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Profitability of the Three Types of Smallholder Pig Farming in Indonesia: An Adaptation of Enterprise Budgeting Method
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze the production cost structure and to measure the profitability of three types of smallholder pig farming, namely farrow-to-finish, pig-finishing, and pig-nursery in Indonesia. This study employed the data from the Statistics Indonesia-Livestock Business Household Survey (ST2013-STU). The measurement of profitability was carried out by calculating the profitability of three types of pig farming business using the adapted enterprise budgeting method. Based on the production cost structure, the percentage of pig feed costs accounted for more than 70% of the total cash of the three types of pig farming. The percentage of unpaid labor costs is more than 50% of the total non-cash. Based on the measurement results of the profitability indicators, it can be shown that the pig-finishing type has the highest profitability among the three types of smallholder pig farming. Government policies are needed to increase pig farmers' access to financing and better pig farming technology
The Effect of Jamblang Leaves Extract (Syzygium cumini) Inclusion Skim Milk-Egg Yolk Extender on Motility, Abnormality and Viability of Aceh Cattle Spermatozoa Stored at 4ºC
Get PDFThis research aimed to know the effect of the addition of jamblang leaves extract (Syzygium cumini) in skim milk-egg yolk diluent material on motility, abnormality, and viability of Aceh cattle stored at 4ºC. The research design used was Complete Randomized Design consisting of 5 treatment and 5 repetitions. The treatments consisted of J0 (SSKT), J1 (SSKT+ EDJ 0. g/ 100 ml), J2 (SSKT+ EDJ 0.4 g/ 100 ml), J3 (SSKT+ EDJ 0.6 g/ 100 ml) and J4 (SSKT+ EDJ 0.8 g/ 100 ml). The data obtained were analyzed descriptively by determining the mean value and standard deviation using Microsoft Excel. The research result indicated that the addition of jamblang leaves extract in skim milk-egg yolk diluent material maintaining the motility, viability and abnormality of the spermatozoa of Aceh cattle stored at the temperature of 4ºC. Based on the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the addition of jamblang leaves extract in skim milk-egg yolk diluent material can maintain the quality of Aceh cattle spermatozoa, while the use of incorrect dose becomes toxic and disrupt the spermatozoa activities to cause death
Correlation and Regression Between Age and Body Weight on Semen Quality of Limousin Bulls in Artificial Insemination Center, Lembang, West Java
Get PDFThis research aimed to determine the correlation and to find the best regression model for predicting semen quality (semen volume, individual motility, and sperm concentration) based on age and body weight in Limousin bulls. This research was conducted in December 2019 in Artificial Insemination Center, Lembang, West Java. The method used was a survey with census data collection, namely all Limousin bulls with semen collected were used in this study. The data were analyzed for correlation and simple and multiple regression using R program. The results showed that the average of age, body weight, semen volume, individual motility and sperm concentration were 58.36 ± 40.19 months, 807.12 ± 91.59 kg, 5.86 ± 1.31 ml, 67.59 ± 4.11%, and 1006.23 ± 145.28 million/ml, respectively. Age with semen volume, body weight with semen volume, and combination of age and body weight with semen volume, had a medium positive correlation (P<0.05), with a correlation coefficient of 0.52, 0.58 and 0.58, respectively. The regression model with the highest coeficient of determination value (R2) was between body weight and semen volume with regression equation of Ŷ = -0.8129 + 0.008269X and of R2 = 0.34. In conclusion, semen volume of Limousin bull could be estimated using their age and body weight, while individual motility and sperm concentration might not be able to be estimated using their age and body weight
The Effectiveness of Cherry Leaf Extract (Muntingia calabura L) as an Anti-Bacterial Against Hatchability of Kub Chicken Eggs in Artificial Hatchery
Get PDFThe present study aimed to determine the effect of cherry leaf extract (Muntingia calabura L) on hatchability of Balitnak Superior Free Range Chickens (KUB) through artificial hatching. The doses of cherry leaf extract used in this study were 0%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The hatching eggs used came from KUB hens that were intensively reared in the poultry house at UPBS BPTP, North Sumatra. The procedures applied in this study were collection of hatching eggs, fumigation of machines and equipment, setting of machines and hatching eggs, egg washing with cherry leaf extract and hatching of eggs for 21 days. During the hatching process, observations were made on predetermined variables. The observed variables were egg shape index, egg weight loss, shell temperature and hatchability. The method used was completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 100 replications. The results showed that the hatching egg shape index in this study was 75,77 – 77,05%. The lowest egg weight loss was at P0 (0%), while the largest weight loss was at P2 (15%). The highest hatchability was observed in P1 (10%) at 84%. The most effective P1 treatment resulted in the highest egg hatchability in the present study
Fermentation Technology using Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Improve the Quality of Nutrition of Pod Coffe as Ruminant Feed
No full textThis study was carried out to assess the effect of solid state fermentation by using P. chrysosporium on nutrient composition of pod coffee and to evaluate its potency as ruminant feed in vitro. The in vitro experiment was conducted to determine fermentability of treated pod coffee. Fermented pod coffee by P. chrysosporium 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 % (R0 to R4). Pod coffee were air dried to moisture content of 10%-15% and then fermented with P. chrysosporium. The solid state fermentation trials were carried out on a laboratory scale. The result of this studi were fermentation of pod coffee by P. chrysosporium increased protein from 10.36% to 12.64%, and cellulose from 18.51% to 23.80%, and decreased lignin, from 64.42% to 44.04%, tannin from 1.02% to 0.18%, and caffeine from 1.39% to 0.20%. There were no differences in ruminal pH and N-ammonia production but volatile fatty acid production and dry matter digestibility decreased as the fermented of pod coffee level increased. The ruminal protozoa population in fermented of pod coffee diets was lower than the control diets (P<0.05). Conclusion in this study that fermented of pod coffee with P. chrysosporium can increase protein and cellulose concentration, but decrease lignin, tannin, and caffeine concentration
Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Brachiaria Grass from Immature Inflorescence Explants
Get PDFThis research was aimed to optimize concentration of phytohormone in callus induction and in vitro regeneration of three species of Brachiaria grass plant, namely Brachiaria brizantha, B. decumbens, and B. ruziziensis. Immature inflorescences were used as explant material. To induce callus, explants were inoculated into Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with phytohormone combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dicamba and kinetin. Observation of callus induction included percentage of callus formation and callus morphology. The embryogenic calli were then transferred into regeneration media, i.e. MS basal medium supplemented with kinetin and 6-benzylaminopurin (BAP). The result showed that 4 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.2 mg/L kinetin showed highest callus induction in B. brizantha and B. decumbens, namely 76% and 88% respectively. Whereas in B. ruziziensis, 3 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.2 mg/L kinetin showed highest callus induction, namely 86%. MS medium supplemented with 4 mg/L kinetin showed highest regeneration in all three grass species, namely 92.5% in both B. brizantha and B. ruziziensis, and 88.75% in B. decumbens
The Effect of Harvest Age on Different Regrowth on Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Forage Yield by Intercropped with Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott
Get PDFThis research was carried out to examine the chicory forage yields on different regrowth which were intercropped with Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott (dwarf elephant grass) on different regrowth due to various harvest age. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Forage and Pasture, Faculty of Animal Science UGM for 7 months, with a split-plot design and analyzed by Duncan with a total of 9 plots and an area of 2.5x2.5 m2 for each plot. The main plot was the harvest age treatment (30, 45, and 60 days) and the subplot was the regrowth (first and second). In the first stage, as many as 9 cuttings of dwarf elephant grass in one plot were planted with a spacing of 1x1 m2 until the plant height reaches 10 to 15 cm, then the chicory seeds were spread among the dwarf elephant grass plants with the sand mixture. The results showed the harvest age had a significant effect (P<0.05) on chicory's plant height, fresh forage yield, dry matter content, dry matter digestibility, and organic matter digestibility. The 30 to 45 days harvest age performed a higher fresh production more than the 45 days to 60 days harvest age. The 60 days harvest age and second regrowth yielded the highest mixed fresh production compared to the other harvest ages, namely from 12.50 ton/ha to 25.26 ton/ha. Based on the research results showed that the older the harvest age (60 days) increased the biomass of plant production but decreased the plant digestibility. The second regrowth was able to produce higher than the first regrowth, but there was no significant effect on the dry matter content and forage digestibility.
Characeristics of the Physical Changes of Muscovy Duck Eggs During the Natural Hatching Process and their Effect on Hatchability
No full textThis research aimed to determine the alteration of physical characteristics of Muscovy duck hatching egg of natural hatching. The information obtained will be used as a reference to modern hatching (artificially). Muscovy ducks as one of a poultry’s meat producer needs to be improved by population breeding with modern hatching. To be able to artificially incubate the eggs and achieve high hatchability, it is necessary to observe the natural hatching by mother duckling. The observation method was on egg shape index, hygiene of eggshell, shell temperature, egg weight loss, and hatchability. Ten mother ducklings were used during brood time with 15 eggs on each duck. The results showed the eggs that successfully hatched in this research had egg shape index equal 73.6%, egg weight loss 9.6%, eggshell temperature 36.9-38.0ºC, and hatchability 86%. The conclusion of this research during the natural hatching, the eggs undergo physical alteration that were egg weight loss, alteration in the eggshell appearance, and the temperature of the eggshell increased from day one to 28 but decreased at the end of the hatching process
Off-flavor Production of Cihateup Duck Meat at Different Slaughter Ages
Get PDFThis study aims to evaluate the age of off-odor detection to ensure more efficient and economical provision of antioxidants in the production of Cihateup ducks. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 different treatments of slaughter age, i.e. 4, 8 and 12 week. Each treatment consisted of 6 replications and each replication consisted of 13 ducks. The results showed that the percentage of fat content at the age of 12 weeks was higher than the age of 4 and 8 week. High fat-containing meat tends to undergo fat oxidation. High levels of Fe at 12 week of slaughter age cause high levels of myoglobin in duck meat. Fe2+ is a catalyst in the process of fat oxidation. the brightness value (L) is inversely proportional to the value a of Cihateup duck meat. The darker brightness of the meat causes the flesh to be redder due to myoglobin level in duck meat. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (ALTJG) is 4- and 12-week slaughter age lower than 8 week of age. The high levels of MDA at 12 week of slaughter age are due to fat oxidation which causes off-odor. Based on the result, the conclusion is that the high fat content, Fe content, color of Cihateup duck meat at 12 weeks of slaughter age caused the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (ALTJG) to be low due to fat oxidation. Fat oxidation caused high levels of MDA in duck meat (12 weeks of slaughter age) resulting in Off-odors in Cihateup duck meat
The Analysis of Capacity Increase in Beef Cattle Population in The South Konawe Regency
Get PDFThis research aimed to determine the maximum potential for increasing the population of beef cattle in the South Konawe Regency Southeast Sulawesi Province based on natural resources and the ability of the head of the farmer family to raise cattle. This research was conducted 5th October to 28th December 2019. Determination of research location was carried out purposely (purposive sampling), with the consideration that South Konawe Regency was a central area for Bali cattle breeding. The data analysis was carried out by analyzing the supporting capacity of forage from pasture land and non-pasture land (rice fields, plantations, forests and moor) as well as the production of agricultural food crop waste (rice, corn, peanuts, green beans, cassava, sweet potatoes and soybeans), using tabular data in the form of data on food crop production and land area. Potential analysis of beef cattle business development in South Konawe Regency using the calculation of the Capacity Increase of Ruminant Population/Kapasitas Peningkatan Populasi Ternak Ruminansia (KPPTR). Based on the results of research in South Konawe Regency, the number can still be increased by 7,478 Animal Units. If the value is converted to adult female-male cows with an age of >2 years, the population addition can be done as many as 7,478 cows. Meanwhile, if converted to female-male heifers with an age of 1-2 years, the population increase can be increased by 14,956 and if converted to female-male calves with an age of >1 year, the population increase can be done up to 28,912