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[Article] Edo Calendar Wholesalers and Daishō Calendars in the Early Modern Period : The Actual State of Shogunate Control as Seen in the “Calendar Records”
本稿は、江戸暦問屋の裁判・願書の記録『暦記録 巻四』の分析を通して、天保期の暦出版統制の実態について考察しようとするものである。本史料は、従来分析されていない暦違法出版の裁判の流れを記録している。文政十三年(一八三〇)「板木屋定治郎一件」・天保六年(一八三五)「喜多村御役所江願書差上候坂本氏略暦一条」の二件の記録を見ると、この二事例を境に暦出版の取締り方針が変更・明確化されたことがわかる。主な変更点は、従来武家の私家版(交換用の「大小」と呼ばれる略暦)が取締り対象外とされていたのを、天文方高橋作左衛門(景保)の意向を汲んで取締り対象に加えた点である。これは、交換用の暦を取締り対象外としていた従来研究の通説が天保二年以降には当てはまらないことを示している。
この変更を経て、天保七年(一八三六)「暦似寄品取扱候者十八人名前舘御役所江申立候處於南御番所御裁許ニ相成候一件」では、暦問屋が実際に販売されていた大小を証拠品として町年寄に提出し、販売に関与した地本問屋・板木屋・世利商人が過料を言い渡された。これは町触・『暦記録』に記された江戸における暦違法出版の唯一の取締り事例である。この事件から判明することは、①実際に大小暦が(恐らく本事例以前にも)違法販売されていたこと、②唯一の取締りも、暦問屋の訴えによる受動的な取締りであったこと、の二点である。
以上の史料分析を通して、今まで未解明であった江戸における暦出版の取締りの流れを確認し、取締り対象の変遷を追うことができた。実際に取締りが行われた天保期においても、幕府が積極的に暦の違法出版を取り締まっていたとは言いがたい。しかし、交換用の大小作成の違法化の背景に天文方の意向があることがうかがえる。当時の天文方の動向と暦出版との関連性については、今後の課題としたい。The purpose of this paper is to examine the actual conditions of the control of calendar publication in the Tempō period through an analysis of “Calendar Record Volume 4,” a record of the trials and applications of Edo calendar wholesalers.
The conventional understanding of the clampdown on Edo calendar publication is that only calendar wholesalers were permitted to sell calendars, while the printing of calendars for distribution was tolerated. However, entries in the Calendar Records of the 13th year of Bunsei (1830) and the 6th year of Tempō (1835) indicate that private editions of samurai calendars (abbreviated calendars for exchange called “daishō”) were subject to control at the behest of the astronomer Takahashi Sakuzaemon (Kageyasu).
An entry in the court record after this change, in the 7th year of Tempō (1836), is the only case in which an illegal seller was punished. This entry clarifies two things: the first is that daishō were actually illegally sold, and the second is that this case started with a complaint by a calendar wholesaler.
The above analysis has made it possible to trace the evolution of the clampdown on calendar publication in Edo, and changes to the objects that were subject to control, which had not been clarified previously. Although the shogunate did implement a clampdown on the publication of calendars during the Tempō period, it was passive. However, we were able to confirm that developments at the Tenmonkata drove the criminalization of the production of daishō for exchange. The relevance of developments at the Tenmonkata to the publication of calendars is a matter for future research.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Materials] Relocation of the Hatamoto and the Boshin War : Matsushita Kahee of Izu and Related Matters
departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Perspectives on Shokushu (Eating Habits) as Part of Folk Traditions
本論の目的は,民俗学の食習調査の理念の確認と,食習調査やその後の民俗資料緊急調査等の食習に関する資料から,とくに食制つまり食べ方を中心とした「食習と観念」の変化について分析を行なうことである。
柳田國男は,食品,食制,食料,食具の4項目に分けて,なかでも食制研究を重視していた。民間伝承の会による「食習調査」(昭和16,17年)もこの枠組みを背景に項目立てがなされていたといえる。従来,この食習調査は大政翼賛会の委託によるものであることが強調されて,その内容の分析は十分行なわれてこなかった。その後,全国調査としては,高度経済成長期の昭和37年以降,文化財保護部(現文化庁文化財部)による民俗資料緊急調査が行なわれ,さらに,昭和50~60年代の農山漁村文化協会による『日本の食生活全集』が刊行されている。これらは,食べるものや食べることについては記述がなされており,貴重であるが,食べる意味についての分析はとくになされていない。そこで,前述の民俗学が調査し記録してきた食習に関する資料から,とくに食べ方を中心とした食習と観念の変化について検討を試みた。12月の晦日に家族そろって年神を迎える忌み籠りに際して,年取りの儀礼として白飯を食していたこと,先祖の命日や節日などには家族が精進食をとる精進日が定められていたこと,屋外で弁当を食べたり,川原で煮炊きする時には,自然界の霊的なものたちに対しても少し食べ物を分け与える「ホカイ」の習俗が伝承されてきていたこと,などを述べた。しかし,このような忌み籠りや忌み慎みの観念,自然への畏怖と共食感覚などが,現在では希薄になり喪失してきている。それは高度経済成長期の生活変化の延長線上で加速化してきているといる。しかしさまざまな儀礼食の伝承の希薄化や喪失のなかで,現在でもこのような伝承を大切にしてきている事例も一部に存在することに注目した。そして,そこから民俗伝承というのは変遷をともないながらも消滅のない運動であるということを指摘した。The purpose of this paper is (1) to examine beliefs revealed by past shokushu (eating habits) surveys of folk traditions, and (2) to analyze changes in eating habits and peoples' attitudes to eating habits, centered on shokusei, or food culture. We based our studies on the results of several surveys of eating habits, including the Eating Habits Survey conducted by the Folklore Society in 1941 and 1942 and the Emergency Survey on Folk Materials conducted by the Cultural Properties Protection Department (currently the Agency for Cultural Affairs) in 1962-1965.
People's diets and cooking methods changed after Japan's high economic growth period. Using the above-mentioned survey results, we investigated traditional ideas about food culture and how they have changed.
Our conclusions are based on the following examples. On New Year's Eve in December, when the entire family gathers and welcomes the toshigami (God of the New Year), people had a custom called imigomori (staying at home to avoid contact with worldly contamination), in which they ate white rice as part of the toshitori (welcoming in the New Year) ritual. On the anniversary of a family member's death, people selected a day for eating shojinshoku (vegetarian dishes). When people ate picnics outdoors or cooked out in a dry riverbed, there was a custom called hokai, in which people shared their food with spiritual entities in the natural world. However, the beliefs behind imigomori (staying at home to avoid contact with worldly contamination), imitsutsushimi (isolating oneself from impure things), feeling awe for nature, and sharing food with spiritual entities have been fading in recent years. This tendency is becoming more pronounced due to the changes in people's lifestyles that took place during Japan's period of high economic growth. However, although various ritual eating traditions are on the verge of extinction, we noted that there are still some cases in which people value and preserve these traditions. We thus conclude that folk traditions evolve and change, but never completely disappear.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Notes] Points at Issue of Domesticated Cats and Rats in Yayoi Period : Production of Exhibition Objects and Their Background
departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Local Cuisine/Food and Tourism : Focusing on the Magazine Shufu no tomo
本稿は,高度経済成長期の雑誌『主婦の友』を主な資料として,ツーリズムの領域において,商品としての郷土料理/郷土食と主婦がどのようにかかわったのかを明らかにした。『主婦の友』に代表される主婦向けの女性雑誌は,主婦が采配する家庭料理のバラエティ化のために多くの料理レシピを掲載しており,このような文脈で誌面に掲載された郷土料理/郷土食のレシピは,必ずしも「伝統」とは結びついていなかった。しかし高度経済成長期になると,郷土料理/郷土食はノスタルジアのまなざしによって賛美され,その「伝統」が強調されていくとともに,女性による伝承が規範化していった。一方で,高度経済成長期は商品としての郷土料理/郷土食が数多く登場した時期であり,なかでもツーリズムにおいて商品としての郷土料理/郷土食は消費されていった。
本稿では主に1945年から1973年までの『主婦の友』におけるツーリズムに関連する記事を資料として,家族旅行,贈答品(みやげ),食べ歩き,という観点から,商品としての郷土料理/郷土食と消費者としての主婦との関係を明らかにした。
その結果,次のことが明らかになった。(1)1960年代半ばを転換点として,「旅と食」に関するエッセイやグラビアは「読み物」から「旅の食のガイドブック」となった。(2)家族旅行の記事では,「主婦の手作り弁当」や「旅先での自炊」の紹介から,旅先で入手できる「新鮮な素材」や「駅弁」が案内されるようになり,1960年代後半には具体的な郷土料理/郷土食の料理名や飲食店が紹介されるようになった。(3)主婦向けに手みやげや旅みやげの広告が行われており,『主婦の友』は自らを商品の真正性の認定装置だとしていた。(4)食べ歩き記事を分析した結果,1960年代半ばより「高級な飲食店=男性客」「大衆的な飲食店=女性も含む大衆客」という消費者イメージの区分が消失し,家事や家族のケアという文脈ではない,女性のレジャーとしての食べ歩き記事がみられるようになった。Using Shufu no tomo (Housewife's Friend) as a primary source for the analysis of the study—during the period of rapid economic growth from 1945 to 1973, This paper clarifies the ways in which local cuisine/food, as products, are related to tourism and its consumption for the readers of the magazine, especially the housewives.
The women's magazines for housewives, such as Shufu no tomo, published many cooking recipes to provide a variety of ideas for home cooked meals that the housewives can supervise. Moreover, the recipes of local cuisine/food published in the magazine in this context were not necessarily linked to “tradition”. However, in the period of rapid economic growth, the nostalgia gaze praised local cuisine/food, and emphasized on its “tradition”. Local cuisine/food were considered to have been passed down through the generations of women to continue with their traditions.
On the other hand, the high-growth period was a time when many kinds of local cuisine/food appeared as products, and among them, the tourism industry consumed the local cuisine and food as products.
Then, how did the “housewives,” the readers of Shufu no tomo, get involved with local cuisine/food as products? This paper aims to clarify the relationship between local cuisine/food as products, and housewives as consumers from the viewpoint of family trips, gifts (Miyage), and eating at restaurants, using the articles related to tourism in Shufu no tomo from 1945 to 1973 as its data.
The results of this study are as follows. First, with the mid-1960s as a turning point, essays and gravures on “travel and food” were like “reading material” and then they transformed into “travel food guidebooks”. Second, in articles on family travel, the articles went from introducing “homemade lunch boxes for housewives” and “cooking for oneself on the road” to providing information on “fresh ingredients” and Ekiben available at the destination. In the latter half of the 1960s, the articles began to introduce the names of specific local dishes and restaurants. Third, Shufu no tomo considered itself to be an equipment for certifying the authenticity of products through advertisements for places to visit and travel souvenirs for housewives. Fourth, as a result of analyzing articles on eating at restaurants, the distinction between “high-class restaurants = male customers” and “popular restaurants = popular customers, including women” disappeared from the mid-1960s, and articles on eating at restaurants, which did not focus on household chores or family care became more apparent.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] School Lunch during the High Economic Growth Period : Studies Targeting School Lunch Eaters and School Dietitians in Tokyo
日本において,肥満は生活習慣病のリスク要因として,重要な健康課題である。肥満の課題は,中高年で深刻であり,この多くの者は,戦後大きく生活が変化した高度経済成長期の学校給食を経験している。食生活は健康への影響が大きいことから,高度経済成長期の学校給食を振り返ることで,現在の日本人の健康課題を考察できるのではないかと考え,本研究では,2つの研究を実施した。まず,研究1として,高度経済成長期の時代に学校給食を食べていた人182人を対象に,インターネットを用いた質問紙調査で,当時の学校給食についてたずねた。そして,対象者を学校給食を経験した年代で3群(昭和30年代のみ,昭和30年代と40年代,昭和40年代のみ)に分け,属性や当時の給食時間の様子,好きなメニュー,苦手なメニューを比較検討した。その結果,脱脂粉乳を提供する学校は昭和40年代で減っていた一方で,昭和40年代ではソフト麺やミートソースのメニューが提供されていた。研究2では,東京都で学校栄養士として勤めていた人を対象に,昭和30年代から勤めていた対象者(3人)と昭和40年代から勤めた対象者(4人)を分けて,グループインタビューを実施した。その結果,当時の学校給食提供には制限があったが,子どもの栄養改善のために,おいしい給食を提供しようと努力をしていたことがわかった。学校給食の欧米化もその1つであった。学校給食で味を覚えた子どもたちは,高度経済成長期後半1970年に出店されるファストフードを抵抗なく受け入れたことが推察された。現在の日本人の肥満の課題は,学校給食が原因とはいえない。しかし,学校給食は子どもたちの身体だけでなく,食嗜好をも形成することを今一度認識し,我われは今後の学校給食を考える必要があるといえる。Obesity is a pressing problem currently affecting health, leading to lifestyle-related diseases in Japan. The problem of obesity is especially seen in middle-aged and older people, many of whom had school lunches during the period of high economic growth (1955-1973), when their lifestyles changed significantly after the war. Since eating habits largely impact health, we surmised that elucidating the current health issues of Japanese people is possible by retrospectively evaluating the school lunches during the high economic growth period; therefore, we conducted two studies. In Study 1, we asked 182 individuals who ate school lunch during the period of high economic growth via an Internet survey regarding their school lunch at that time. Then, the subjects were divided into three groups (Group A: experienced only Showa 30's (entered in 1955- 1958); Group B: experienced both Showa 30's and 40's (entered in 1959-1964); Group C: experienced only Showa 40's (entered in 1965-1969)) according to the age when they consumed their school lunch. We then compared by group, the demographics, the state of the lunch time at that time, their favorite menu, and the menu they disliked. We found that the number of schools offering skim milk powder decreased in Group C, whereas soft noodles and meat sauce were offered in Group C. In Study 2, a group interview was conducted with those who worked as school dietitians in Tokyo, dividing them into those who worked in Showa 30's (1955-1964) (three people) and those who worked in Showa 40's (1965-1974) (four people). This showed that restrictions were imposed with regard to the provision of school lunches during that period due to the lack of school lunch facilities. However, various efforts were made to provide delicious lunches to improve the nutrition of children. One of these efforts was the westernization of the school lunches. It was deemed that children who consumed school lunches accepted without reluctance, the fast-food chains that opened in Japan in 1970. However, it cannot be concluded that the current problem of obesity in Japanese people can be attributed solely to the school meals. Nevertheless, we have to acknowledge that a school lunch is not the only contributing factor to children's growth and health, but also their food preference that continues until they grow up.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Articulating Voices and Objects, Co-Creating Tsunami Cultures : On the Earthquake Exhibition at the Rias Ark Museum of Art
東日本大震災から10余年が経過し,復旧・復興の流れのなかで災害の記憶を未来へとつなぎとめる試みが,多くの地域社会で進められている。しかし,新たなモニュメントや施設が発するメッセージは,国家的な制度やシステムに人々を内属させる準拠枠に収斂する傾向にある。個別の経験や記憶は集団的な表象に還元され,無色透明の匿名性の高い事物やメッセージに統合されてしまうことが多い。本論では,組織的な展示や遺構の保存活用においても,個別の経験や記憶を担保しつつ,災害の記憶を分有しうる仕掛けと枠組みの可能性について検証を試みたい。
そのために本稿が注目するのは,宮城県気仙沼市にあるリアス・アーク美術館の震災をテーマとした常設展示である。リアス・アークの震災に関する展示はすでに多方面から注目され,いくつもの論考が記されている。以下では,リアス・アーク美術館とその常設展示の概要と展示を推進した学芸員の山内宏泰の震災についての立場性をまとめ直していきたい。そのうえでこの展示がもたらしたインパクトとその意義について検証を行い,既存の伝承施設とは一線を画した展示の特質と,そこに込められたメッセージの可能性について論じたいと考える。
1節では気仙沼市とリアス・アーク美術館の概要を記し,筆者自身による震災展示の巡検の様子を紹介しながら,この展示の特質を紹介する。2節ではこの展示についてこれまでの議論をまとめつつ,多くの先行研究が指摘する展示の表現方法が抱える課題について整理した。3節からはこれまでの議論を踏まえて展示についての詳細な検証を加えた。展示が多義性・多声性によって構成され,質を異にする資料とそこに付された解説や物語の閲覧という実践を経て,相互に節合される過程を明らかにする。その上でこれらの展示が,画像や被災物を通じて,我々のメタレベルでの認識や価値観の変更を要請し,災害に抗する「津波文化」の共創を目指すものであることを論じていく。This paper examine the framework that can share the memory of disasters while ensuring individual experiences in public exhibitions and in the preservation and utilization of remains. More than 10 years have passed since the Great East Japan Earthquake, and in the process of recovery and reconstruction, many communities are attempting to keep the memory of the disaster alive for the future. However, the messages sent out by new monuments and facilities tend to converge in a conformist framework that internalizes people into nationalism. Individual experiences and memories are often reduced to collective representations and integrated into colorless, anonymous things and messages.
For this purpose, this paper focuses on the permanent exhibition on the theme of the Great East Japan Earthquake at the Rias Ark Museum of Art in Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture. The exhibition on the earthquake at Rias Ark has already attracted attention from many quarters, and a number of articles have been written about it. In the following, we will examine the impact and significance of the exhibition, and discuss its unique qualities that set it apart from existing public facilities and the potential of the message it conveys.
Section 1 outlines the city of Kesennuma and the Rias Ark Museum of Art, and introduces the characteristics of this exhibition by describing the author's own participant observation of the earthquake exhibition. In Section 2 we summarize the discussion that previous studies have pointed out regarding the method of representation of the exhibition. Section 3-5 provides a detailed examination of exhibitions based on the previous discussion and attentive observations. This exhibition not only displays a wealth of primary materials such as damaged objects and pictures of damaged area, but is also characterized by the ambiguity and polyphony of the commentary that accompanies them. Through the practice of realizing commentaries, audiences articulate things with stories according to their own interpretation. In addition, we will argue that this exhibition aims to co-create a “tsunami culture” that resists disasters by requesting changes in our meta-level perceptions and values through images and damaged objects.departmental bulletin pape
[Article] The Folk Tales “Sanmai no Ofuda” and the Texts of Noh “Kurozuka” “Yamauba”
「三枚のお札」は、寺の小僧が山へ出かけ鬼婆や山姥の家に泊まり、便所へ行きお札を投げて山や川を出して逃げるという昔話である。まず、類話を整理してその構成から、(1)鬼婆タイプ[寺-小僧-山-花採り-鬼婆-便所-逃走(お札)]、(2)山姥タイプ[寺-小僧-山-栗拾い-山姥-便所-逃走(お札)]、(3)ヤマハハタイプ[娘-山-ヤマハハ-逃走]の三つを設定した。鬼婆タイプは盆や彼岸に登場し子をとって食う点、山姥タイプは栗や茸を勝手に取る者を責めて山の領域を主張する点、ヤマハハタイプは寺・便所・お札の要素がない点が特徴である。柳田國男の『先祖の話』や山人論を参考にすると、鬼婆の背景には子のない老婆への差別視とその裏返しとしての恐怖感が、山姥とヤマハハの背景には柳田が先住民の末裔と論じている山人への恐怖感が、想定される。そして、昔話の構成要素の比較から、素朴なヤマハハタイプが古いかたち、山姥タイプが新しいかたち、鬼婆タイプがさらに新しいかたちであると分析した。次に、現在の昔話が歴史的にどのような深度をもって伝えられているものなのかを検証するために、室町期の謡曲「黒塚」と「山姥」の存在に注目した。山や野原で日暮れに一人の女が現れるという点が「三枚のお札」で語られている情景と共通している。謡曲「黒塚」では鬼女が里の女として登場し「長き命のつれなさ」を象徴する糸繰りをする。鬼女は山伏に祈り伏せられる。謡曲「山姥」では山姥が山の女として登場し領域の主張を象徴する「山廻り」をする。山姥はどこへともなく去って行く。そこから昔話「三枚のお札」の鬼婆と山姥と、謡曲「黒塚」の鬼女と謡曲「山姥」の山姥との間の対応関係を指摘した。これらの伝承の背景には、山人と里人の遭遇と緊張、その現実の歴史記憶の反映と心象世界の反映、そしてその記憶の稀薄化があると推定した。鬼婆系の伝承と山姥系の伝承が併存しているという点で、近現代に採録された昔話と室町期に成立した謡曲とが共通していることから、昔話には室町期に通じるほど古い伝承情報が伝わっている可能性があることを指摘した。This article discusses the historical dynamics of a folk tale and the correspondence of the folk tale with the texts of Nho. The folk tale called “Sanmai no ofuda” is a story that a Buddhist boy training at a temple runs away from Yamauba or Onibaba, a mountain witch. In the most variations, the child goes to the toilet and runs away throwing three magic cards at the monstrous woman.
It is possible to analyze the analogies into three different types, according to the elements of structure of the story, as follows:
(1) Onibaba-type [temple - boy - mountain - flower picking for the dead - Onibaba - toilet - flight by magic cards]
(2) Yamauba-type [temple - boy - mountain - chestnuts picking - Yamauba - toilet - flight by magic cards]
(3) Yamahaha-type [girl - mountain - Yamahaha - flight]
In the case that the woman is Onibaba, she appears at the Bon festival and catches a child to eat. In the case of Yamauba, she gets angry with those invade her territory in the mountain by taking chestnuts. In the Yamahaha case, the story lacks the elements of a temple, a toilet and the magic cards.
It is estimated that the simple Yamahaha-type is the oldest, the Yamauba-type which contains the elements such as a temple and toilet is newer, and the Onibaba-type is the newest.
The contrast of Onibaba and Yamauba also exists in the two texts of Nho, “Kurozuka” and “Yamauba.” In “Kurozuka,” Kijo, a demoness, appears as a village woman. She laments her old age with spinning. It turns out that she has killed many people. After all she is defeated by prayers of a mountain priest. In “Yamauba,” Yamauba appears as a mountain woman. She dances to declare her territory in the mountain and disappears beyond the mountain. Although the folk tale, “Sanmai no ofuda” was recorded in the 20th century and the Nho texts, “Yamauba” and “Kuroduka” were created in the 15th century, they are correspondent. The folk tale takes over the motif more than 500 years ago.
Referring to Kunio Yanagita's theory about the ancestors and the original-inhabited nation, discrimination and fear against old women without children is assumed to be in the background of Onibaba and Kijo. And a fear of the descendants of the original-inhabitants driven to the mountains is assumed to be in the background of Yamauba and Yamahaha.
Both the folk tale and the texts of Noh possibly reflect the historical memory of encounters between indigenous descendants living in the mountains and people living in flatland villages, and dilution of its memory.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Archaeological Report on the Chronology of Human Bones in Kofun Period, Medicine Dep. Kumamoto University : Tsuji Mounded Tomb, Kyōzuka Mounded Tomb, Mukōnoda Mounded Tomb, Senzaki Mounded Tomb Group, Kirinokiobane Mounded Tomb, Narōzu Mounded Tomb No.2, Naka-ōmura Stone Coffin Group, Shimo-ōmura Stone Coffin, Ōsozōyama Mounded Tomb, and Uriyama Tunnel Tomb
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