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Caracterización de residuos de espuma rígida de poliuretano como herramienta para la evaluación de su aprovechamiento
No full textThis work presents the physical, chemical, structural and environmental characterization of rigid polyurethane foam (PUR) waste, from different industries in the region. Four samples were selected for the study, which includes density, water absorption, and chemical composition through elemental analysis and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In addition, its structural composition was analyzed through the techniques of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Thermogravimetry Analysis (DTG), Confocal microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Environmental tests such as Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and acute toxicity in Daphnia Pulex were also applied. The results showed the presence of the usual functional groups in the composition of a rigid polyurethane foam; however Cl, Ti and benzene rings was found, which correspond to the presence of additives. Furthermore, through the applied environmental tests, non-toxicity was found in the samples. Subsequent studies of gas emissions from these wastes are recommended when they are subjected to thermal processes.El presente trabajo expone la caracterización física, química, estructural y ambiental de residuos de espuma rígida de poliuretano (PUR), obtenidos de diferentes industrias de la región. Se seleccionaron 4 muestras para el estudio, a las cuales se les determinó la densidad, absorción de agua, y composición química a través de análisis elemental y espectroscopia de rayos X (EDX). Además, se analizó su composición estructural a través de las técnicas de espectroscopía infrarrojo por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Análisis por Termogravimetría Diferencial (DTG), microscopía Confocal y Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido (SEM). También se aplicaron ensayos de carácter ambiental tales como Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) y toxicidad aguda en Daphnia Pulex. Los resultados mostraron la presencia de los grupos funcionales usuales en la composición de una espuma de poliuretano rígida; sin embargo, se encontraron compuestos como Cl, Ti y anillos de benceno, que corresponden a la presencia de aditivos. Adicionalmente, a través de los ensayos ambientales aplicados, se encontró la no toxicidad en las muestras. Se recomiendan estudios posteriores de emisión de gases de estos residuos, cuando son sometidos a procesos térmicos
Editorial No. 43
No full textEste año, Zona Próxima celebra con orgullo su 25º aniversario, consolidándose como un referente en la promoción de investigaciones de alta calidad en los ámbitos del lenguaje y la cultura. Desde su fundación en el año 2000, esta publicación semestral del Instituto de Idiomas de la Universidad del Norte ha ofrecido un espacio para la difusión de trabajos originales, fomentando el intercambio de conocimientos y perspectivas en español, inglés y portugués
Escrituras disruptivas en el Gran Caribe desde República Dominicana y Cuba: Rita Indiana y Ena Lucía Portela
No full textThis article analyzes the writing of Rita Indiana and Ena Lucía Portela, authors from the Greater Caribbean, known for their disruptive and unique style that challenges various literary conventions. Rita Indiana's La mucama de Omicunlé (2015) will be taken as a case study, examining the elements of her style that subvert both writing and structural impositions, while also questioning aspects inherited from colonization. Also, Ena Lucía Portela's Cien botellas en una pared (2010) will be addressed, highlighting its intertextual construction, the questioning of boundaries between fiction and reality, and its parody of the literary genre of noir novels. Taking into consideration these innovative and tempestuous literary styles, this article aims to contribute to the study of writing forms, a field that remains underexplored, particularly concerning Latin American and Caribbean female authors.Este artículo analiza la escritura de Rita Indiana y Ena Lucía Portela, autoras del Gran Caribe, que se caracterizan por su carácter disruptivo y singular que desafían distintas convenciones literarias. Se tomará como caso de estudio La mucama de Omicunlé (2015) de Rita Indiana a partir de los elementos de su estilo que subvierten imposiciones escriturales y estructurales en las que además se cuestionan aspectos heredados de la colonización. También, se abordará Cien botellas en una pared (2010) de Ena Lucía Portela resaltando su construcción intertextual, el cuestionamiento de los límites entre ficción y realidad, y su parodia al género literario de la novela negra. Teniendo en cuenta estos estilos literarios novedosos, huracanados, este artículo propone contribuir al estudio de las formas escriturales, un campo subexplorado sobre todo en autoras latinoamericanas y caribeñas
“En mi sangre de mujer negra…”. Cuerpo, identidad y memoria en la poesía colombiana afrofemenina
No full textThe article analyzes the expression of Afro-feminine identity in the Anthology of Afro-Colombian Women Poets (2010). It traces the expressions of the racialized feminine condition through the poetic voices that present themselves as black women who are caregivers, mothers, and desiring bodies and who, also, recognize themselves as heirs of an Afro-descendant memory linked to the African continent and enslaved ancestors. The study allows to conclude that the literary expression of Afro-female identity in the anthology is constructed by interpellant voices with their own agency that pronounce themselves in a complex and nuanced way in the face of their reality and the memory they have inherited, with a tone that oscillates between the rejoicing of self-affirmation and the lament of precariousness and inequality. The voices consolidate a view of Afro-descendancy that includes the sphere of black-Africanism but overflows it by thematizing mixedness and intersectional oppression.El artículo analiza la expresión de la identidad afrofemenina en la Antología de mujeres poetas afrocolombianas (2010). Recorre las expresiones de la condición femenina racializada a través de las voces poéticas que se presentan como mujeres negras que son cuidadoras, madres y cuerpos deseantes y que, también, se reconocen herederas de una memoria afrodescendiente vinculada al continente africano y los ancestros esclavizados. El estudio permite concluir que la expresión literaria de la identidad afrofemenina en la antología se construye desde voces interpelantes con agencia propia que se pronuncian de manera compleja y matizada frente a su realidad y a la memoria que han heredado, con un tono que oscila entre el regocijo de la autoafirmación y el lamento de la precariedad y la desigualdad. Las voces consolidan una mirada de la afrodescendencia que incluye lo negroafricano, pero que lo desborda al tematizar el mestizaje y la opresión interseccional
El papel de la comunicación para el cambio social en los procesos de salud comunitaria. Análisis de tres estudios de caso en Colombia
No full textObjective: This article analyzes the role of communication for social change in three cases of community health developed in the cities of Medellin, Barranquilla and Bogota, Colombia (2019-2022). These processes recognize local forms of social organization, community leadership, and communicative practices in diverse urban sociocultural networks, through the identification of communicative practices aimed at social transformation processes; understanding the role of the subjects as agents of social change in the context of the three initiatives and the recognition of new conceptions of communication for social change as a fundamental element of community health and the enjoyment of life in local environments.Materials and methods: The research is addressed from the hermeneutic-interpretative approach, with qualitative methodology through case studies methods and research techniques such as documentary review and virtual semi-structured interviews that were applied to officials, promoters, and walkers of the Health Institutions, professionals from the universities and co-participants in the formulation of the programs carried out. Results: The strategic vision of the three case studies on health communication consists of transforming the objectives of informing and disseminating to the creation of social knowledge appropriation processes through activities that lead communities to adopt, experiment, and propose actions for prevention and health promotion based on the new knowledge acquired and practicing it in daily life. This concept is developed in the communication area as an element of community health and the enjoyment of life in local environments, through which the population achieves a leading role, together with health officials, promoters, walkers, doctors, and nurses, triggering processes of social transformation. Conclusions: The programs “Parque de la Vida” in Medellín, “Caminantes de la Salud” in Barranquilla, and “Gestores de la Salud” in Bogotá, conceive health as a commitment to social and individual well-being, where the communication/health binomial occupies a central place, accompanied by education on citizens' rights and community participation, key to its strengthening. From communication, processes are generated not only for information, but also for awareness, knowledge, and mobilization. In the three cases analyzed, the interviewees mentioned the importance of health activities led by the different governmental, academic, and community entities regarding "Community Health" and "Communication for Social Change" concepts. This has been achieved by articulating institutional and multisectoral projects with the community, establishing a network-like communication between the different governmental and non-governmental entities, mayors and community leaders, and the population in general. During the research, we found empowered social subjects who recognize the value of their work in the health community. Health campaigns involve the population through communicative events for social transformation that allow cultural mediation of the message. The population demands intervention in their needs and communicates this through the leaders. Participation is present at all levels. Finally, it should be noted that during the pandemic, ICTs became the means of dissemination and community participation in the three cases investigated. WhatsApp was the main channel of communication with the localities, this became the opportunity for health managers to enhance their professional work in community health, adapting and resisting, despite the weakening of some processes that were isolated by the confinement. Today, the work proposed by the three experiences is beginning to recover.Objetivos: Este artículo analiza el papel de la comunicación para el cambio social en tres casos de salud comunitaria desarrollados en las ciudades de Medellín, Barranquilla y Bogotá, Colombia (2019-2022). Dichos procesos reconocen formas locales de organización social, liderazgos comunitarios y prácticas comunicativas en entramados socioculturales urbanos diversos, mediante la identificación de las prácticas comunicativas encaminadas a procesos de transformación social; comprender el papel de los sujetos como agentes de cambio social en el contexto de las tres iniciativas y reconocer nuevas concepciones de la comunicación para el cambio social como elemento fundamental de la salud comunitaria y el disfrute de la vida en entornos locales.
Materiales y métodos: Estudio desde un enfoque hermenéutico interpretativo con una metodología cualitativa, método de investigación de estudio de casos. Sistematización de experiencias de tres estudios de caso en tres ciudades colombianas. Se describen las estrategias de salud comunitaria y la efectividad en cuanto a incidencia del papel de la comunicación para el cambio social en los procesos de salud comunitaria. La selección de casos se deriva de una fase de investigación previa en la que se filtra con dos criterios: incidencia en la comunidad y cooperación interinstitucional. Resultados: Los tres casos son comparables por las condiciones de contexto que tienen como común denominador la presencia de población vulnerable. Para ello, se aplican las técnicas de revisión documental y las entrevistas semiestructuradas presenciales y virtuales a funcionarios de los programas. Conclusiones: Se evidencia una articulación entre la comunicación para el cambio social, la Comunicación y salud / y la salud comunitaria en los casos. Se reconoce la comunicación como un eje articulador que aporta desde la Comunicación para el desarrollo y el cambio social. Al ser participativa y dialógica involucra a los sujetos, conduciendo a un empoderamiento de las comunidades. Como conclusión se advierte una nueva fase de la salud comunitaria, determinada por la postpandemia, con énfasis en la prevención de la enfermedad, la mirada interseccional y la incorporación de nuevas mediaciones
Factores socioeconómicos y ambientales de influencia en la formulación de proyectos turísticos en Florencia (Caquetá, Colombia)
No full textObjective: To define influencing factors in the formulation of tourism projects in the municipality of Florencia (Caquetá, Colombia).
Methodology: For the development of this article, data collection was carried out using a non-probabilistic sampling method, selecting: 1. Nature Tourism (TN) ventures in the municipality mentioned (the locality chosen for analysis), and 2. Professionals involved in the formulation of conservation and sustainable tourism projects (identified as local experts); these two samples were subject to analysis, complemented by a literature review and the application of techniques such as surveys and interviews, which provided information that was subsequently systematized using SPSS and Atlas.ti software. This process allows for presenting qualitative results with greater analytical capacity.
Results: The importance and necessity of social, economic, and environmental factors were compiled and identified in the project formulation process. In this sense, the contribution of each factor is argued, and their orientation towards strengthening local capacities in the territories, particularly in Florencia (Caquetá) is emphasized. There is a need for the development of TN initiatives, an activity seen as a catalyst in underdeveloped and forgotten territories.
In coherence, the study begins by recognizing the natural and cultural heritage of the municipality under analysis, which stands out for various demographic and geographic characteristics that make it attractive for tourism activities. While authors like Garzón and De Val Martín (2022) recognize the potential of TN, it is also necessary to emphasize the need to generate actions that conserve its diversity. Thus, it is crucial to delimit social, economic, and environmental aspects that lead to benefits for stakeholders, the population, and the territory as a whole.
Specific categories of analysis are considered; first, the social component, which includes territorial valuation, is viewed as a planning axis that contextualizes the territory by considering the various actors and their respective needs in space and time (Molinares and Díaz, 2022); followed by the formation of TN, territorial planning, and management —three components that strengthen local capacities. The latter is a pressing need for this territory, as Sánchez et al. (2021) affirm that “there is an urgent need to develop awareness and environmental consciousness actions through environmental education processes” (p. 12).
These categories also contribute to the valuation of the territory, encompassing an understanding of this concept from a social and cultural construction perspective. Continuing, tourism promotion approaches and community participation are considered, acting as emphatic tools to understand community needs and thus improve the management of natural wealth. It is essential to indicate that local community participation in tourism development addresses sustainability issues and contributes to image building (Pascoli, 2021).
Additionally, the articulation of actors in the value chain is included in the analysis, who contribute to boosting tourism and promoting local appropriation (Álvarez and Lavao, 2022). All these criteria, combined with the involvement of political actors, build tools and unify public policies in favor of TN development, an aspect that leads to recognizing the current state of the territory and the needs to be addressed (Sánchez, 2023; López and Balanta, 2022; Velásquez, 2017; Sandoval, 2023).
Secondly, recognition, income generation, and regional development are presented as benefits derived from economic factors that foster growth and development for the population. The study analyzes economic growth and consolidation, the level of tourism development, the creation of tourist routes, positioning, and local development. These categories collectively contribute to community needs and define how to enhance participation in spaces. A noteworthy aspect is that the study community is largely knowledgeable and has been involved in TN projects, indicating interest in cooperating with the municipality's tourism development (Narváez et al., 2023; Contreras, 2021; MinCIT, 2022).
Thirdly, environmental factors were considered. Fernández et al. (2022) indicate that TN must be managed by the community to promote conservation and define concepts of control and mitigation of biodiversity damage while maximizing qualitative benefits for the territory and its population. This includes promoting TN practices, environmental conservation, and sustainability, raising environmental awareness, and developing and valuing heritage, which integrate the analysis categories of this factor. In general terms, it is indicated that generating environmental strategies and promoting tourism create visibility (Tomalá, 2022); thus, topics such as space organization and the use of tourist potential attractions are addressed, which aligns with environmental conservation and sustainability, representing positive environmental impacts.
This aims to conserve the available heritage and consequently reduce social inequality gaps in a territory that has been a victim of Colombia's internal conflict (Caquetá), which in turn broadens the territory's exposure; this last aspect is one of the most important variables for generating TN projects, as conserving environments allows for displaying an image consistent with TN objectives.
In addition, these factors collectively reveal that environmental conservation and sustainability are related to the articulation of tourism value chain members, focusing on: a) strengthening governance for tourism development; b) generating a unique culture; c) linking organizations, corporations, and universities; and d) collective interest in positioning Florencia as a TN destination. The priority for territories should involve a sustainable relationship between humans and nature (Tamayo, 2023).
Conclusion: In summary, the studied social factors include: 1. Visibility of the territory, and 2. Benefits and income for local communities and value chain members. Economic factors reduce gaps in inequality, ignorance, and lag concerning communities, the territory, and TN activities. In environmental factors, the need to link economic practices with ecosystem conservation is highlighted; thus, TN initiatives should prioritize natural and strategic areas through proper protection and management.
Development mechanisms and models for TN must be adapted to generate projects and strategies that align with nature preservation, based on planning associated with the analyzed factors, which build, enhance, formalize, and train TN in the municipality. This is achieved through the use of tools that support and govern appropriate functioning based on the conservation, management, and training of physical, economic, social, and environmental resources. Ultimately, each of the components in the three analyzed fields serves as a starting point to promote activities that favor TN, focusing on the care and preservation of the natural and cultural heritage of the municipality of Florencia.Objetivo: Definir factores de influencia en la formulación de proyectos turísticos en el municipio de Florencia (Caquetá, Colombia).
Metodología: La recolección de datos implicó el uso de muestreo no probabilístico, con selección de las muestras: 1. Emprendimientos de Turismo de Naturaleza (TN) del municipio en mención (lugar tomado para el análisis), y 2. Profesionales en formulación de proyectos de conservación de naturaleza y turismo sostenible (referenciados para ambos casos como expertos locales); dos muestras que en complemento con la investigación documental, y aplicación de las técnicas: encuestas y entrevistas, suministraron la información que posteriormente se sistematizó en los softwares SPSS y Atlas.ti.
Resultados: Se compila la importancia y necesidad de factores de índole social, económico y ambiental, identificados en el proceso de formulación de proyectos; dado que el aporte de cada factor se orienta al fortalecimiento de capacidades locales, en dirección al desarrollo de iniciativas de TN, una actividad que le apuesta a la región como agente de transformación.
En tal sentido, los aspectos socioeconómicos y ambientales desencadenan beneficios de reconocimiento, generación de ingresos y desarrollo regional, hechos que favorecen a la población, y contribuyen con el principio de apropiación cultural.
Conclusión: En síntesis, los factores sociales comprenden: 1. Visibilidad del territorio, y 2. Beneficios e ingresos para las comunidades locales, y para los integrantes de la cadena de valor. Los de carácter económico reducen las brechas de desigualdad, desconocimiento y atraso, respecto a las comunidades, el territorio y la actividad de TN. Y en los factores ambientales se resalta la necesidad de articular las prácticas económicas con las de conservación de ecosistemas; por ende, las iniciativas de TN deben priorizar áreas naturales y estratégicas, a través de su resguardo y gestión apropiada. Esto requiere de mecanismos, modelos de TN, procesos de gestión y estrategias que construyan, potencialicen y formalicen mencionada actividad en el territorio
Posibilidades y desafíos de la historia comparada: una propuesta para el análisis de la represión estatal, la prensa política y los derechos humanos en México y Colombia en las décadas de 1970 y 1980
No full textThis article reviews the possibilities and challenges of the comparative history of the political press and state repression in Mexico and Colombia during the decades from the 1960s to the 1980s. It uses a methodological approach that combines critical historiographic analysis with a dialogue with empirical research on the two cases. In this way, the article focuses on two parts: first, it examines the historiographic discussions on comparative history; second, it reviews the usefulness of comparative history to contrast cases such as Mexico and Colombia, particularly in the interaction between the political press and state repression in the 1960s to 1980s and proposes three axes to operationalize the comparison. At the end, conclusions are proposed that project a research plot in the comparative history of the political press and state repression in Mexico and Colombia.Este artículo desarrolla una propuesta de análisis de historia comparada de México y Colombia, centrada en la prensa política, la represión estatal y el problema de los derechos humanos durante los años 70 y 80. La metodología integra un enfoque historiográfico que resalta las discusiones sobre la historia comparada como campo y método, y plantea tres ejes para operacionalizar la comparación. Esta investigación justifica la pertinencia de comparar los regímenes autoritarios mexicano y colombiano, centrándose en el papel de la prensa política en la legitimación de la represión estatal y en el surgimiento del discurso de los derechos humanos como una preocupación para los gobiernos de ambos países. Finalmente, este artículo ofrece conclusiones que proponen una agenda investigativa para profundizar en la historia comparada de la prensa y la represión estatal
Identificación del consumo de plantas medicinales y suplementos de moda durante el embarazo en un hospital del centro de México
No full textObjective: To identify the use of herbal medicine and supplements among pregnant women.
Materials and methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 60 pregnant women of all ages, from 4 to 38 weeks of gestation, who were under medical care at a general hospital and had signed an informed consent form. A data collection form was designed and administered to those who agreed to participate, and their responses were analyzed.
Results: Ninety percent of pregnant women are familiar with medicinal plants, and 100 % of them consume them. The most commonly used plants are lemon balm (20 %), chamomile (18 %), rue (13 %), orange blossom (8 %), and cinnamon (6 %); twenty percent consume these daily, while 51.7 % do so two to three times a week. Common reasons for use include staying slim, feeling relaxed, “helping the pregnancy,” and feeling better. Additionally, 16.7 % use trendy supplements. The literature reports adverse effects for many of the products mentioned, including liver toxicity, hormonal disturbances, bleeding, premature labor, miscarriage, allergic reactions, gastrointestinal irritation, and uterine contractions.
Conclusions: The group of pregnant women is knowledgeable about and consumes various medicinal plants and supplements. It is crucial to inform them about the potential risks associated with the use of these products and to encourage them to consult specialists before starting any therapy during pregnancy. Objetivo: Identificar el consumo de fitoterapia y suplementos en mujeres embarazadas.
Material y método: Diseño de estudio observacional descriptivo, con muestreo no probabilístico (n = 60) embarazadas de todas las edades, de 4 a 38 semanas de gestación, en control en un hospital general de zona y que firmaron un consentimiento informado. Se diseñó y aplicó una cédula de recolección de datos. Respondieron la cédula quienes aceptaron participar y se analizaron las respuestas.
Resultados: 90 % de las embarazadas conoce plantas medicinales, 100 % las consume; el té limón (20 %), manzanilla (18 %), ruda (13 %), azahar (8 %) y canela (6 %) son las más consumidas; 20 % las consume diario y 51.7 % dos a tres veces a la semana. Usos comunes: estar delgada, sentirse relajada, “ayudar al embarazo” y sentirse mejor; 16.7 % consume suplementos de moda. La literatura reportó efectos adversos, como toxicidad hepática, alteraciones hormonales, hemorragia, parto prematuro, aborto espontáneo, reacciones alérgicas, irritación gastrointestinal y contracciones uterinas para la mayoría de los productos mencionados. Conclusiones: El grupo de embarazadas conoce y consume diversas plantas medicinales y suplementos; es imperativo informar sobre los riesgos asociados con el consumo de estos productos e invitarlas a consultar con especialistas antes de iniciar cualquier terapia durante el embarazo.
Uso y abuso de la figura de contratación directa para prestación de servicios profesionales en Colombia. Análisis de casos 2018-2022.: Use and Abuse of Direct Contracting for the Provision of Professional Services in Colombia. Analysis of Cases 2018-2022
No full textIt has always been believed that under the premise of article 125 of the Colombian Constitution, the principle of merit is the one that should prevail when granting public benefits in Colombia. However, public entities use and abuse the famous figure of literal h, numeral 4, article 2 of Law 1150. This investigation will have as its purpose the contract for the provision of professional services, which deals with an obligation to do. The autonomy and independence of the contractor from the technical and scientific point of view constitutes the essential element of this contract; The validity of the contract is temporary and, therefore, its duration must be for a limited time and the essential time to execute the agreed contractual object. But this is not reality. The state resorts to this figure to link plant personnel or to grant the benefits of a contract of these in order to “pay favours”.Siempre se ha creído que bajo la premisa del artículo 125 de la Constitución el principio del mérito es el que debe primar al momento de otorgar beneficios públicos en Colombia. Sin embargo, las entidades públicas usan y abusan de la famosa figura del literal h, numeral 4, artículo 2 de la ley 1150. Esta investigación tendrá como finalidad el contrato de prestación de servicios profesionales, que versa sobre una obligación de hacer. La autonomía e independencia del contratista desde el punto de vista técnico y científico constituye el elemento esencial de este contrato; la vigencia del contrato es temporal y, por lo tanto, su duración debe ser por tiempo limitado y el indispensable para ejecutar el objeto contractual convenido. Pero esta no es la realidad. El estado acude a esta figura para vincular personal de planta o para conceder los beneficios de un contrato de estos con el fin de “pagar favores”.On a toujours pensé qu'en vertu de l'article 125 de la Constitution, le principe du mérite est celui qui doit prévaloir lors de l'octroi d'avantages publics en Colombie. Or, les entités publiques usent et abusent du fameux chiffre du h littéral, chiffre 4, article 2 de la loi 1150. Cette enquête aura pour objet le contrat de prestation de services professionnels, qui traite d'une obligation de faire. L'autonomie et l'indépendance du contractant du point de vue technique et scientifique constituent l'élément essentiel du présent contrat ; La validité du contrat est temporaire et, par conséquent, sa durée doit être d'un temps limité et le temps indispensable pour exécuter l'objet contractuel convenu. Mais ce n'est pas la réalité. L'Etat recourt à ce chiffre pour lier le personnel de l'usine ou pour accorder les bénéfices d'un contrat de ceux-ci afin de "payer des faveurs"