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Le obbligazioni "di mezzi" e "di risultato" nell'uniformazione dei modelli di imputazione della responsabilità
No full textLe incertezze della partizione tra obbligazioni "di mezzi" e "di risultato" e la critica ai criteri tipologici astratti fondati ora sull'oggetto dell'obbligazione, ora sul carattere aleatorio dell'attività del debitore, ora sull'accettazione dei rischi da parte del creditore, ora sul ruolo più o meno "passivo" del creditore nell'esecuzione del contratto. Le ulteriori incongruenze della giurisprudenza francese che individua un'obbligazione di risultato pur in presenza di una condotta eminentemente "attiva" del creditore, che è titolare dei poteri di direzione e di controllo. Gli escamotages della Cassazione d'oltralpe e l'elaborazione delle categorie delle obbligazioni di mezzi "rafforzate o aggravate" e delle obbligazioni di risultato allégées o "attenuate": dall'inversione della prova negativa della faute alla dimostrazione, in positivo, del caso fortuito o della forza maggiore. Le ulteriori ipotesi di "contrattualizzazione" e di "de-contrattualizzazione" della responsabilità nei diritti italiano e francese, anche in virtù delle regole del concorso o del non-cumul. Il principio di equivalenza tra la responsabilità oggettiva delittuale del custode e la responsabilità contrattuale del soggetto tenuto all'obbligo di sicurezza. La de-contrattualizzazione della responsabilità da prodotto ed il problema dell'onere della prova. Il superamento delle obbligazioni di sécurité-moyens e la ricerca di nuovi modelli ordinanti. La “colpa contrattuale” come «falso concetto»: l’emancipazione della disciplina dell’inadempimento dalla responsabilità delittuale per faute prouvée e la “fungibilità” tra le regole sulla base di criteri d’imputazione diversi dalla colpa
Effects of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors on the Development of Epilepsy and Psychiatric Comorbidity in WAG/Rij Rats
No full textEpigenetic mechanisms, such as alterations in histone acetylation based on histone deacetylases (HDACs) activity, have been linked not only to normal brain function but also to several brain disorders including epilepsy and the epileptogenic process. In WAG/Rij rats, a genetic model of absence epilepsy, epileptogenesis and mild-depression comorbidity, we investigated the effects of two HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), namely sodium butyrate (NaB), valproic acid (VPA) and their co-administration, on the development of absence seizures and related psychiatric/neurologic comorbidities following two different experimental paradigms. Treatment effects have been evaluated by EEG recordings (EEG) and behavioural tests at different time points. Prolonged and daily VPA and NaB treatment, started before absence seizure onset (P30), significantly reduced the development of absence epilepsy showing antiepileptogenic effects. These effects were enhanced by NaB/VPA co-administration. Furthermore, early-chronic HDACi treatment improved depressive-like behaviour and cognitive performance 1 month after treatment withdrawal. WAG/Rij rats of 7 months of age showed reduced acetylated levels of histone H3 and H4, analysed by Western Blotting of homogenized brain, in comparison to WAG/Rij before seizure onset (P30). The brain histone acetylation increased significantly during treatment with NaB or VPA alone and more markedly during co-administration. We also observed decreased expression of both HDAC1 and 3 following HDACi treatment compared to control group. Our results suggest that histone modifications may have a crucial role in the development of epilepsy and early treatment with HDACi might be a possible strategy for preventing epileptogenesis also affecting behavioural comorbidities
Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia trachomatis Determined by Molecular Testing in Ocular Adnexa Lymphoma Specimens
No full textOBJECTIVES:
To assess the prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia trachomatis in ocular adnexa lymphoma (OAL) determined by molecular testing in different countries and the potential association of Chlamydia infection with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) histotype by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS:
Electronic databases were searched for studies assessing the presence of Chlamydia in OAL. Pooled prevalence of the three Chlamydia species was calculated in each country. An odds ratio was calculated for the association between Chlamydia and MALT histotype, with a significant P < .05.
RESULTS:
Thirty-seven studies with 1,188 OALs were included. Pooled prevalence of C psittaci, C pneumoniae, and C trachomatis by country was done. Chlamydia infection was significantly associated with MALT histotype (odds ratio, 2.183; P = .027).
CONCLUSIONS:
The involvement of C psittaci in OAL is highly variable, with the highest prevalence in Italy and Korea. Chlamydia is associated with MALT histotype
Il dispositivo dei campi-scuola per giovani con diabete in Campania, tra cronicità, processi di cura e socialità. Riflessioni antropologiche
No full textMuovendosi nella cornice teorica dell’antropologia medica l’autore presenta nel saggio alcuni risultati di un’indagine etnografica dal lui svolta nel periodo che va dal 2014 al 2017 sul dispositivo dei campi-scuola per giovani con diabete in Regione Campania. L’obiettivo è di restituire l’utilità e l’importanza di una vera “logica della cura” in modo da contribuire anche ad orientare, pur in una cornice di sostenibilità, verso una governance dei sevizi sanitari realmente attenta ai bisogni delle persone con una patologia cronica come il diabete e alla loro qualità di vita. Il dispositivo dei campi-scuola può rappresentare infatti, nell’ambito della complessa questione sul sistema salute tra diritti e sostenibilità, uno stimolante esempio di buona pratica sanitaria, di avanguardia terapeutica e di grande efficacia nella gestione della cronicità in età evolutiva, con risvolti positivi sia su giovani pazienti e familiari che sugli operatori sanitari, in cui sembrano inoltre trovare adeguata combinazione diritti costituzionali insieme con compatibilità economiche, accessibilità ed equità
Le misure di prevenzione patrimoniali di tipo non ablativo
No full textAnalisi delle nuove misure di prevenzione patrimoniale a contenuto non ablativ
Discovering process models for the analysis of application failures under uncertainty of event logs
No full textComputer applications, such as servers, databases and middleware, ubiquitously emit execution traces stored in log files. The use of logs for the analysis of application failures is known since the early days of computers. Field data studies have shown that application logs are fraught with uncertainty, i.e., missing or noisy events in the logs. A body of research that has dealt successfully with uncertainty in event logs is process mining from the business process management community, specifically by discovering process models. The literature has shown the value of process mining across several domains, but as yet there is no study that quantifies possible improvements from using process models, and the impact of uncertainty in the context of application failures. This work addresses the use of process mining for detecting failures from application logs. First, process models are discovered from logs; then conformance checking is used to detect deviations from the models. We contribute to knowledge engineering research with a systematic measurement study that quantifies the failure detection capability of conformance checking in spite of missing events, and its accuracy with respect to process models obtained from noisy logs. Analysis is done with a dataset of 55,462 execution traces from three independent real-life applications. We obtain a mixed answer depending on the application under test; our measurements provide insights into the use of process mining for failure analysis
Root Tropisms: Investigations on Earth and in Space to Unravel Plant Growth Direction
No full textRoot tropisms are important responses of plants, allowing them to adapt their growth direction. Research on plant tropisms is indispensable for future space programs that envisage plant-based life support systems for long-term missions and planet colonization. Root tropisms encompass responses toward or away from different environmental stimuli, with an underexplored level of mechanistic divergence. Research into signaling events that coordinate tropistic responses is complicated by the consistent coincidence of various environmental stimuli, often interacting via shared signaling mechanisms. On Earth the major determinant of root growth direction is the gravitational vector, acting through gravitropism and overruling most other tropistic responses to environmental stimuli. Critical advancements in the understanding of root tropisms have been achieved nullifying the gravitropic dominance with experiments performed in the microgravity environment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on root tropisms to different environmental stimuli. We highlight that the term tropism must be used with care, because it can be easily confused with a change in root growth direction due to asymmetrical damage to the root, as can occur in apparent chemotropism, electrotropism, and magnetotropism. Clearly, the use of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for tropism research contributed much to our understanding of the underlying regulatory processes and signaling events. However, pronounced differences in tropisms exist among species, and we argue that these should be further investigated to get a more comprehensive view of the signaling pathways and sensors. Finally, we point out that the Cholodny-Went theory of asymmetric auxin distribution remains to be the central and unifying tropistic mechanism after 100 years. Nevertheless, it becomes increasingly clear that the theory is not applicable to all root tropistic responses, and we propose further research to unravel commonalities and differences in the molecular and physiological processes orchestrating root tropisms
Altered gut microbiota and endocannabinoid system tone in vitamin D deficiency-mediated chronic pain
No full textRecent evidence points to the gut microbiota as a regulator of brain and behavior, although it remains to be determined if gut bacteria play a role in chronic pain. The endocannabinoid system is implicated in in- flammation and chronic pain processing at both the gut and central nervous system (CNS) levels. In the present study, we used low Vitamin D dietary intake in mice and evaluated possible changes in gut microbiota, pain processing and endocannabinoid system signaling.
Vitamin D deficiency induced a lower microbial diversity characterized by an increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidetes. Concurrently, vitamin D deficient mice showed tactile allodynia associated with neuronal hyperexcitability and alterations of endocannabinoid system members (endogenous mediators and their receptors) at the spinal cord level. Changes in endocannabinoid (anandamide and 2-ara- chidonoylglycerol) levels were also observed in the duodenum and colon.
Remarkably, the anti-inflammatory anandamide congener, palmitoylethanolamide, counteracted both the pain behaviour and spinal biochemical changes in vitamin D deficient mice, whilst increasing the levels of Akkermansia, Eubacterium and Enterobacteriaceae, as compared with vehicle-treated mice. Finally, induction of spared nerve injury in normal or vitamin D deficient mice was not accompanied by changes in gut microbiota composition.
Our data suggest the existence of a link between Vitamin D deficiency – with related changes in gut bacterial composition – and altered nociception, possibly via molecular mechanisms involving the endocannabinoid and related mediator signaling systems
