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Disagreement on estimating cause of death under tuberculosis treatment between the national tuberculosis registry and statistics data in South Korea, 2011–2020
No full textBackground: Disagreement persists regarding the cause of death in patients with tuberculosis (TB) between the national TB registry and vital registration statistics. This study investigated the disagreement and contributing factors between TB-related and non-TB-related deaths using an integrated national TB database in South Korea. Methods: We identified a sub-set cohort of 29,033 patients with drug-susceptible TB registered between 2011 and 2020 who died during TB treatment. The cause of death was identified by the Korean National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (KNTSS) and Statistics Korea database. We performed a multinomial logistic regression to identify factors associated with the cause of death. Results: The participants median age was 79 years (interquartile range, 70–85 years), with males comprising 63.2 %. Among the 29,033 deaths, 12,937 (44.6 %) and 6028 (20.8 %) were classified as TB-related deaths in Statistics Korea and KNTSS, respectively. The overall agreement rate for the cause of death between the two databases was 0.72 (95 % confidence interval, 0.71–0.72), increasing from 0.69 in 2011–0.77 in 2020. Among discrepant cases, 92.2 % (7545/8181) were classified as non-TB-related in KNTSS but as TB-related in Statistics Korea. Over the study period, the proportion of individuals classified as non-TB-related deaths in both databases and the agreement rate increased. In the multinomial analysis, age, sputum acid-fast bacilli smear, Charlson comorbidity index, and comorbidities, such as cancer and end-stage renal disease, showed distinguishing features across the cause of death groups. Conclusions: Substantial disagreement on the cause of death persists between the national TB registry and vital registration statistics, though this decreased during the study period. Most disagreement likely indicates an underestimation of TB-related deaths in the TB registry. Age, sputum smear, and comorbidities were identifiable characteristics across groups that may influence the cause of death coding process.Y
Targeted isolation of piperazate-containing molecules: bioinformatics and spectroscopy
No full textPiperazic acid (Piz) is an intriguing hydrazine-containing amino acid found in a diverse variety of natural products, the majority of which are bioactive. Recently, several approaches have been reported for targeted isolation of Piz-containing molecules, combining spectroscopic techniques for screening Piz moieties with recent advances in Piz biosynthesis. Here, we highlight bioactive natural products recently isolated using these methods and bring into focus structural elucidation challenges impeding the discovery of more Piz-containing molecules.Y
Resident and nurse attitudes toward a rapid response team in a tertiary hospital in South Korea
No full textBackground: Residents and nurses who activate rapid response teams (RRTs) are well positioned to offer insights on its effectiveness. Here, we assess such evaluation of RRTs and identify barriers to activation in a 1,400-bed teaching hospital. Methods: We conducted a 24-item Likert-scale survey from January to May 2017 among residents and ward nurses with RRT experience. Factor analysis was used to identify the barriers. Results: This study comprised 305 nurses and 53 residents, most of whom were satisfied with their RRT experiences. Factor analysis showed that lack of awareness of activation criteria was a major barrier, with only 21.4% and 22.2% participants, respectively, confident about their knowledge of activation protocols. Of the survey respondents, 85.7% reported first contacting the doctor before activating the RRT. Despite the protocol, 66.7% first discussed the decision with other staff, and 71.5% called the RRT when the patient's condition worsened despite management. Conclusions: Nurses and residents value RRTs but face barriers in initiation, primarily due to a lack of confidence in applying the activation criteria. Many prefer to consult a doctor or manage the patient before calling the RRT.Y
Pembrolizumab in microsatellite-instability-high and mismatch-repair-deficient advanced solid tumors: updated results of the KEYNOTE-158 trial
No full textThe phase 2 trial KEYNOTE-158 (NCT02628067) evaluated pembrolizumab in microsatellite-instability-high and mismatch-repair-deficient (MSI-H/dMMR) noncolorectal tumors. With 373 participants (95% with baseline MSI/dMMR documentation) and 4.5 years of follow-up, the primary endpoint of overall response rate was 33.8%. Secondary endpoints of duration of response, overall survival and progression-free survival were 63.2, 19.8 and 4.0 months, respectively. Grade >= 3 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 50 (13%) participants. These results further support pembrolizumab use in MSI-H/dMMR tumors.N
On the Additive Manufacturing of Tensegrity Systems
No full textThis Chapter presents a range of additive manufacturing techniques available for the rapid prototyping of tensegrity systems at various scales. It discusses the opportunities and challenges of these techniques, with the primary challenges arising from difficulties in manufacturing perfectly hinged connections and applying internal prestress. The Chapter concludes by summarizing the key findings from current research on the additive manufacturing of tensegrity systems and highlighting promising directions for future research in this area.N
An 850μW 2-to-5GHz Jitter-Filtering and Instant-Toggling Injection-Locked Quadrature-Clock Generator for Low-Power Clock Distribution in HBM Interfaces
No full textThe explosive expansion of generative AI, in various industries, has led to a surge in demand for high-bandwidth memory (HBM) devices that feature thousands of DQ pins to maximize data bandwidth (BW) [1-3]. The next-generation HBM4 is expected to achieve over 2TB/s using 64 DWORDs, each with 32 DQ pins in six DQ groups (GRs). Like other DRAM devices, HBM operates internally at a quarter rate to ensure timing margins: utilizing quadrature clocks SIN,X, where X = {I, Q, IB, QB}, each operating at fQCK = 2.5GHz (with a period of TQCK = 400ps), which are generated from the differential WDQS within each DWORD. Top left of Fig. 22.2.1 shows a typical clock-distribution network (CDN) in HBM interfaces [4]. In this scheme, all four SIN,X are transmitted separately to DQ GRs through parallel routings and repeaters, presenting challenges that are particularly critical for HBM. The parallel transmissions of the four SIN,X at several GHz consume a large amount of power. In addition, narrow metal routings due to area constraints, exacerbate quadrature error (QE) between the delivered clock signals, i.e., SOUT,Xs. Moreover, the noisy power grid in HBM introduces substantial power-supply-induced jitter (PSIJ) on SOUT,X during long routings. DLL-based QE-correctors (QECs) [5-10] have been proposed to reduce QE, but they cannot address other problems.N
Embodied Metaverse and Sense of Thought - Focused on the Body-Schema and 4E Cognition
No full text메타버스 연구는 디지털 환경 속에서 살아가는 현대인에게 가상과 실재의 문제를 탐구할 수 있는 중요한 논의의 장을 제공한다. 본 연구 목적은 우리의 삶에 깊숙이 스며들어 있는 가상세계가 우리의 몸과 마음에 어떤 변화를 가져오는가를 탐색하는 것이다. 메타버스는 VR이나 AR과 같은 특정 기술에 국한되지 않는다. 인터넷 금융, 사회 연결망, 클라우드 서비스 등 이미 실용화된 가상의 세계와 미래에 펼쳐질 새로운 가상 세계를 모두 포괄하는 메타버스는 디지털에 의해 구축되는 가상의 생활세계와 우리의 몸이 기반하고 있는 생활세계 사이의 관계성을 중심으로 분석된다. 디지털화된 세계와 아날로그 세계 사이에서 살아가는 인간은 그 신체 도식의 변화를 겪게 된다. 이러한 변화는 몸과 마음의 관계에도 변화를 일으킨다. 메타버스적인 디지털 환경에서 몸과 마음의 관계를 분석하기 위해, 인지과학 분야의 4E 인지 논의를 활용한다. 4E 인지는 체화된(embodied), 환경에 착근된(embedded), 확장된(extended), 행위로 활성화된(enactive) 인지를 일컫는 용어이다. 체화의 문제는 메를로-퐁티의 지각의 현상학과 타자성의 문제와 깊이 관련되어 있다. 체화와 타자성은 사회적 인지, 상호신체성, 공감에 대한 논의로 이어진다. 본 연구는 메타버스화하는 우리의 세계 속 몸의 신체 도식 변화가 우리의 생각에 어떤 변화를 가져오는가 하는 것이다. 우리는 이 문제를 검토하기 위해, 마르쿠스 가브리엘의 생각감각 개념을 중심으로 누스코프로써의 체화된 메타버스 세계에서 새로운 몸과 마음의 문제를 탐구한다. 이를 통해, 본 연구자는 4E와 생각감각 개념을 중심으로 메타버스 개념을 재정의하는 것이 몸과 마음의 문제를 통찰하는데 기여할 수 있음을 주장한다.N
Monsters of Simulacra: The Transformation of Godzilla During Japans Period of Rapid Economic Growth and the Dissociation of Postwar Sensibilities
No full text본 논문은 일본 고도성장기(1955~1972)에 제작된 특수촬영 영화 <고질라> 시리즈를 중심으로 괴수를 다루는 영화적 상상력과 전후 일본의 집단적 기억과 정체성 변용과의 관계를 고찰하고 있다. 1954년에 개봉된 영화 《고질라》는 핵실험으로 깨어난 수폭괴수 고질라를 통해 전쟁과 피폭의 기억, 그리고 냉전 시대의 폭력적 위협을 알레고리적으로 담아냈다. 이 영화에서 고질라는 일본의 도시를 유린하는 무시무시한 존재로 그려졌으며, 고질라를 물리치며 스스로 목숨을 버린 과학자 세리자와의 자기희생적 결단은 폭력의 연쇄를 거부하는 메시지를 전달하고 있다. 즉, 이 영화는 냉전 시기 미소의 핵 무기 경쟁과 전쟁 위협에 대한 일본인의 불안을 반영하며, 그것에 대한 대안적 담론으로 평화주의를 강조하고 있다. 그러나 1960년대 이후 <고질라> 영화는 괴수 간의 대결을 중심으로 한 서바이벌 장르로 변화했다. 이 시기의 고질라는 일본을 침략하는 외부 괴수들로부터 도시를 보호하는 수호자 역할을 부여받았으며, 점차 친근하고 귀여운 이미지로 재구성되었다. 이러한 변화는 대중 소비사회의 발전과 관객층의 저연령화에 부응한 상업적 전략의 결과였다. 동시에 이것은 전쟁에 대한 불안이 약해지고 그 결과 평화주의에 대한 강력한 지지가 대세를 형성하는 시대적 분위기 속에서 폭력의 표현에 대한 더 큰 자유를 원하는 심정이 낳은 결과이기도 했다. 특히 고질라는 수폭괴수의 아이덴티티에서 벗어나고 피폭의 기억에서 점차 분리됨으로써 현실적 대응물과 연결되지 않은 소위 시뮬라크르로 변모했다. 본 논문은 이러한 고질라의 변화가 단순히 영화적 트렌드의 변화를 넘어, 전후 일본사회의 기억 재구성과 문화적 정체성의 변화를 상징적으로 보여주는 사건이라고 주장한다. 1950년대 고질라가냉전기 폭력과 전쟁의 기억을 알레고리적으로 드러냈다면, 1960년대 이후의 고질라는 폭력의 유희화를 통해 관객의 흥미를 유도하며 현실과는 분리된 쾌락의 대상이자 유희의 상징이 되었다. 그리고 이런 변용은 냉전의 위협이 편재했던 1950년대를 전후 속 전시로 타자화하고, 이에 대해 1960년대를 전후 속 전후로 의미화하는 방식으로 전후라는 시간을 재편하려 했던 당대의 집합적 의지를 배경으로 하고 있었다.N
Anticancer effects of SH003 and its active component Cucurbitacin D on oral cancer cell lines via modulation of EMT and cell viability
No full textBackground: Oral cancer remains a significant global health challenge, as it has high morbidity and mortality rates. Current treatments show limited efficacy and have severe side effects, prompting searches for new therapeutic agents. SH003, a traditional herbal formulation comprising Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica gigas, and Trichosanthes kirilowii, has demonstrated potential anticancer properties in previous studies. However, its specific efficacy against oral cancer and the role of its key components, particularly Cucurbitacin D, remain underexplored. Methods: The cytotoxic effects of SH003 and its major components-i.e., Cucurbitacin D, Decursin, Formononetin, and Nodakenin-were evaluated using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT), Trypan Blue exclusion, and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. Cell migration was analyzed via wound healing assays, and apoptosis induction was assessed using cell cycle analysis and caspase activation assays. Epithelial-tomesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) was measured using Western blotting and Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: SH003 significantly reduced cell viability in a dosedependent manner, with YD-8 and YD-9 cells showing greater sensitivity than YD-38 cells. Of the individual compounds, Cucurbitacin D was identified as a key active agent, as it exhibited potent inhibition of cell migration and significant modulation of EMT markers, including the upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin. These effects were most pronounced in YD-9 cells. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest that Cucurbitacin D plays a crucial role mediating the anticancer activity of SH003, particularly via the reversal of EMT and the reduction of migratory and invasive potential of oral cancer cells. This study provides valuable insight into the mechanistic basis of SH003, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent against oral cancer. Further research, including in vivo studies and clinical trials, is needed to elucidate its precise mechanisms and potential applications against other cancer types.N