the length of service of male employees and lower-ranking officials was about the same, and that the clerical labor market was fluid at the time, it would be a gender-biased stereotype to focus solely on marriage as a reason.
In addition, the speed of salary increases and promotions for women was slower than for men, and competition was fierce. One example of a long-service employee who survived the competition was Miki Omiki, who married a official at the same workplace and continued to work even after giving birth. In this case, her husband's mother was in charge of housework and childcare. It is an issue for future research to examine such family type of three generations living together, where both husband and wife are employed workers.departmental bulletin pape