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The Effect of Betel Nut Extract (Areca catethu L) on Spermatozoa Quality (Macroscopic and Microscopic) in Male Goats
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to determine the effect of betel nut extract on the macroscopically and microscopically quality of spermatozoa. Materials and methods were used for 16 male Ettawa goats at the age of 2 years. The preparation of betel nut extract and macroscopic observations of spermatozoa via the use of odors, colors, and volumes, as well as microscopic observations of spermatozoa through the use of mass motion, mass motility, and individual motility. The betel nut extract was administered orally for 15 days. The treatments in this study were T0 (without the provision of betel nut extract), T1 (provision of betel nut extract (90 mg/goat/day)), T2 (provision of betel nut extract (180 mg/goat/day)), T3 (provision of betel nut extract (270 mg/goat/day)). The results showed that the addition of betel nut extract was significantly different than without extracts (P<0.05). The goats without betel nut extract had the lowest quality of spermatozoa, whereas the goats treated with a betel nut extract (270 mg/goat/day) had the highest quality of spermatozoa of all the treatments. There was an increase in spermatozoa in the 10th data collection, including smell, colour, volume, mass motility, and individual motility. Furthermore, male goats were given betel nut extract at a dose of 270 mg/goat/day, which improved spermatozoa quality both macroscopically and microscopically. Subsequently, we assumed that betel nut extract could improve reproductive quality in male goats
Macronutrient Digestibilities and Enzyme Activities in Rumen Fluid Supplemented by Protein-Energy Synchronized Index-Based Rations
Get PDFThe protein-energy synchronized (PES) index-based rations can optimize microbial protein synthesis (MPS) and affect enzyme activity and macronutrient digestibility of ration in rumen fluid. This study aimed to examine the in vitro effect of a ration based on PES index on macronutrient digestibility and enzyme activity in rumen fluid. The research was conducted experimentally, consisting of 4 treatment rations with different PES indexes (R1: 0.55; R2: 0.6; R3: 0.65; R4: 0.7). Each treatment was repeated 5 times, so there were 24 experimental units. The material used was the rumen fluid of the Jawa Randu Goat, which was taken at the Sokaraja Slaughterhouse shortly after the goat was slaughtered. Each ration consisted of napier grass, river tamarind, coconut meal, soybean dregs, rice bran, cassava waste, and mineral mix. The results showed that the PES index significantly affected (P<0,01) the digestibility of protein (A), fiber (B), and fat (C), as well as the activity of protease (D) and cellulase (E) enzymes. Theorthogonal polynomial test showed that the PES index has a quadratic effect on all test parameters with the following equation: A (Y= -1229.5X2 + 1540.6X -457.57; R2= 0.75), B (Y = -800.95X2+ 955.86X -264.51; R² = 0.75), C (Y = 868.92X2-1038.2X + 325.1; R2= 0.81), D (Y = -41.4X2+ 51.697X -14.982; R² = 0.77), and E (Y = -4.8538X2+ 5.927X -1.6241; R² = 0.84). The protein-energy synchronized index-based rations increased the in vitro of macronutrient digestibility (protein, fiber, and fat) and enzyme activity on rumen fluid at a medium index level (0.6-0.63)
Developing Strategy to Reduce the Mortality of Native Chicken using Qualitative Modeling
Get PDFSmallholder native chicken farming continues to face challenges that include simple farming management as well as ND and AI diseases that lead to decreased productivity and increased mortality rate. The aim of the study was to develop a strategy to reduce the mortality rate of native chickens in extensive and semi-intensive rearing systems. This study uses survey method with 78 extensive and 88 semi-intensive native chicken farmers as respondent. This study explores the disease incidence, illness treatment, mortality rate, as well as AI and ND antibody titers which then analyzed descriptively. System dynamic model using Ventana software (VENSIM) was used to identify the contributing factors to the mortality rate of native chicken in smallholder farming. The results showed that the common diseases among native chickens reared in semi-intensive and extensive farming are AI, ND, CRD, and pullorum, with a high rate of disease-specific mortality (>5%). Compared to native chickens in semi-intensive farming, those of in extensive farming showed a higher natural immunity against AI and ND. The qualitative modeling produced seven reinforcing loops and five balancing loops. Some challenges in developing native chicken farming were disease incidence due to lack of proper land and cage, the occurrence of selling unhealthy chickens, farmers opting out for poultry vaccination, high operational cost, lack of business motivation, limited knowledge on poultry management and health, lack of extension programs, and traditional management. We concluded that the rate of disease-specific mortality (ND and AI) remained high in native chickens reared both in extensive and semi-intensive farming. It takes an effort to improve farming management, vaccination, and the government’s contribution through extension programs to decrease disease incidence and mortality rate of native chickens
Social Cultural Characteristics of Farmers and Types of Plant Cultivated on Local Native Forage Sources in Kupang Regency
Get PDFThe local native forage sources in Kupang Regency have their own specifications due to different management. This research is aimed at describing socio- cultural characteristics of farmers and the types of plant cultivated on local native forage sources planted in the farms in Kupang Regency. It was conducted in Oeletsala Village, Taebenu Sub-District, Kupang Regency from August 2015 to April 2017. The research method was survey, direct observation and measurement in the field as well as secondary data collection. The data were analyzed descriptively in the form of averages, tables and graphs. The results showed that amarasi farm were more widely distributed than dry mamar and selobua. Most of the farmers were at their productive age, have elementary school education, and 1-4 family members. The background of farming and the reasons for choosing the type of farms were varied. Likewise, the types of plants were also varied. Utilization of the types of plants have experienced a shift from conservation goals to multi-function. In amarasi, dry mamar and selobua farm were found 62, 77 and 53 types of plants. Forage which is commonly used at the farmer level were 13 species dominated by Leucaena leucocephala. While, 23 other commodities were not forage and they were harvested in certain seasons and for household needs. In conclusion, the farmers were at their productive age, with low education, and small family size. The background of establishing the farms and the reasons for choosing the type of farms varied. The types of plants have been shifted from conservation goals to being multi-purposes. The types of plants that were widely developed other than forage are dominated by food crops and horticulture. The three types farms can have a positive impact on feed and food security, source of farmer’s income and land conservatio
Analysis of Strategy for Developing Beef Cattle Production on a Smallholder Farming Basis in Musi Banyuasin Regency South Sumatra
Get PDFThe increased beef cattle production at traditional farms is a strategy to achieve meat self-sufficiency in 2026. This is accomplished through various parties, including the government, academics, researchers, the private sector, and farmers as the main actors. Therefore, this study aimed to determine and analyze criteria, performance criteria, strategies, and alternatives for sustainable beef cattle production in traditional farms based on the opinion of experts. The research location was School for Smallholder Community (SPR) Maju Bersama, Sungai Lilin Sub-District, Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Primary data were collected through FGD (focus group discussion) and interview with expert stakeholders, including farmers, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, and research analyst. They were analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with R studio version 4.1.2. The result showed that Musi Banyuasin Regency has a natural resource potential for supporting beef cattle production with an institutional collaborative strategy. The interaction between the production factors showed that the feeding criteria were at the highest level, with 32.05%. Considering the performance criteria, business sustainability was essential at 35.70% and should be achieved by adopting a corporate strategy of 85.52%, implemented through alternative business management at 61.40%
Bio-processing Plantation by-products with White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) to Improve Fermentability and Digestibility Based on Substrate Type and Fermentation Time
Get PDFPlantation by-products can be used as livestock feed with proper processing, optimizing the feed efficiency of palm kernel cake (PKC), empty oil palm bunch (EOPB), and acacia sawdust (AS). This study aimed to improve the usability of the byproducts as alternative feed through the Pleurotus ostreatus fermentation process. To this end, a 3×3 factorial, completely randomized design was applied. Factor A was the type of substrate, P1 = PKC, P2 = EOFB and P3 = AS. Factor B was the fermentation period, T1 = 0 d, T2 = 30 d and T3 = 60 d. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significantly different result was further tested using Duncan Test. The observed variables include Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, pH value, dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), N-NH 3 , and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The study result showed that P.ostreatus mushroom in various substrate types did not significantly affect the fiber fraction of NDF, ADF, and Hemicellulose. This study also found that the interaction of substrate type and fermentation duration significantly affects dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH 3 production, and VFA values. This study concluded P. ostreotus increased the nutritional value and digestibility of the by- product from plantation processing. The best fermentation duration was 60 d PKC was found to have the highest digestibility value, and the best interaction was found in PKC with 60 d of fermentation
Association of Quantitative Characteristics with Growth Hormone Gene (GH Gene) in Kerinci Duck Using PCR-RFLP Method
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the association of quantitative characteristics with growth hormone gene (GH gene) in kerinci duck using PCR-RFLP method. Samples total used was 96 Kerinci ducks consisting of 43 males and 53 females and 96 blood samples. DNA was extracted using the protocol Genomic DNA Purification Kit from Promega and then amplified by PCR using a pair of primers5'-CAA GGA ACA GAG GGT TTC CA-3' and Revers : 3'-GGG AGA TAG GGC AAA CAT CA-5', with a length of product 855 bp. The amplification product was cut using restriction enzyme AluI with the AG↓CT cutting site. Growth hormone/AluI fragments of Kerinci duck were electrophoresed using 1.5% agarose gel and visualized using doc gel. Data collected includes body weight, weight gain, body measurements, and blood of Kerinci ducks. The differences in body weight, body weight gain, and body measurements, as well as differences in body weight between genotypes were tested by T-test. The determinants of the size and shape of Kerinci duck were analyzed using PCA. This study showed that the body weight, weight gain, and body sizes of male Kerinci ducks were significantly different (P<0.05) than female Kerinci ducks. The Kerinci duck GH|AluI gene is polymorphic with three genotypes, i.e, +/+ of (49%), +/- of (39.6%), and -/- of (11.5%), and two alleles, namely (+) by 69% and (–) by 31%. Conclusion: body weight, weight gain, and body sizes of male Kerinci ducks were higher than female. The size identifier of male and female Kerinci ducks were sternum, shank lengh, and shank circumference, while shape identifier was wing length. GH Genes|AluI in Kerinci duck is polymorphic. GH gene |AluI of Kerinci ducks was associated with body weight, weight gain, and body measurements, and the best is the genotype (+/+)
Blood Profile and Carcass Production of Broiler Chickens Given Nucleotides and Turmeric Extract in Feed
Get PDFBroiler chickens are birds that grow very fast, but have low body resistance and are easily stressed. This study aimed to examine the effect of nucleotide and turmeric extract (Curcuma longa Linn) on blood profile (erythrocytes, hemoglobin and leukocytes) and carcass production (weight of carcass, weight of breast, thighs and wings) in broiler chickens. Data was collected using a completely randomized design with 7 treatments consisting of Control: basal feed + antibiotic Bacitracin Zinc 0.1 g/day; N 0 : basal feed; N 1 : basal feed + turmeric extract 600 mg/kg feed; N 2 : basal feed + nucleotide 250 mg/kg feed; N 3 : basal feed + nucleotide 250 mg/kg feed + turmeric extract 600 mg/kg feed; N 4 : basal feed + nucleotide 500 mg/kg feed; N 5 : basal feed + nucleotide 500 mg/kg feed + turmeric extract 600 mg/kg feed. The results showed that nucleotide supplementation and turmeric extract had no significant effect on weight of carcass, weight of breast, thighs and wings, hemoglobin, erythrocytes and leukocytes of broiler. The use of nucleotide and turmeric extract could not improve the blood profile of broiler
The Hematological and Biochemical Profiles of Wonosobo Sheep Blood in Various Physiological Conditions
Get PDFThe study aimed at examining the hematological and biochemical profiles of Wonosobo sheep blood in various physiological conditions. There were 32 Wonosobo sheep in the various physiological conditions, including 17 ewe lamb of 1-2 months of age, 5 pregnant female sheep of 12-48 months of age at 3 months of pregnancy, 5 ewe of 12-48 months of age in second lactation period of 1-2 months and 5 ram of 12-48 months of age. Each of the sheep was put in individual sheepfold and given Pakchong-1 grass, dried kangkong, and concentrate. Drinking water was given ad libitum. Blood sample was drawn from jugular vein and put into tubes for blood hematological and biochemical analyses. The results of the study showed that total leukocyte and lymphocyte were high in young sheep, while neutrophils was high in pregnant female sheep (P0.05). The highest ALP activity and Pi levels were found in the ewe lamb, while low creatinine was found in the ram (P0.05). It was concluded that the impact of the physiological conditions of the Wonosobo sheep caused high total leukocyte and lymphocyte in ewe lamb and high neutrophil in pregnant female sheep, the increase in the Pi level and ALP activity of the ewe lamb, and high creatinine in the ra
The Effect of Flushing Premating with Spirulina Platensis Supplementation on Ewes Postpartum Estrus
Get PDFLactating ewes require high nutrients for basic life requirements and milk production. If not fulfilled, it can have an impact on Negative Energy Balance (NEB) that reduces body weight, Body Condition Score (BCS), and extend the appearance of Postpartum Estrus (PPE). Premating flushing feed is an effort to improve ewe nutrients by adding high nutrition for preparation before mating so that after lambing and suckling, the ewe immediately estrus. This research aimed to evaluate the performance of ewes through premating flushing feeding. The research was conducted at Mendo Galak Farm, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Twenty ewes 2-3 years old with BCS 2-3 divided into two groups; the group with flushing treatment consisted of dried water spinach (Ipomoea reptans poir), concentrate feed with Spirulina sp. (14,92% crude protein, 60,28% total digestible nutrients), and the control group (PS) without Spirulina sp. (crude protein 11,82%, total digestible nutrients 53,20%). Flushing feed was given after a month postpartum as much as 3% dry matter of body weight. The recorded parameter was daily feed consumption, monthly body weight, BCS, and postpartum estrus. The data obtained were tested by an independent T-test with Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPPS ver. 22). The results showed the consumption and digestibility of CP, TDN, and ewe's ADG had a significant difference (P0.05), 73.90±11.55 vs. 77.60±14.65 days, respectively. The conclusion was that flushing premating treatment with the addition of Spirulina platensis increased the nutrient intake and digestibility of CP, TDN, and ADG but had not shortened on postpartum estrus of lactating ewes