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Effect of Cinnamaldehyde From Cinnamomum (Cinnamomum burmanni Ness ex Bi.) as an Encapsulation Agent Of Lemuru Fish Oil on In Vitro Gas and Methane Production
Full text linkPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation in animal feed is expected to increase unsaturated fatty acids content in livestock products. Lemuru fish oil supplementation as a source of PUFA can function as a hydrogen sink to reduce methane production. The contribution of methane gas emissions in livestock reaches 15-17% of the world's methane gas emissions. Encapsulation of PUFA using natural ingredients of cinamaldehyde is expected to be a solution to increasing PUFA in livestock product and improving environmentally friendly animal husbandry. This study aimed to determine the effect of using cinnamaldehyde as an encapsulation agent for lemuru fish oil as a source of PUFA on in vitro gas, methane and CO2 productions. Treatments consisted of different levels of cinnamaldehyde, namely 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 (mg/kg feed DM), with the 5% lemuru oil as PUFA source. The experimental design used a one-way ANOVA in completely randomized design pattern consisting of five treatments and three replicates. Each replicate was duplicate, and then, if there were significant differences, it was continued with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with SPSS version 23. This study discovered that the use of cinnamaldehyde did not affect the in vitro kinetics of gas and CO2 production. The use of cinnamaldehyde level of 500 mg/kg DM feed is the optimal level that can be used as an encapsulation agent for lemuru oil without causing an increase in methane production
Characteristics and Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticle Fortified Probiotic Yogurt
Full text linkZinc deficiency is a major health issue in developing nations, especially in Southeast and South Asia. To address this, food fortification using nanotechnology, such as ZnO nanoparticles deemed safe by the US FDA, can enhance daily zinc intake essential for growth and immune health. This research emphasizes on yoghurt fortification with various types: ZnO nanoparticle fortification and the addition of probiotic bacteria Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum IIA-1A5 (Accession Number: OR473281) and aims to analyze the nutritional value, characteristics, total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and antibacterial activity of probiotic yogurt fortified with ZnO nanoparticles. There were six levels of treatment designed in this study and each treatment was tested three times. The statistical test used in analyzing the nutritional value, characteristics, total LAB and antibacterial activity in this study is the Tukey test which is applied as a multiple range test while in organoleptic testing using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. The results showed that the fortification of yogurt with ZnO nanoparticles had significant interaction (p<0.05) on yogurt viscosity, LAB content, and color attributes in hedonic quality test. The antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli produced by six treatments were moderate, with inhibition zones ranging between 5 to 10 mm. This study concluded that the fortified yoghurt treatment met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), demonstrating the potential of this approach in addressing zinc deficiency in at-risk populations. This research underscores the promise of nanotechnology in food fortification strategies to combat micronutrient deficiencies globall
The Quantitative Characteristics of Cross-Bred Native Chicken (Sentul X Arab Chicken and Merawang X Arab Chicken)
Full text linkThe research aims to analyze the production potential and opportunities to increase the productivity of each cross-bred animal based on its quantitative characteristics. The livestock material used in this research was 50 Sera chickens (Sentul chickens x Arabian chickens) and 50 Mera chickens (Merawang chickens x Arabian chickens). The research was carried out by raising chickens from DOC to 3 months of age. The quantitative data involve body weight, weight gain, and body measurements (Head Length, Head Circumference, Head Height, Neck Length, Neck Circumference, Wing Length, Back Length, Back Height, Chest Length, Chest Width, Shank Length, Shank Circumference, Length Third Finger and Pubic Bone Distance). The quantitative data that has been observed is then analyzed through the t-test. Then, PCA is used to identify body shape and size determinants in Sera and Mera chickens. Statistical analysis was carried out using Minitab software version 21. The results obtained showed that the body weights of Sera and Mera chickens were significantly different (p<0.05) from DOC to 3 months of age. A significant increase in productivity in crosses between Sentul chickens and Arabian chickens and Merawang chickens with Arabian chickens occurs starting at 1-2 months. Sera and Mera chickens' body sizes differed significantly (p<0.05). The total diversity of PC1 in Sera chickens was 79.8%, and in Mera chickens, it was 70.6%. Meanwhile, the total PC2 diversity of Sera chickens was 17.7%, and Mera chickens were 7.9%. In conclusion, Sera chickens have the highest quantitative characteristics compared to Mera chickens, and the highest body weight gain occurs at 1-2 months in both Sera and Mera chickens. Based on principal component analysis. The body size characteristic of Sera chickens is shank length, while in Mera chickens, it is chest length. The distinct shape of Sera chickens is body height, while in Mera chickens, it is shank length
Analysis of the Nutritional Quality of Local Feed Ingredients Commonly Used in the Concentrate Formula for Beef Cattle Feedlots in Indonesia
Full text linkIndonesia's annual beef consumption is experiencing a steady rise. In 2021, the per capita beef consumption amounted to 2.56 kg per person per year, resulting in a total of 696 million kilograms consumed across the country. This quantity is equivalent to the slaughtering of approximately 3.98 million cattle annually. With the increasing growth of the feedlot industry, cattle farmers, including feedlot operators, have the opportunity to enhance the value of agricultural companies in Indonesia by utilizing local feedstuffs. The objective of this study was to assess the suitability and nutritional value of indigenous feed sources for beef cattle in Indonesia. The research utilized feedstuff varieties and characteristics sourced from feedlots spanning since 2012-2021. The employed methodologies encompassed surveys, interviews, and questionnaires. This research involved the collection of both primary and secondary data. The potential and quality of local feedstuff were described using descriptive analysis. This research showed that eight types of local feedstuff could be categorized as energy sources including dehydrated cassava chips with a total digestible nutrients (TDN) value of 84.2% and bran pollard with a TDN value of 66.6%. The fiber sources consisted of corn cob (37.7% crude fiber), coffee husk (38% crude fiber), cocoa bean shell (20% crude fiber), tapioca solid waste/onggok (22% crude fiber), and palm kernel meal (22.1% crude fiber). The protein source consisted of copra meal with a protein content of 22.4%. The physical test most frequently inspected the feed color (18.1%) and odor (18.1%). Moisture examination (24%) was the most frequently used of proximate analysis was employed to identify the chemical composition. In conclusion the existence of eight local ingredients which were categorized into three different types: energy source, protein source, and fiber source commonly used in the concentrate formula for beef cattle feedlots in Indonesia
Influence of Retanning Agents on Physical Characteristics of Snow-White Glove Leather from Goat Skin
Full text linkThe quality of leather is subject to various elements, such as the specific raw material used, and the processing techniques implemented throughout the production process. Goatskin, renowned for its exceptional softness and durability, is frequently employed in the production of gloves owing to its desired attributes, notably its capacity to produce snow-white gloves. Retanning is an essential step in the leather manufacturing process as it significantly improves the characteristics of the leather. Through an investigation into the impacts of distinct retanning agents on goatskin leather gloves, this research endeavor seeks to offer significant knowledge regarding the most effective retanning procedures that can augment the tactile attributes of snow- white leather gloves. In this study, formaldehyde, alum, chromium, and chromium alum were employed as retanning agents. The retanned leathers were assessed by physical parameters, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), then compared to a commercially available snow-white leather glove. The physical characteristics of chrome alum retanned leather showed a high degree of softness (6.60±0.02 mm), good tear strength (1.530±117 N/cm), and tensile strength (1.500±100 N/cm 2 ). The principal component analysis (PCA) also supported that the properties of chrome alum retanned snow-white glove leather closely resemble commercial leather and the result from this study suggested that all factors notably impact the skin's physical quality, except for thickness. Additionally, the FTIR analysis reveals similar functional groups from the different retanned leathers indicated by comparable peaks and stretching patterns. Therefore, chrome-alum could be a well alternative retanning agent for the production of snow-white glove leather
Various Saccharides Addition of Extender Ram Efficiency to Improve Cryopreservation in Semen Etawah Crossbreed Bucks with Seminal Plasma Replacement
Full text linkPhospholipase in buck seminal plasma will trigger a coagulation incident resulting in the demise of the spermatozoa during liquid semen processing using milk or egg yolk substrates diluent. A plasma replacement process is performed to avoid this possibility. The cryopreservation process leads to sperm cell damage due to the freezing process, therefore cryoprotectant agents such as saccharides are required as protective agents. This study aimed to investigate the effect of various types of saccharides on the quality of frozen semen of etawah crossbreed (PE) bucks during cryopreservation and thawing with plasma replacement using Priangan ram semen plasma. Semen was collected using an artificial vagina once a week. Fresh PE bucks semen centrifuged at 3,000 RPM for 30 min. The supernatant (seminal plasma) was removed and replaced in equal volume with Priangan ram seminal plasma. Semen was divided into four treatments: goat semen with sheep semen plasma in Tris diluent (control); control with 0.6% dextrose added (monosaccharides); control with 0.6% sucrose added (disaccharides); control with 0.6% raffinose added (trisaccharides). Semen quality including percentages of motile spermatozoa, live spermatozoa, and intact plasma membrane (IPM) were evaluated after diluted, equilibrated, and thawing, respectively. Results of this study showed that viability and IPM of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and trisaccharides were significantly (P<0.05) higher than control (54.40 and 51.40; 55.00 and 53.60; 55.60 and 52.20 vs 48.40 and 52.20, respectively). The motility of disaccharides was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to control and other diluent (47.00 vs 41.00, respectively). In conclusion, different types of saccharides were effective in maintaining the quality of etawah crossbreed buck frozen semen. The addition of disaccharides seems more effective compared to monosaccharides and trisaccharides in tris extender on the quality of etawah crossbreed buck frozen semen
The Effects of Protected Feed Supplements on Estrus Response, Milk Production and Composition of Sapera Dairy Goats
Full text linkSoybean groats and earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) are natural sources of protein, which are easy to obtain. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the effects of protected soybean groats (PSG) and earthworm meal (PEM) in the diet on estrus response, milk production and composition of Saanen Peranakan Etawa (Sapera) dairy goats. These feed supplements were further protected by 1% formaldehyde. A completely randomized design with three treatments consisting of basal diet (P0), 75% basal diet + 25% PSG (P1), and 74.96% basal diet +24.99% PSG and 0.05% PEM (P2) was used in this research. Also, a total of 21 lactating Sapera goats were utilized and equally grouped into these treatments. Milk productions and composition were recorded and checked using a Lactoscan milk analyzer. Moreover, estrus synchronization was applied using the PGF2α and GnRH hormone using the intramuscular (IM) injection method and observing estrus. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance while the differentiation of treatments was conducted with Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). Electrical current resistance, vaginal temperature, vulva color, milk production, fat, total solids, and protein contents were observed to be significantly affected by the supplementation of PSG and PEM (P<0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of PSG and PEM in the diet could improve estrus response, milk production and composition of Sapera goats
The Effect of Nanoencapsulated Citrus sinensis Peel Extract in Drinking Water on Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
Full text linkThis research aimed to investigate the characteristics of nanoencapsulated Citrus sinensis peel extract (NCSPE) applied in drinking water and its effect on broiler chickens' growth performance and jejunal histomorphology. The total of 192 Male Broiler chicken was distributed into six treatments with four replicates (Eight birds each replicate). The experimental treatments were control diet and drinking water added with no treatment (T0; negative control), tetracycline 50 mg/l (T1; positive control), CSPE (Citrus sinensis peel extract) 1,5% (T2), CSPE 3% (T3), NCSPE 1,5% (T4), and NCSPE 3% (T5). The variables evaluated in this research were characteristics of NCSPE, growth performance. Data were analyzed using ANOVA in a completely randomized design. All data with a significant difference were then tested again using the Duncan Test with a probability of less than 5%. Results showed that the size of NEPM was 13,70 nm with a spherical shape and negative charges with zeta potentials of -13.37 mV. Supplementing 1,5% and 3% of NCSPE affects on feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. It concluded that both 1,5% and 3% supplementation of NCSPE had a positive effect on growth performances.
Herbal Mineral Block Supplementation Containing Turmeric Flour, Black Soldier Fly, and Micro Minerals on Performance and Blood Profile of Dorper Crossbred Sheep
Full text linkThis study aimed to determine the effect of herbal mineral block (HMB) supplementation containing turmeric flour, black soldier fly (BSF), and micro minerals on the performance and blood profile of Dorper crossbred sheep. Ten growing sheep and ten lactating sheep were divided into two treatment groups (P0: complete feed without HMB supplementation and P1: complete feed with HMB supplementation). The research design used was a factorial completely randomized design (2 × 2) with 5 replications. Factor physiological status of growing and lactating sheep and factor supplementation with and without HMB. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan’s test. The results showed no interaction between physiological status and HMB supplementation on sheep performance (nutrient intake, initial and final body weight, daily body weight gain, and feed efficiency) and blood profile (hematology, metabolites, and minerals). The physiological status had a very significant effect (p<0.01) on nutrient intake, initial and final body weight, daily body weight gain, feed efficiency, and significantly (p<0.05) on serum phosphorus. Supplementation of HMB significantly (p<0.05) increased serum calcium which was crucial for bone an teeth development in growing sheep and milk production in lactating sheep. Serum phosphorus was higher in growing sheep, supporting their bone growth and energy metabolis compared to lactating sheep as it was diverted to the mammary gland
Quality Evaluation of Refrigerated Salted Butter Made with Goat and Cow Milk
Full text linkButter is a dairy product that is susceptible to oxidation, which causes a rancid taste and a short shelf life. The quality of the butter depends on the quality of milk. The aim of the study is to determine the quality of butter made from goat and cow reared by small-scale farmers in Yogyakarta with the traditional manufacturing process. The milk of Saanen-Peranakan Ettawa (Sapera) goats and Fresian Holstein were taken from farmers in Sleman district, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Butters were sampled after 0, 15, 30 days storage. This study used the Nested Design method , namely the nested quality of butter in the type of milk. The result showed that butter made from cow milk produced a higher fat content compared to goat milk butter (P<0.05), namely 85.29 ± 0.04% and 80.10 ± 0.27%. The acid value increased while pH value was decreased during storage (P<0.05). There was no increase in peroxide value in cow butter but there was an increase in goat butter on day 0 to day 15 (P<0.05). It can be concluded that the goat and cow milk reared by small-scale farmers in Yogyakarta have good quality so it produced good quality butter which is still good for consumption until 30 days of storage in the refrigerator