Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik
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Explaining Zimbabwe’s Survival Against Sanctions (1997-2017): A Resilience Perspective
No full textInternational economic sanctions (IES) were imposed on Zimbabwe by Western sanctions-imposing nations (SINs) from 1997, when President Mugabe was still in power. This study examines how Zimbabwe survived the IES menace during President Mugabe’s reign (1997-2017) and highlights how conventional theories on resistance against sanctions did not adequately acknowledge the concept of resilience in Zimbabwe. This problem arose because current resistance theories tended to apply only to the SINs and not the IES target countries (including Zimbabwe), which were often labelled as anti-democratic and pro-terrorism. The findings of this study were that President Mugabe, his government, and the people of Zimbabwe had extraordinary resilience against IES, hence the continued existence of the country as a unitary state by 2017. The study adopted an interpretivist philosophy to understand the real-life situations of respondents, as reflected by their behaviours and preferences. Primary data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, while the secondary data was gathered from desk research. In addition, triangulation techniques were employed to enhance the validity and reliability of findings. The study draws on resilience theory, with the researcher coming up with a resilience model (ZRM) to help explain Zimbabwe’s survival. Resilience theory is a unique approach because, whilst the concept had previously been the preserve of scientific areas like engineering, public health, social sciences, psychology, and others, its importance has been overlooked in the area of IES. By re-contextualising the resilience phenomenon to IES, the study makes an important contribution to knowledge
Can Malaysia Move to Tier 1? Analysing the Current Trends and Case Studies of Human Trafficking
Full text linkThis study explores Malaysia’s persistent challenges in advancing to Tier 1 in the US Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report, highlighting systemic barriers such as weak enforcement, corruption, and insufficient victim protection. Despite existing anti-trafficking laws, poor implementation and limited support services have hindered efforts to combat human trafficking. The study examines key sectors vulnerable to trafficking—including palm oil plantations, manufacturing, and domestic labour—to identify critical gaps that perpetuate exploitation and abuse. A comparative analysis with the Philippines, an ASEAN country ranked at Tier 1, provides insights into successful strategies that Malaysia could adopt. The Philippines has implemented specialised anti-trafficking courts, victim-centred programs, and comprehensive enforcement mechanisms, contributing to its progress in addressing human trafficking. Malaysia, by contrast, has struggled with inconsistent prosecutions and inadequate rehabilitation services for victims, which have negatively impacted its TIP ranking. The findings suggest Malaysia must adopt a multi-dimensional approach to improve its anti-trafficking efforts. Key recommendations include strengthening legal frameworks, enhancing victim protection services, increasing prosecution rates, and fostering regional partnerships. Addressing these systemic challenges is crucial for safeguarding vulnerable populations, improving Malaysia’s international reputation, and promoting justice and human rights. Achieving Tier 1 status would signify a major step forward in Malaysia’s commitment to combating trafficking and ensuring accountability for perpetrators
Exploring the Structural Spread of Close-Mindedness as an Epistemic Vice in Indonesia
Full text linkThe post-Suharto era in Indonesia, which spans over 26 years and encompasses numerous leadership changes, has been marked by significant democratic challenges. The period is defined by the rise of populism, increasing polarization, and institutional resistance to open discourse. Sensitive discussions regarding the principles and ideologies of the state are often met with reluctance or outright rejection by governmental institutions. These tendencies reflect a deeper structural issue: the intellectual vice of close-mindedness, as examined through the lens of vice epistemology. This paper argues that close-mindedness operates not only at an individual level but also as a systemic issue entrenched within institutional frameworks, creating a feedback loop between political structures and societal attitudes. The paper examines the relationship between institutional resistance and societal polarization, shedding light on how these elements reinforce one another. Additionally, it investigates the cultural and historical factors that have contributed to the perpetuation of close-mindedness as an epistemic vice in Indonesia’s governance and political culture. Left unaddressed, this structural vice threatens to undermine the integrity of Indonesia’s democracy and further deepen societal divisions. In its conclusion, the paper offers practical recommendations to break this cycle, emphasizing the need for fostering intellectual humility, strengthening democratic institutions, and encouraging open and critical public discourse to safeguard the nation’s democratic trajectory
Trends in Political Professionalisation Research: Bibliometric Mapping of Published Articles in the Scopus Database
Full text linkPolitical professionalisation is essential in developing more structured, efficient, and transparent political practices oriented toward the broader public interest. However, the process also faces challenges such as potential elitism and alienation of politicians from the general public. Using the Bibliometrix RStudio software, this review presents trends and patterns in political professionalisation research from 57 articles in the Scopus database, published between March 1997 and April 2024. There is a significant upward research trend, with 5.27% annual publication growth on the issue. The authors found four primary research streams in the study of political professionalisation, each integrating distinct thematic categories: (1) the nature of political professionalisation focuses on the fundamental characteristics of political professionalisation, including its core substance and the evolving profile of career politicians; (2) political professionalisation strategies and capacity examines the mechanisms through which professionalisation occurs, covering the legislative role, political communication and campaigns, and the institutionalisation of political parties; (3) the adoption and diffusion of political professionalisation highlights shifts in politician recruitment patterns and the impact of country size on professionalisation processes; (4) the implementation and impact of political professionalisation assess the consequences of these transformations, providing insights into their broader political implications. Several areas still require further investigation based on the 56 questions identified. By filling these gaps, future research will provide a more holistic view of political professionalisation in an increasingly complex and changing political context and enhance the effectiveness and inclusiveness of political systems worldwide
The Happiness of the Older Individuals in Indonesia and Its Associated Factors
Full text linkIndonesia has entered the ageing population phase, marked by the percentage of older individuals exceeding 10 per cent and continuing to rise. Older individuals are more vulnerable to various factors, such as economic non-productivity, declining health conditions, and the need for companionship. Happiness among older individuals is important because productive, healthy, and happy older individuals may become a second demographic dividend for the country’s development. By utilising the Happiness Index Survey (SPTK) 2021 data, this study aims to measure the happiness of Indonesian older individuals and identify the sociodemographic, socioeconomic, health, and social engagement factors associated with it. The happiness index for older individuals in Indonesia is estimated to be at 70.54 points, with 49.3 per cent of them having a happiness index above this number, categorised as happy, and 50.7 per cent falling into the less happy category. Binary logistic regression identifies significant factors associated with happiness among older individuals. These include marital status, education level, type of residence, household income, employment status, ownership of old-age security, non-presence of chronic diseases and disabilities, and frequency of communicating with family. Gender is not significantly associated with happiness among older individuals. Various interventions from stakeholders are crucial to enhance the happiness of older individuals, primarily to protect them from vulnerabilities. These include health protection, empowerment, welfare assurance, and social support for older individuals with limited social relationships
Nature, Land, and Sustainability: Exploring the Livelihood Strategies of Local Community and Development of “Billionaire Village” in Tuban Regency, Indonesia
Full text linkRural communities depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. As such, managing nature, land, and the environment is crucial. This study examines the livelihood assets and lives of the community following land compensation from a company establishing its presence in the region. This study employs purposive sampling, a method commonly used in quantitative research, to represent communities affected by industrial activity in Wadung Village, Jenu District, Tuban Regency, Indonesia. The participants consist of 30 fishermen and farmers. They filled out the survey for the primary data in this study. The findings show that land loss has significantly transformed the environmental ecosystem and the sustainability of life. This study examines five sustainable livelihood capitals—natural, social, financial, physical, and human capital. Social capital scored highest (14.78), reflecting the community's strong interpersonal networks and active community organizations. Financial capital ranked second (14.70), largely due to substantial compensation payments following land acquisition. However, these funds have led to financial management challenges, as many recipients lack financial literacy and spend compensation money on consumer goods rather than long-term investments. This spending pattern, combined with significant livelihood disruptions (including career changes and relocations after land loss), has created a need for structured financial guidance to ensure sustainable use of compensation funds
Beyond the Long-term Infrastructure Project: Survival Analysis on Monetary Institution and Capital City Relocation
Full text linkPast studies on regime change, political business cycles, and long-term infrastructure projects have shown that regime change can significantly shift policy priorities and approaches to long- term projects. Leaders aiming for survival will leverage available resources and policies to retain power, ensure regime sustainability, maintain policy coherence, and secure project continuity, especially for long-term infrastructure projects extending beyond their tenure. Most existing literature has discussed how leaders use resources to maximise power retention. However, the impact of these resources and policies on the success of long-term infrastructure projects has not been adequately tested, particularly regarding the economic impact of capital city relocation and the role of macroeconomic policies in accelerating this impact. We argue that expanding monetary policy instruments for project continuity and policy realignment can accelerate the achievement of capital relocation goals. Using Cox regression survival analysis on 16 countries that relocated their capital between 1956 and 2023, we assessed the time required to achieve targeted goals and examined macroeconomic factors influencing these timelines. Our results indicate a 75% chance of achieving success within 50 years, 50% within 30 years, and 25% within 20 years. The expansion of monetary policy instruments accelerates project goal achievement. However, since our study focuses on political-economic aspects, future research needs to include other variables, such as political stability, party polarisation, and opposition autonomy regarding policy realignment and long-term project continuity
Global Research Trends and Regional Disparities in the Political Participation of Arab Muslim Migrants: A Bibliometric Analysis (2013–2023)
No full textThis bibliometric analysis of Scopus-indexed literature (2013–2023) investigates global research trends and regional disparities in the political participation of Arab Muslim migrants. By analysing 12 studies selected from 30 initial search results, the study identifies dominant themes such as diaspora, religiosity, and activism that reflect the socio-political dynamics of Arab Muslim migrants in host countries. These findings highlight the intersections between migration, identity, and politics, influencing policy and integration processes. However, notable regional disparities exist, with 75% of studies originating from the United States and Western Europe, while contributions from the Middle East and North Africa remain minimal. This imbalance limits perspectives and highlights underrepresentation. The research gaps also include insufficient exploration of how European policies affect integration and limited empirical studies addressing political participation strategies in non-Western contexts. This study emphasises the significance of political participation in fostering multicultural policy development and integration. The bibliometric methodology employed, including the use of VOSviewer for keyword co-occurrence analysis, provides quantitative insights into research patterns and thematic clusters, ensuring a rigorous evaluation of trends and gaps. Practical implications include the need for interdisciplinary and regionally inclusive approaches to address systemic barriers and enhance participation. Policymakers and researchers are encouraged to prioritise underrepresented themes and regions, facilitating more inclusive and comprehensive migration studies
