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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
No full textIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field
Prognostic value of Bcl2 and p53 in Hodgkin lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textAims: Several studies suggested that high expression of Bcl2 and/or p53 in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells is an unfavorable prognostic factor in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). However, results in this field appear contrasting. We aimed to assess the prognostic value of p53 and Bcl2 in HL through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Electronic databases were searched from January 2000 to December 2020 for all studies assessing the prognostic value of p53 and Bcl2 in HL. The association of high p53 or Bcl2 expression with overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and response to treatment was assessed by using hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR). Results: Eighteen studies were included. Bcl2 overexpression was significantly associated with decreased PFS (HR = 2.202; p < 0.0001), while the associations with decreased OS (HR = 1.565; p = 0.257) and refractoriness to treatment (OR = 0.482; p = 0.068) were non-significant. p53 overexpression was not significantly associated with refractoriness to treatment (OR = 0.904; p = 0.155); the analysis of OS and PFS was not feasible, but published data suggested the absence of a significant association. Conclusions: In HL, Bcl2 overexpression is associated with decreased PFS, while a significant prognostic value could not be demonstrated for p53. Defining optimal criteria for interpreting Bcl2 and p53 immunostaining is necessary to draw definitive conclusions
Monete romano-provinciali nel ms. Vitt.Em.1004 (Roma, BN) e nelle Antiquitates di Pirro Ligorio (Napoli, BN, ms. XIII.B1): alcuni esempi.
No full textSi presenta una selezione di monete tratte dallo studio in corso sulle emissioni di zecca romano-provinciale nelle miniature del codice della Historia Augusta (Roma, BN: ms Vitt.Em. 1004) e nel volume XIII.B1 delle Antiquitates di Pirro Ligorio sulle monete greche (Napoli, BN). Il lavoro di ricerca, che è in corso, mira ad una verifica delle fonti numismatiche attraverso l’esame della redazione testuale, come dell’apparato iconografico, disegnativo e di corredo relativo alle monete. La finalità è indagare in diacronia la cornice di elaborazione critica dello studio della storia antica condotto sulle evidenze materiali e anche recuperare nuclei dispersi di beni numismatici
Premessa
No full textSi tratta della Premessa agli inediti (in italiano) scritti relativi a Conferenze e Lezioni tenute da Herbert Marcuse negli Stati Uniti tra il 1966 e il 1977
Fachkräfte im Bereich der Medienpädagogik an öffentlichen Bibliotheken - Anforderungen und Aufgaben
Get PDF„Medienpädagoge oder Bibliothekar (m/w/d) gesucht“, so titeln seit einigen Jahren öffentliche Bibliotheken in ihren Stellenanzeigen. Häufig findet sich in diesen Ausschreibungen sowohl bei den gelisteten Aufgaben als auch bei den Kompetenzanforderungen eine Mischung des medienpädagogischen und bibliothekarischen Berufsfeldes. Die Klärung der Frage, welche Anforderungen öffentliche Bibliotheken in Deutschland an Fachkräfte im Bereich der Medienpädagogik stellen und welche Aufgaben diese übernehmen sollen, ist Ziel der vorliegenden Bachelorarbeit. Außerdem werden die Motive der Bibliotheken untersucht, Stellenanzeigen für beide Berufsgruppen auszuschreiben. Zu Beginn werden die Grundlagen der Medienpädagogik, das Berufsfeld der Medienpädagogik sowie Begrifflichkeiten, die im medienpädagogischen Diskurs eine Rolle spielen, erläutert. Um einen Eindruck der Tätigkeitsfelder sowie der Kompetenzanforderungen zu bekommen, wurde zunächst eine Stellenanzeigenanalyse durchgeführt. Den methodischen Kern der Arbeit bilden sechs qualitative Interviews, die mit Expert:innen geführt wurden, die medienpädagogisch in einer öffentlichen Bibliothek tätig sind sowie mit Bibliotheksleitungen, in deren Einrichtungen aktuell Fachkräfte für medienpädagogische Aufgaben beschäftigt sind.For several years, public libraries in Germany have been advertising jobs with titles that address both media educators and librarians. Often, these job ads feature a mix of media education and library tasks. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to clarify what requirements public libraries in Germany place on specialists in the field of media education and what tasks they should take on in libraries. In addition, the motives of libraries to address job advertisements to both professions will be examined. At the beginning, the basics of media education, the occupational field of media education as well as important terms that play a role in the media educational discourse will be explained. To get an impression of the fields of activity as well as the competence requirements, a job advertisement analysis was carried out at first. The methodological core of the bachelor thesis is formed by six interviews, which were conducted with experts who work in the field of media education in public libraries as well as with library directors, in whose institutions media education specialists are currently employed
Durabilità del cemento armato e le classi di esposizione ambientale.
No full textLe cause di aggressione dovute all’ambiente possono essere formalmente suddivise in chimiche, fisiche, meccaniche e biologiche (tabella 4.1). In realtà, difficilmente in un processo di degradazione esiste un solo fenomeno aggressivo, spesso sono più cause che concorrono al deterioramento del materiale; tuttavia però esiste sempre quella che può essere definita la causa fondamentale che innesca il processo degradante.
Per garantire la durabilità delle strutture in calcestruzzo armato ordinario o precompresso, esposte all’azione dell’ambiente, si devono adottare i provvedimenti atti a limitare gli effetti di degrado indotti dall’attacco chimico, fisico e derivante dalla corrosione delle armature e dai cicli di gelo e disgelo, in relazione alla norma europea UNI-EN 206-1. In accordo con la norma UNI-EN 206-1 e con quella italiana UNI 11104 il livello di rischio per una determinata opera dipende dall’ambiente cui la stessa è esposta.
The causes of aggression due to the environment can be formally divided into chemical, physical, mechanical and biological (table 4.1). In reality, in a degradation process there is hardly a single aggressive phenomenon, often there are several causes that contribute to the deterioration of the material; however, there is always what can be defined as the fundamental cause that triggers the degrading process.
To ensure the durability of ordinary or pre-stressed reinforced concrete structures exposed to the action of the environment, measures must be taken to limit the effects of degradation induced by chemical and physical attack and resulting from the corrosion of the reinforcements and cycles of freeze and thaw, in relation to the European standard UNI-EN 206-1. In accordance with the UNI-EN 206-1 standard and the Italian UNI 11104 standard, the level of risk for a given work depends on the environment to which it is exposed
