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[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Archaeological Report on the Chronology of Human Bones of Jomon and Kofun Period, Hyogo Pref.
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[Article] Analysis for Records of Ryukyuan Cuisine Pre and Post the Reversion of Okinawa to Japan in 1972 : Intake of Animal Protein as Dietary Culture
Get PDF琉球王国時代から今日に至るまでの沖縄の食文化は，第二次世界大戦時の地上戦という文化・生活の崩壊のあと，戦後アメリカ統治下における高度経済成長，日本本土復帰さらに観光化を経て復興した。それは，琉球の食文化・琉球料理の保存，そして次代へと沖縄の料理を発展させるための意識的な再定義の結果でもあった。
食生活を知る上で，食文化としての動物性蛋白質の摂取は非常に重要である。しかし，豚肉・魚介類をはじめとする豊富な食材でイメージされがちな沖縄の食文化だが，その実態について復帰前の1967年に琉球政府文化財保護委員会が文部省文化財保護委員会立案の民俗資料緊急調査手引に沿って実施した調査の報告や，戦争を生きのび戦後を生きた生活者の回想を見ると，肉・魚など動物性蛋白質の摂取があまりにも書かれていない。豚肉は沖縄の食文化において儀礼的にも栄養的にもたしかに重要な食材だったが，それは決して豊富な日常の食材ではなく，実際に口にできる機会は年に1・2度の行事に限られていたのである。高度な漁業も未発達で，海沿いの集落であっても実態は手伝いかつ娯楽として，海を歩いて素手での漁獲だった。魚料理もその程度のものだった。
当地の食文化を知るための資料として，1960年代～70年代にかけて刊行された料理本を分析する。これらの料理本は，沖縄戦で崩壊した文化と生活が復興する日本本土復帰前・後の時期において，戦争を生きのび戦後を生きた琉球料理の研究家・料理家たちが使命感を抱いて，琉球料理を復活させ書き残した成果である。「沖縄風」を含む標準語訳の試みも共有のために不可欠だった。しかし戦後に出現し今日までに当たり前となった料理は，これらの料理本の中に現れない。
本稿で見た食文化は，長寿県としての沖縄を支えていた世代の食生活であるが，戦後の沖縄の料理は変容を遂げ，新たな要素を取り込みながら拡張し今日に至るのである。Okinawa's dietary culture had collapsed due to the ground war during World War II. After the war, life and culture were restored through high economic growth under US rule, and tourism after the reversion of Okinawa to Japan. It was the result of redefining the Ryukyuan food culture and Ryukyuan cuisine in order to preserve and develop it for the next generation.
For understanding the food life, intake of animal protein as dietary culture is very important. Okinawa's dietary culture is often imagined with rich ingredients such as pork, seafoods. But when we read the reports of a survey conducted by the Ryukyu government in 1967, and memoirs of people who survived the war and lived after the war, we can notice that not much mention of animal protein intake. Although we can see that pork was certainly an important ingredient in Okinawan food culture, both for ritual and nutritional reasons, it was not an abundance of everyday food. In fact, Okinawan people only had the opportunity to eat it a few times a year during events. Advanced fishing was also underdeveloped. Even in the villages along the coast, people fished with their bare hands, either as a helper in household chores or as a leisure activity. The fish dishes were equally immature.
As research resources for understanding Okinawa's dietary culture, we also analyze cookbooks published in the 1960s and 1970s. These cookbooks are the result of the efforts of Ryukyuan the culinary researchers who survived the war and lived through the postwar period to revive Ryukyuan cuisine. These were written in the period Pre and Post the reversion of Okinawa to Japan when the collapsed culture and lifestyle were being restored by ground war. At that time, it was also essential to attempt to translate Ryukyuan cuisine, including “Okinawan style”, into standard Japanese. However, dishes that appeared in the post-war period and have become commonplace today do not appear in these cookbooks.
The food culture discussed in this paper is the diet of the generation that made Okinawa a prefecture of longevity. Today's Okinawan cuisine continues to change and expand, incorporating new things.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Reexamination of Age and Flora of the Egota Conifer Bed, Tokyo, Based on Dr. Shigeru Miki Collection
Get PDF東京都中野区江古田で直良信夫博士により発見された江古田針葉樹層の大型植物化石群は，三木茂博士が分類学的記載を行い，更新統末期の寒冷気候下の植物化石群として位置づけられた。これは最終氷期の寒冷期植物化石群の日本での最初の発見であり，最終氷期の古環境を示す標準的な植物化石群とされている。その後の，江古田とその周辺に分布する針葉樹層の年代測定では，最終氷期のMIS 3から晩氷期までの広範囲の測定結果が得られており，ヤンガー・ドリアス期に対比されたこともある。そこで，最初に発見され三木により定義づけられた，江古田針葉樹層の植物化石群の年代と種組成を明らかにするために，大阪市立自然史博物館に所蔵されている三木茂標本を再検討し，放射性炭素年代測定を行った。その結果，マツ科針葉樹4点とコナラ1点の暦年較正年代は，約25,000cal BP から20,000cal BP の範囲に含まれており，最終氷期最寒冷期後半のものであることが明らかになった。針葉樹層由来と考えられる大型植物化石は木本22分類群，草本26分類群で構成されており，カラマツとトウヒ属バラモミ節の標本の個数がもっとも多かった。三木の文献に記載された25分類群のうちスズメノヤリ近似種の果実と種子は，それぞれミゾソバ果実とスミレ種子の誤同定だったほか，新たな分類群が追加された。三木標本から復元される古植生は，関東地域の他の最終氷期最寒冷期の植物化石群と同様に，マツ科針葉樹の産出量が多い一方，多様な落葉広葉樹種を含むことで特徴づけられた。Plant macrofossil assemblage from Egota conifer bed that was found in Egota, Nakano, Tokyo by Dr. Nobuo Naora was described taxonomically and authorized as an assemblage under a cold climate in the latest Pleistocene by Dr. Shigeru Miki. This was the first finding in Japan among plant fossil assemblages in last glacial cold stage and this assemblage has been authorized as a standard showing last glacial environment. The conifer bed was dated between MIS 3 and late glacial stage in the later excavations in and around Egota and occasionally correlated with the Younger Dryas stage. To clarify age and species composition of the original plant macrofossil assemblage in the Egota conifer bed defined by Miki, we reinvestigated Miki’s collection stored in the Osaka Museum of Natural History and dated them. The calibrated ages of four pinaceous conifers and one Quercus serrata samples range between 25,000 and 20,000 cal BP, indicating the later stage of the last glacial maximum. Plant macrofossil collection assigned to those from the conifer bed were composed of 22 tree and 26 herbaceous taxa and include Larix and Picea sect. Picea with the largest number of samples. Among 25 taxa described in Miki’s papers Luzula cf. plumosa fruit and seed are misidentification of Persicaria thunbergii fruit and Viola seed. Undescribed taxa are newly found in the collection. Paleovegetation reconstructed from Miki’s collection is characterized by abundance of pinaceous conifers as similar as the other assemblages in the last glacial maximum from Kanto area but also by diverse deciduous broad-leaved tree taxa.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Progress and Summary of Analyses of Fossil Wolves Found from the Kuzu
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[Research Notes] Provenance Studies on Excavated Artifact of the Natural Historic Site, Suo-juzenji Site, and Peculiarity of the Naganobori Mine : Pb Isotopic Compositions of Cretaceous Ore Deposits of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
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[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Surface Observation and Chemical Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscope of Lead Weight Excavated from Suo-juzenji Site, Old Coin-casting Mint
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[Research Notes] Historical Changes and the Future Research Perspective for the Yano Estate in Harima Province
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[Article] Aspects of the Jomon Grave System Based on the Burial Attributes of Human Bones and the Results of mtDNA and Dating Analysis at Ebishima Shell Mound, Iwate Pref.
Get PDF蝦島(えびしま)貝塚は，岩手県一関市花泉町貝鳥に所在し，蝦島とよばれる独立小丘陵上に立地する縄文時代晩期を中心とした内陸部の貝塚である。蝦島貝塚では，1956年以降数次にわたって調査が行われており，一次および二次調査では57体，三次調査では32体の人骨が出土している。これらの人骨の多くは大洞C2式からA式期の事例とされており，晩期中葉から後葉にかけて形成された連続的な墓域と理解できる。今回，これらの人骨の中から埋蔵属性として埋葬地点が近接するもの，すなわち同一の埋葬小群に含まれると考えられるもの，頭位方向が一致するもの，抜歯型式が一致するものなど，これまで縄文時代の社会構造を検討する上で重要とされてきた埋葬属性について，これが共通する事例をピックアップし，それらの人骨のmtDNAについて検討を行った。その結果，今回検討対象とした事例については，mtDNAのハプロタイプが一致しないということがわかった。したがって，今回検討対象とし，mtDNAの分析ができた6体については，少なくとも母系の系譜的関係にはないということになる。この理由の一つとして，各人骨の年代差ということがあげられるだろう。一方で，較正年代が近い人骨同士の位置関係はどうかといえば，相互に近接しているとは言いがたい位置関係にある。蝦島貝塚における人骨の埋葬属性，年代，mtDNAの分析結果から，どのようなことが考えられるだろうか。可能性の一つとしては，埋葬小群の存続期間は数百年間にわたり，これまでの想定以上に長期間であったということである。そして，可能性の二つめとしては，視覚的・かつ空間的に分節できる埋葬小群を，家族や世帯といった血縁関係者を包摂する既知の人間集団の埋葬地点と捉える理解は間違いであり，実際には縄文人は血縁関係者を埋葬するにあたって，埋葬地点にはあまりこだわらなかったということである。The Ebishima Shell Mound is located in Kaitori, Hanaizumi-cho, Ichinoseki City, Iwate Prefecture. Since 1956, the Ebishima shell mound has been surveyed several times, and 57 human bones were unearthed in the primary and secondary surveys, and 32 human bones in the tertiary survey. Many of these human bones are considered to be examples of the OoHora C2-type to A-type stage, and are understood to be a continuous burial area formed from the middle to late in latest period of Jomon. Among these human bones, burial attributes such as those with close burial sites, i.e., those that are considered to be included in the same burial subgroup, those that have the same head orientation, and those that have the same tooth extraction type have been examined. Regarding the burial attributes, which have been important in examining the social structure of the Jomon period, we picked up cases that had this in common, and examined the mtDNA of those human bones. As a result, it was found that the mtDNA haplotypes did not match in the cases considered for this study. Therefore, at least the 6 specimens for which mtDNA analysis was possible, which are the subject of this study, do not have a maternal genealogical relationship. One of the reasons for this is the age difference of each human bone. On the other hand, when it comes to the positional relationship between human bones with similar calibrated ages, it is difficult to say that they are close to each other. What can we conclude from the burial attributes, ages, and mtDNA analysis results of the human bones in the Ebishima shell mound? One possibility is that the burial pods lasted for hundreds of years, much longer than previously thought. The second possibility is that the understanding that visually and spatially articulated burial subgroups are burial sites of known human groups that include blood relatives such as families and households is a mistake. In other words, the Jomon people did not pay much attention to the burial site when burying blood relatives.departmental bulletin pape