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Summary of Research: Efficacy of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in HER2-Expressing Solid Tumors by Enrollment HER2 IHC Status: Post Hoc Analysis of DESTINY-PanTumor02
No full textof the original article, 'Efficacy of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in HER2-Expressing Solid Tumors by Enrollment HER2 IHC Status: Post Hoc Analysis of DESTINY-PanTumor02'. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) is an antibody-drug conjugate, which is a chemotherapy with a linker (deruxtecan) joined to an antibody (trastuzumab). Trastuzumab binds to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein on cancer cells, where it releases the chemotherapy to kill these cells. The DESTINY-PanTumor02 clinical study tested the effectiveness of T-DXd for people with various HER2-expressing cancers and the safety of treatment. Previous results from DESTINY-PanTumor02 showed that T-DXd had antitumor activity, and the greatest effects were seen in people with the highest tumor level of HER2 [defined as immunohistochemistry (IHC) 3+]. In this previous analysis, the HER2 expression was measured at a central laboratory. In clinical practice, HER2 expression will likely be measured at a local laboratory, so understanding whether T-DXd has similar effects regardless of how HER2 expression is measured is important. Here, we looked at the effects of T-DXd based on the HER2 test result used to determine a person's eligibility for the study, which could be measured using a local or central laboratory. In people with IHC 3+ tumors (where HER2 was measured at a local or central laboratory), 51% had a decrease in the size or number of tumors, according to established criteria (referred to as an objective response), while, in people with IHC 2+ tumors, 26% had an objective response. Side effects with T-DXd were consistent with previous studies. These results confirm T-DXd has antitumor effects in HER2-expressing cancers where the HER2 expression is measured by a local or central laboratory.Y
Plant traits shape global spatiotemporal variations in photosynthetic efficiency
No full textPhotosynthetic efficiency (PE) quantifies the fraction of absorbed light used in photochemistry to produce chemical energy during photosynthesis and is essential for understanding ecosystem productivity and the global carbon cycle, particularly under conditions of vegetation stress. However, nearly 60% of the global spatiotemporal variance in terrestrial PE remains unexplained. Here we integrate remote sensing and eco-evolutionary optimality theory to derive key plant traits, alongside explainable machine learning and global eddy covariance observations, to uncover the drivers of daily PE variations. Incorporating plant traits into our model increases the explained daily PE variance from 36% to 80% for C3 vegetation and from 54% to 84% for C4 vegetation compared with using climate data alone. Key plant traits-including chlorophyll content, leaf longevity and leaf mass per area-consistently emerge as important factors across global biomes and temporal scales. Water availability and light conditions are also critical in regulating PE, underscoring the need for an integrative approach that combines plant traits with climatic factors. Overall, our findings demonstrate the potential of remote sensing and eco-evolutionary optimality theory to capture principal PE drivers, offering valuable tools for more accurately predicting ecosystem productivity and improving Earth system models under climate change.N
Proteomics Analysis of Porcine Endometrial Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Involved in Embryo Attachment
No full textMaternal-embryo interactions play a critical role in early mammalian development, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) playing a key role in intercellular communication. Recent studies have focused on the mechanisms by which maternal-derived factors, such as RNA, proteins, and metabolites influence gap junctions, EVs, and direct cell-to-cell interactions, contributing to embryonic development. In this study, using a proteomics approach, we investigated the impact of EVs secreted from porcine endometrial cells (pEECs) and their protein cargoes on embryonic development. We characterized EVs isolated from pEECs (pEECEVs) during the diestrus stage using a nanoparticle tracking analysis and cryo-transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the effects of pEEC-EVs with or without hormone treatment on the in vitro attachment of hatched blastocysts were evaluated. The attachment rate of porcine embryos was significantly higher for pEEC-EVs in the hormone treatment group than the control group (23.0 +/- 1.7% versus 36.9 +/- 1.9% for control and pEEC-EVs, respectively). Furthermore, hormone treatment altered the expression of proteins involved in cellular organization, protein transport, and immunity. Proteomic analysis revealed distinct biological processes between groups: control EVs supported cytoskeletal organization and adhesion, while hormone-treated EVs were enriched in protein transport, immune regulation, and stress response pathways. Key signaling pathways, including VEGFA-VEGFR2, focal adhesion, and TGF-beta, were modulated, influencing implantation and embryogenesis. EVs play a crucial role in maternal-embryo interactions, optimizing implantation conditions and supporting embryo-derived stem cell establishment. These findings enhance our understanding of EV-mediated communication and suggest potential applications for improving reproductive health and assisted reproductive technologies.Y
Multiscale Defect Regulation of Cobalt-Free Layered Oxides for High-Energy and Long-Lasting Cathodes
No full textReducing the reliance on cobalt in electrode chemistry is a promising step toward more sustainable and cost-effective lithium-ion batteries. However, the elimination of cobalt in layered oxides generally results in a significant decrease in capacity and/or a compromised cycle stability. Herein, we show that these intertwined issues of the cobaltless systems can be remedied by meticulously tailoring inherent defects induced at multiscale. It is demonstrated that a simple excess incorporation of lithium in the structure can effectively reduce the cation disorder and unexpectedly alter the microstructure forming routes, thereby enhancing electro-chemo-mechanical stabilities of layered cathodes. Our investigations reveal that this surplus lithium facilitates topotactic lithiation of precursors during calcination, rendering mechanically robust particles with fewer nanoporous defects and reduced cation disorder. Defect-regulated cobalt-free layered oxides successfully deliver a reversible capacity of 189 mAh g-1 at 0.5C with a retention of similar to 85% after 300 cycles under commercial-level electrode loading.Y
In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation of a Portable Anesthesia Machine with an Oxygen Concentrator for Dogs Under General Anesthesia with Isoflurane
No full textThis prospective, non-blinded study assessed the performance of a portable anesthesia machine with an oxygen concentrator (PAMOC) across various oxygen flow rates and vaporizer settings, incorporating both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The oxygen delivery test measured the time required to reach 90% fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) at various flow rates. The vaporizer test assessed the time to stabilize maximum fraction of inspired isoflurane (FIIso) concentration at various oxygen flow rate and vaporizer settings. In the in vivo test, six adult male Beagle dogs (11.4 +/- 1.4 kg) were evaluated. The in vivo evaluation included monitoring physiological parameters during isoflurane anesthesia. The higher flow rates significantly reduced the time to plateau for FIO2 (p < 0.001). Maximum FIIso values were lower than the vaporizer dial settings, and increased oxygen flow rates significantly reduced the time required to reach target values (p < 0.001). Physiological parameters remained stable throughout anesthesia, confirming adequate oxygenation and anesthetic maintenance. The PAMoc, despite its lower pounds per square inch, yielded predictable outcomes consistent with those obtained in conventional anesthesia systems. These results demonstrated the viability of the PAMoc for anesthesia administration in the field and other challenging environments.Y
WAPS-Quant: Low-Bit Post-Training Quantization Using Weight-Activation Product Scaling
No full textPost-Training Quantization (PTQ) has been effectively compressing neural networks into very few bits using a limited calibration dataset. Various quantization methods utilizing second-order error have been proposed and demonstrated good performance. However, at extremely low bits, the increase in quantization error is significant, hindering optimal performance. Previous second-order error-based PTQ methods relied solely on quantization scale values and weight rounding for quantization. We introduce a weight-activation product scaling method that, when used alongside weight rounding and scale value adjustments, effectively reduces quantization error even at very low bits. The proposed method compensates for the errors resulting from quantization, thereby achieving results closer to the original model. Additionally, the method effectively reduces the potential increase in computational and memory complexity through channel-wise grouping, shifting, and channel mixing techniques. Our method is validated on various CNNs, and extended to ViT and object detection models, showing strong generalization across architectures. We conducted tests on various CNN-based models to affirm the superiority of our proposed quantization scheme. Our proposed approach enhances accuracy in 2/4-bit quantization with less than 1.5% computational overhead, and hardware-level simulation confirms its suitability for real-time deplo1yment with negligible latency increase. Furthermore, hardware-level simulation on a silicon-proven ASIC NPU confirms that our method achieves higher accuracy with negligible latency overhead, making it practical for real-time edge deployment.Y
The Impossibility of Colonial Representation and Imagination Beyond Representation: Focusing on Takahama Kyoshis Texts on Korea
No full textOn Taxation of Embezzlement under Korean Tax Law ―A Review of the Supreme Court Decision Issued onJune 17, 2024 (2021 du 35346)―
No full text대법원 2015.7.16. 선고 2014두5514 전원합의체 판결은, 기타소득으로 과세된 뇌물 상당액이 형사판결로 몰수․추징되면 내재된 상실가능성이 현실화된 것이기 때문에 이른바 후발적 경정청구의 사유가 되고, 따라서 관련된 소득세 과세처분은 위법하다고 판시하였다. 그러고 나서 이 평석의 대상인 대법원 2024.6.17. 선고 2021두35346 판결에서는, 횡령으로 얻은 (위법) 소득을 피해자에게 반환하더라도 내재된 상실가능성이 현실화된 것이라고 볼 수 없어 후발적 경정청구 사유가 되지 않고 관련된 소득세 과세처분도 적법하다고 판시한다. 그러나 막상 내재된 상실가능성[의] 현실화라는 말의 뜻을 분명히 밝히지 않아 대상판결의 이론적 당부를 따지는 일이 쉽지 않다.
이 논의의 출발점은 경제적 이익을 상실할 가능성이나 반환의무가 존재함에도 불구하고 위법소득에서는 그러한 가능성․의무를 무시하고 이익 전부를 일단 과세대상으로 삼는다는 데에 있다. 하지만 이러한 가능성․의무가 사라지지는 않은 채 여전히 내재하고 있으므로, 만에 하나 실제로 의무가 이행되는 상황이 오면 이전에 그러한 가능성․의무를 무시한 조치는 잘못된 것이었고 따라서 소득과세 역시 잘못되었다고 말해야 한다. 대법원이 말한 내재된 상실가능성의 현실화란 실은 바로 이러한 상황을 가리키는 것이라고 볼 수밖에 없다.
그럼에도 불구하고 대상판결은, 형사재판을 받고 있는 피고인이 횡령액을 피해자 법인에게 반환하는 것은 단순한 반환의무의 이행이 아니라 별도의 행위―특히 형사재판의 양형(量刑)에서 유리한 고려를 받는다거나 하기 위한―로 평가한다는 입장을 취하여, 내재된 상실가능성의 현실화에 해당하지 않고 따라서 횡령을 저지른 사람의 소득세 납세의무도 그대로 남는다고 판시한다. 하지만 반환의무가 존재하는 상황에서 어떤 다른 이기적(利己的) 동기가 함께 작용한 결과로 반환이 이루어졌다고 하여 그것이 반환의무의 이행이 아니라고 할 수는 없고, 이 때문에 지금껏 무시했던 반환의무의 존재를 소득과세에서 앞으로 계속 고려하지 않아도 된다고 말할 수도 없다. 이는 끝내 임의로 반환하지 않아 강제집행을 당하는 결과와 비교하여 보더라도 균형이 맞지 않는다. 대상판결은 횡령을 저지른 사람이 저지른 행태의 이기적 성격에 너무 주목하여 소득과세의 이론적 측면을 충분히 살피지 않은 채 잘못된 결론을 제시하였다고 생각한다.N
Optimization of low-temperature catalytic cracking of polyolefin waste in open-batch reactors using zeolite beta with controlled intrinsic properties
No full textEnvironmental problems are worsening due to the complexity in managing plastic waste. Chemical recycling emerges as a pivotal technology that can suppress carbon introduction into the carbon cycle and provide petroleum alternatives for current petrochemical processes. The utilization of zeolites can reduce energy consumption by lowering the operation temperature for pyrolysis. Here, we demonstrate low-temperature catalytic cracking of polyethylene (PE) utilizing an open-batch reactor configuration and *BEA-type zeolite catalysts. With the optimized open-batch setup and zeolites, high PE conversion (~80%) and liquid selectivity (~70%) were achieved at 330 °C. We systematically explored the effects of aluminum (Al) site density and crystal size, revealing that zeolite crystal size is another critical factor determining the liquid production. This work not only demonstrates that an effective combination and optimization of reactor and catalysts can enhance the overall catalytic activity but also offers insights into designing catalysis systems for effective recycling of polyolefin wastes.Y
Investigating the Impact of Virtual Reality Accident Experience on Construction Workers' Risk Habituation through Individual Behaviors
No full textIn developed countries, due to the prevalence of high-rise buildings, construction workers often need to work on scaffolding in a safe manner to ensure their safety. Consequently, the unsafe behavior of workers in these highly risky environments plays a critical role in shaping and affecting their safety. Health and safety practitioners are providing virtual reality (VR) safety training interventions to increase workers' risk sensitivity. However, repeated exposure to the same VR safety training may lead to the risk habituation to these hazards. To this end, this study investigates the impact of repeated VR-simulated accident experience safety training on worker risk habituation to fall accidents. An accident experience was simulated in the VR safety training tasks, during which workers were asked to follow safety protocols and remain vigilant of their surroundings. Repeated safety training was provided to workers, and their risk habituation was measured using changes in the risk perception score. The results revealed that the initial accident experience safety training increased their risk sensitivity, but repeated exposure to safety training decreased their risk sensitivity, ultimately leading to risk habituation. Individuals with lower risk attitudes and conscientiousness were more prone to habituation, whereas individuals with better safety knowledge were less affected. The outcome of this study contributes to understanding how construction workers become habituated to repeated safety training, and it might be possible that this phenomenon could potentially transfer to real construction sites, posing fatal risks to construction workers.N