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[Article] Postwar Japanese Retail Business and Gender : Focusing on Female Self-Enployed Owners
Full text link本稿の目的は，戦後日本の小売業における女性自営業主の位置づけを検討することにあり，以下の内容を明らかにした。小売業の自営業主に占める女性の割合は，1950年代後半から2010年代に至るまで一貫して3割前後に上り，安定的に推移した。1980年代後半からは，小売業が全体として「法人企業の世界」となり，自営業そのものが大きく縮小していったが，それでも自営業主の女性比は一定の割合を維持していた。女性自営業主には，業主となった経緯に即して，以下の4つの類型がみられた。①夫からの事業承継によるもので，もともとは店主の夫を中心とした家族経営のなかで，家族従業者である妻として従業していたところ，夫の死別により業主となったタイプ。②親や兄からの事業承継によるもので，家の家業を継ぐ男子がいないために，跡継ぎとして業主となっていくタイプ。③夫との死別を契機に新規開業に至ったもので，母子福祉資金貸付を受けて開業する場合もあった。④夫は健在ななかで新規開業に至ったもので，夫が別の職業をもっている場合も多く，追加的稼得や商売好きという動機も広くみられた。総じて女性自営業主による小売業経営は零細で，そこから得られる所得も男性に比べて明確な低水準にあった。そこでは，資金準備や技術習得に関わるジェンダー不平等とともに，女性はケアを担う性であるという性別役割分業の観念のもと，家事・育児などケアの負担を免れ得ないがゆえの時間的制約も大きかった。商店街組織の意志決定から女性が排除されてきた問題についても，こうした女性自営業主の性格を踏まえて検討されるべきであると考えられる。The purpose of this paper is to examine the position of women self-employed owners in the retail industry in postwar Japan. When the self-employed owners of retail businesses were broken down by gender, the percentage of women was consistently around 30% from the late 1950s through the 2010s. From the late 1980s onward, the retail industry was dominated by corporate firms, and self-employment itself shrank significantly, although the percentage of self-employed women still remained constant. The women self-employed owners can be typified into four categories. The four categories are: (1) business succession from the husband, (2) business succession from a parent or older brother, (3) new business start-up triggered by the bereavement of the husband, and (4) new business start-up while the husband is still alive. In the type of (1), the woman herself was a family employee in a store owned by her husband and took over the management upon his death. However, since gender issues affected the acquisition of skills, including repair and processing, it appears that in many cases the wife was forced to change businesses if she could not replace her husband's role. The type of (2) was a pattern in which women took over the family business in the form of business succession when there was no male relative available to succeed to the family business. In the type of (3), retail business was started by mothers who became mothers and their children, and many of them obtained loans under the mother-child welfare system to start their own businesses. In type (4), many of them started their business while their husbands were working in other occupations, and they were motivated to start a new business for the purpose of earning additional income or because they loved the business. Retail operations by women self-employed owners were small in size, and the income earned from these operations was distinctly lower than that of men. This was largely due to gender inequality in financial preparation and skill acquisition, as well as time constraints due to the inescapable burden of housework, childcare, and other care responsibilities. Women have long been excluded from decision-making in shopping district organizations, and the causes of this exclusion should also be examined in light of the nature of these women self-employed business owners.departmental bulletin pape
[Research Materials] Problems of Critical Edition of Scroll 3 of the Engi Shiki, “Rinjisai” (Part 1)
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[Research Notes] Revision of Engi Shiki, Scroll 9 and 10 (Part 1)
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[Research Materials] Critical Edition of Scroll 21 of the Engi Shiki (Part 1)
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[Research Notes] A Study of Ancient Bingo Administrative Boundaries Based on Traffic Routes and Drainage Systems (Part 2)
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[Research Notes] Sailing of Tsushima Ships on the Sea of Japan in the Medieval Ages : Selection and Utilization of Sea Routes (Part I : The Warrior Lords and Livelihood・Production・Distribution in the Region)
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[Research Notes] Tenno and the Ideas and Realities of Rituals in the Transitional Period from Ancient to Medieval Ages (Part 2)
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[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Ancient “Sakubei” and the Problems of Its Reproduction (Part 2)
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[Article] Describing the Region : A Brief Review of the Description of Regional History and Culture (Part I)
Full text link人々が実際に暮らしてきた地域やそこで行われてきた様々な事象をいかに調査し、研究し、いかに記述するかを巡っては、同じ地域を対象としたとしても、その理解やそれに基づく記述は人によって同じではなく、従って、様々な理解や記述の中でどれがより妥当性が高いかという問題が常に存在する。本稿では、民俗学における同一地域に関する二つの異なる著作である柳田国男の『北小浦民俗誌』〔柳田一九五四〕と福田アジオらによる｢調査 北小浦の民俗｣〔福田編 二〇〇一〕、更には沖縄で盛んに刊行されている字誌の検討を通じ、若干の問題の整理を試みる。柳田の『北小浦民俗誌』に対しては、福田を初め近年の民俗学者は、自らの現地調査に基づくのではなく、他人の採集手帳に基づく著作であること、他人の採集手帳を用いつつも、その内容を取捨選択して利用していることなどの理由から、総じて低い評価しか与えていない。しかし、柳田の同書を著した意図や、地域を常に歴史的な文脈において捉えようとした柳田の基本的な視角などを踏まえると、『北小浦民俗誌』を否定的にのみ捉える必要はなくなる。こうした柳田の『北小浦民俗誌』と福田らの｢北小浦の民俗｣の比較検討に加えて、沖縄で盛んな、住民が自らの住む地域の歴史や文化を自ら調べて著そうとする字誌作成の運動の実践を併せて視野に収め、比較検討することで、特定の地域に関するよりよい理解や記述の実現にむけて、一定の知見を得ることが期待される。Regarding how to investigate and describe the area where people actually lived and various events that have occurred there, even if the same area is targeted, the understanding and description based on it differ from person to person. Therefore, there is always the question of which of the various understandings and descriptions is more relevant. In this paper, I will try to examine Kunio Yanagita’s “Kitakoura Minzokushi” (Yanagida 1954) and Ajio Fukuta’s “Kitakoura no Minzoku” (Fukuda ed. 2001), which are two different works on the same area in Folk Culture Study, and “Azashi” (geographical magazine), which is popular in Okinawa. Then, through those examinations, I will try to sort out some problems. Fukuda and other Folk culture researchers in recent years have generally given low ratings to Yanagita's “Kitakoura Minzokushi”. The reason is that the work is not based on one’s own field survey, but based on another person’s field note, and that the content is selected and used while using another person’s field note, and so on. However, given Yanagita's intention to write the book and Yanagita’s basic perspective of always trying to capture the region in a historical context, it is no longer necessary to take “Kitakoura Minzokushi” only negatively. In addition to a comparative study of Yanagida’s “Kitakoura Minzokushi” and Fukuta’s “Kitakoura no Minzoku”, by comparing and examining the practice of the movement to publish “Azashi” in Okinawa, which the residents try to study and write about the history and culture of the area where they live, it is hoped that some insights will be gained towards the realization of a better understanding and description of a region.departmental bulletin pape