Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional
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Indonesia in Halal Tourism: Overcoming Challenges to Stay on Top
No full textThis paper analyzes the background of Islamic tourism in Indonesia using the concept of Islamic tourism by Din (1989) and to analyze the development of halal tourism, it uses the halal concept by Liu et al. (2018). The paper looks at how the Indonesian government managed to enter the list of top ten global halal tourism destinations in 2018, got on top in 2019, only to slip several notches below due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It also looks at how, by involving non-state actors such as those in the fashion and culinary industries, Indonesia has managed to climb back on top in 2023. Last but least, the paper also gives recommendations on what the government should do to maintain Indonesia’s number one position in halal tourism.
Keywords: Indonesia; halal tourism; Islamic heritage; travel; Muslim fashionThis paper analyzes the background of Islamic tourism in Indonesia using the concept of Islamic tourism by Din (1989) and to analyze the development of halal tourism, it uses the halal concept by Liu et al. (2018). The paper looks at how the Indonesian government managed to enter the list of top ten global halal tourism destinations in 2018, got on top in 2019, only to slip several notches below due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It also looks at how, by involving non-state actors such as those in the fashion and culinary industries, Indonesia has managed to climb back on top in 2023. Last but least, the paper also gives recommendations on what the government should do to maintain Indonesia’s number one position in halal tourism.
Keywords: Indonesia; halal tourism; Islamic heritage; travel; Muslim fashio
Vaccine Diplomacy as New Soft Power Effort of US in Dealing with China in Southeast Asia
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic and developed countries\u27 response to the crisis reveal that the landscape of global health governance is changing into a political realm. As countries around the world struggle to secure vaccines to break the COVID-19 chain, superpowers are actively distributing vaccines internationally in an act known as "vaccine diplomacy". The US and China have shown political interests in vaccine diplomacy, which can be seen from the way the two countries respond to achieve vaccine diplomacy targets, especially in strategic countries or regions such as Southeast Asia. This article explains US vaccine diplomacy in Southeast Asia which is considered a form of containing US power against China\u27s vaccine diplomacy which first distributed vaccines in Southeast Asian countries. The US conducts vaccine diplomacy to compete with Chinese vaccines in accordance with the relative advantages of US politics by bringing up various diplomatic actions, namely the discourse on booster vaccines. This research uses the literature review method and the concepts of vaccine diplomacy and counter-strategy diplomacy. The results showed that US vaccine diplomacy is driven by political interests. The agenda of the vaccine diplomacy visit contains a discussion of invitations to stem China\u27s power in the Indo-Pacific and South China Sea.
Keywords: US; China; Vaccine Diplomacy; Soft PowerPandemi COVID-19 dan respon negara maju terhadap krisis ini mengungkapkan lanskap tata kelola kesehatan global mengalami perubahan menjadi ranah politik. Ketika negara-negara diseluruh dunia berjuang untuk mengamankan vaksin untuk memutus rantai COVID-19, negara superpower secara aktif menditribusikan vaksin secara internasional sebagai tindakan yang dikenal “diplomasi vaksin”. US dan China sangat memperlihatkan kepentingan politik dalam diplomasi vaksin yang terlihat dari cara kedua negara menanggapi dalam mencapai target diplomasi vaksin terutama di negara atau kawasan-kawasan strategis seperti Asia tenggara. Artikel ini menjelaskan diplomasi vaksin US di Asia Tenggara yang dianggap merupakan bentuk containing power US terhadap diplomasi vaksin China yang terlebih dahulu menyalurkan vaksin di negara-negara Asia Tenggara. US melakukan diplomasi vaksin untuk menyaingi vaksin China sesuai dengan keunggulan relatif politik US dengan memunculkan tindakan diplomasi yang bervariasi yakni dengan wacana vaksin booster. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literatur review dan konsep diplomasi vaksin dan diplomasi kontra strategi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa diplomasi vaksin US didorong oleh kepentingan politik. Dalam agenda pembahasan kunjungan diplomasi vaksin berisikan pembahasan ajakan untuk membendung kekuatan China di Indo-Pasifik dan Laut China Selatan.
Kata kunci: AS; Cina; Dilomasi Vaksin; Soft Power
The Failure of Neoliberalism and the Free Market in Cryptocurrencies: A Case Study of South Korea\u27s Role in the Crash of Terra Luna (LUNA)
No full textABSTRACT
This study investigates the failure of implementing neoliberalism and free market principles in cryptocurrencies, focusing on South Korea\u27s response to the collapse of LUNA. Despite the promise of decentralization and peer-to-peer transactions inherent in cryptocurrencies, the collapse of LUNA highlights the limitations of unfettered market dynamics in ensuring stability and security. Using a qualitative research approach, this study examines the case of LUNA\u27s collapse within the framework of neoliberal and free market concepts. Drawing on secondary sources such as articles, news, and internet sites, the research sheds light on the complexities of regulating decentralized financial systems. The findings reveal that the South Korean government intervened in the cryptocurrency market following the LUNA collapse to prevent similar incidents and establish regulatory frameworks for crypto assets. This intervention underscores the need for government oversight to maintain market stability and protect investors in the face of market volatility and manipulation. Furthermore, the study discusses the broader implications of these findings for cryptocurrency regulation and neoliberal economic policies. By examining the tensions between decentralized finance and neoliberal principles, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of the evolving relationship between government intervention and market dynamics in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of regulatory oversight in safeguarding the integrity of cryptocurrency markets and ensuring the long-term sustainability of decentralized financial systems.
Keywords: cryptocurrency; Luna; South Korea; neoliberalism; free marketPenelitian ini menelusuri kegagalan penerapan prinsip neoliberalisme dan pasar bebas dalam cryptocurrency, dengan fokus pada respons Korea Selatan terhadap keruntuhan LUNA. Meskipun janji desentralisasi dan transaksi peer-to-peer terdapat dalam cryptocurrency, keruntuhan LUNA menyoroti keterbatasan dinamika pasar tanpa batasan dalam menjamin stabilitas dan keamanan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif, studi ini menguji kasus keruntuhan LUNA dalam kerangka kebijakan ekonomi neoliberal dan konsep pasar bebas. Dengan merujuk pada sumber sekunder seperti artikel, berita, dan situs internet, penelitian ini menerangi kompleksitas dalam mengatur sistem keuangan desentralisasi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah Korea Selatan turut campur dalam pasar cryptocurrency setelah keruntuhan LUNA untuk mencegah kejadian serupa dan membentuk kerangka kerja regulasi untuk aset kripto. Intervensi ini menegaskan perlunya pengawasan pemerintah untuk menjaga stabilitas pasar dan melindungi investor di tengah volatilitas dan manipulasi pasar. Penelitian ini juga membahas implikasi lebih luas dari temuan ini untuk regulasi cryptocurrency dan kebijakan ekonomi neoliberal. Dengan meneliti ketegangan antara keuangan desentralisasi dan prinsip neoliberal, penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih dalam tentang hubungan yang berkembang antara intervensi pemerintah dan dinamika pasar dalam ekosistem cryptocurrency. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menyoroti pentingnya pengawasan regulasi dalam menjaga integritas pasar cryptocurrency dan memastikan keberlanjutan jangka panjang dari sistem keuangan desentralisasi.
Kata Kunci: mata uang kripto; Luna; Korea Selatan; neoliberalisme; pasar beba
Strategi Tiongkok dalam Memanfaatkan Momentum Kebijakan Larangan Ekspor Bijih Nikel oleh Pemerintah Indonesia
No full textThe Indonesian government has enforced a prohibition on nickel ore exports since 2020. This study aims to illuminate China\u27s strategic approach in capitalizing on this situation. China\u27s strategy aligns its national interests with the domestic demand for nickel. Analytically, the framework of national interests sheds light on how Indonesia and China collaborate to satisfy their respective priorities mutually. China requires nickel supplies from Indonesia and seeks Chinese investment for Indonesia\u27s nickel downstream initiatives. Employing a descriptive qualitative research design, this study draws upon secondary data sources to examine Chinese companies operating in Indonesia. While not all companies have websites, the research reveals that China leverages the momentum created by Indonesia\u27s nickel export tires by investing in and expanding joint ventures with Chinese enterprises. China secures profits through these investments and business expansions while meeting its domestic nickel demand via imports from Indonesia. These joint ventures operate in industrial zones designated by the Indonesian government and are often funded by Chinese banks. This strategic interplay serves as a political tool for the Chinese government, leveraging its economic power and capital for broader national interests. Simultaneously, Indonesia wields its control over the world\u27s largest nickel reserves to attract Chinese companies to invest in the nickel processing and refining sector within its borders.
Keywords: Indonesia; National Interest; Tiongkok; Nickel; Export banPemerintah Indonesia memberlakukan kebijakan larangan ekspor bijih nikel sejak tahun 2020. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk mengungkapkan gambaran strategi Tiongkok dalam memanfaatkan momentum tersebut. Strategi tersebut menyelaraskan kepentingan nasional Tiongkok atas kebutuhan nikel domestik yang besar. Kerangka kerja kepentingan nasional dapat dijadikan alat analisis untuk menjelaskan bagaimana Indonesia dan Tiongkok berupaya bekerja sama untuk saling memenuhi kepentingan nasional – Tiongkok membutuhkan pasokan nikel dari Indonesia maupun investasi Tiongkok untuk program hilirisasi nikel Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis dan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan penggunaan data sekunder. Data-data Perusahaan Tiongkok di Indonesia diolah dari berbagai sumber termasuk laman perusahaan, namun tidak semua Perusahaan dapat disajikan dalam penelitian ini karena beberapa perusahaan tidak memiliki laman. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa strategi Tiongkok dalam memanfaatkan momentum kebijakan larangan ekspor bijih nikel oleh Pemerintah Indonesia, yakni dengan investasi dan ekspansi perusahaan Tiongkok dengan skema joint venture. Melalui investasi dan ekspansi bisnis perusahaan Tiongkok, Tiongkok memperoleh keuntungan untuk memasok permintaan nikel domestik melalui impor nikel dari Indonesia. Perusahaan-perusahaan Tiongkok melakukan joint venture dengan perusahaan Indonesia dan beroperasi di kawasan industri yang telah ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia. Kehadiran perusahaan-perusahaan Tiongkok ini turut serta didanai oleh perbankan Tiongkok. Hal tersebut dapat dijadikan sebagai alat politik Pemerintah Tiongkok dengan power atas ekonomi/kapital yang dimiliki, termasuk untuk kepentingan nasional Tiongkok lainnya. Pemerintah Indonesia juga mampu memainkan power-nya atas kepemilikan cadangan nikel terbesar di dunia untuk memikat perusahaan-perusahaan Tiongkok berinvestasi di Indonesia pada sektor pengolahan dan pemurnian nikel.
Kata kunci: Indonesia; Kepentingan Nasional; Tiongkok; Nikel; Ekspo
Child Freedom as Ecofeminist Praxis: Navigating Gender, Reproductive Choice, and Climate Action
No full textThis research explores the decision to have child freedom, namely the choice not to have children, as a form of ecofeminist praxis in supporting climate change action. By integrating ecofeminist theory, this study aims to analyze the individual impact of child freedom decisions on climate change and explore the gender dimensions that may be involved. Adopting a literature study approach, this research details how these decisions can be understood through an ecofeminist lens, linking issues of gender and reproductive choices to the ecological responsibility of individuals. Through an in-depth literature analysis, this research strengthens the argument that child freedom can be articulated as a positive action in reducing an individual\u27s ecological footprint and consideringthe social impact of gender in the context of climate change. This discussion highlights ecofeminist perspectives in the context of child freedom and explores how policy and society can support this choice as a concrete contribution to environmental sustainability. It is hoped that the results of this research can deepen our understanding of the relationship between gender issues, family decisions, and climate change action. The implications of these findings can provide a basis for the development of more inclusive policies and support concrete steps in overcoming the challenges of climate change.
Keywords: Child Freedom; Gender; Ecofeminism; Climate Change Action.
Challenging Masculinity: Analyzing the Aspects of Ecofeminism in Aceh’s Female Forest Rangers
No full textThis research discusses the issue of gender and environment in Southeast Asia and focuses on the casestudy of Female Forest Rangers or also known as Mpu Uteun in Aceh, Indonesia. It aims to answer the question: how do Female Forest Rangers in Aceh challenge masculinity and apply aspects of ecofeminism in protecting Aceh’s Forest? Using Warren’s approach of ecofeminism, the analysis of this research is divided into three parts. The first is masculinity and men’s role in Aceh’s environmental degradation, second is women and interconnection with nature, and third is ecofeminist philosophy in the case of Aceh’s female forest rangers. This study found that first, perpetrators of deforestation are mostly men as it is one of their ways to make a livelihood, enforcing a masculinity perspective that men should be dominating in providing for their family, including dominating the environment. Second, the female forest rangers have strong interconnections with nature since all the categories of interconnectedness between women and nature according to Warren can be found in this casestudy. Lastly, this case study can be claimed as an example of ecofeminist philosophy because the three aspects of Warren’s ecofeminist philosophy can be found in the research. These aspects are feminism; local and indigenous perspective; as well as nature, science, development, and technology.
Keywords: Ecofeminism, masculinity, Aceh, Indonesia, female forest ranger
The Ecofeminist Perspective on The Impact of Climate Change on Women\u27s Health: Study Case of Coastal Women in Sendang Biru Hamlet, Indonesia
No full textClimate change poses major challenges for vulnerable groups throughout the world, especially women in coastal areas of Indonesia. Climate change presents a complex set of challenges that disproportionately impact vulnerable groups, with women often bearing the brunt of the impacts due to existing socio-cultural norms and unequal access to resources and decision-making processes. In Indonesia, coastal communities face increasing risks from rising sea levels, extreme weather events and coastal erosion caused by climate change. Women, who are often the primary caregivers and resource managers in these communities, bear a disproportionate burden of disasters caused by climate change. They experience increased vulnerability due to socio-cultural norms, limited access to resources, and limited power in making decisions. The impacts of climate change on women in Sendang Biru coastal areas are seen in various forms, including increased economic insecurity, loss of livelihoods, increased health risks, and disrupted access to health facilities. In addition, women\u27s traditional roles as natural resource managers and family caretakers make them vulnerable to environmental degradation and displacement. Integrating an ecofeminist perspective in climate change strategy and mitigation explains how coastal women are exposed to risk, experience vulnerability, face problems in access to health and safety.
Keywords: Ecofeminism, Coastal women; climate change; health; global healt
The Role of Women in Political Patronage and Political Alliance in the Joxzin Community Organization in the 2019 Election
No full textThe aim of this research is to look at the role of women in political patronage relationships which resulted in a political alliance between the community organization Joxzin (Jogjakarta Islamic Never Die) and the political party United Development Party (PPP) in the 2019 elections in 2019. Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta , Indonesia. Joxzin is a community organization consisting of male and female members. This research uses a convergent method of mixing qualitative and quantitative data which is then analyzed using the NVivo 12 Plus application. The findings obtained in this research are that Joxzin has political patronage ties. Joxzin has resources and power compared to patrons because Joxzin as a client can appoint Ahmad Zahran to be Chairman of the Branch Leadership Council of the Yogyakarta City Development United Party. With Joxzin\u27s strong political alliance, Muhammad Yazid from the Sleman Regency Pilkada became a legislative member of the Yogyakarta Special Region People\u27s Representative Council for the 2019-2024 period.
Keywords: Political patronage, political alliances, Woman, Joxzin, Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP).Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat peran perempuan dalam hubungan patronase politik yang menghasilkan aliansi politik antara organisasi masyarakat Joxzin (Jogjakarta Islamic Never Die) dan partai politik Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) pada pemilu tahun 2019 di tahun 2019. Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode konvergen campuran data kualitatif dan kuantitatif yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi NVivo 12 Plus. Temuan yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah Joxzin mempunyai ikatan patronase politik. Joxzin memiliki sumber daya dan kekuasaan dibandingkan patron karena Joxzin sebagai klien dapat menunjuk Ahmad Zahran menjadi Ketua Dewan Pimpinan Cabang Partai Bersatu Pembangunan Kota Yogyakarta. Dengan kuatnya aliansi politik Joxzin, Muhammad Yazid dari Pilkada Kabupaten Sleman menjadi anggota legislatif Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta periode 2019-2024
Surviving in the Post-Repatriation Era: Challenges and Opportunities for Papuan refugees after returning from Papua New Guinea
No full textAlthough many studies have been carried out on the living conditions of Papuan refugees in Papua New Guinea, little is known about what happens to them once they have been repatriated to the Indonesian province of Papua. This study seeks to fill this void. By focusing on two areas of repatriants’ settlement in Papua Province (Kwimi village of Keerom and Nasem village of Merauke), this article examines their living conditions in the post-repatriation period and identify ways in which the Indonesian government can improve its repatriation program. Data were gathered through focus group discussions, observation, and library research between the second and third week of December 2021. This research, based on a qualitative descriptive approach, found that Papuan repatriants faced difficulties adjusting to life after repatriation. Among their challenges are reintegrating into the community, finding employment, funding their children’s education, gaining livelihoods, and clashing with land settlements. These difficulties stem from the government’s inability to provide proper assistance to repatriated individuals within the first five years of their settlement, which results in challenges for them during the reintegration process. This research also offers recommendations for Indonesia’s central and local governments to formulate a coordinated policy in handling repatriants; develop a project plan in the first five years covering the principles of safety, protection, mentoring, empowerment; and consider the repatriation issue in the country’s best interest.
Keywords: Papua; Papua New Guinea; repatriants; refugeeArtikel ini mengkaji kondisi kehidupan pengungsi Papua setelah dipulangkan dari PNG dan menemukan pembelajaran yang dapat dipetik untuk mendukung program repatriasi Indonesia–PNG di masa depan. Penelitian ini secara khusus menyajikan cerita dari para repatrian di kampung Kwimi Keerom dan kampung Nasem Merauke. Kedua wilayah ini dipilih untuk mewakili Perbatasan Utara dan Selatan Provinsi Papua dengan PNG. Data dikumpulkan melalui diskusi kelompok terarah, observasi, dan studi pustaka antara minggu kedua dan ketiga Desember 2021. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, artikel ini menemukan bahwa repatrian Papua masih berjuang untuk bertahan hidup di era pasca repatriasi. Hal itu terjadi karena janji pemerintah untuk memberdayakan dan menjamin keamanan mereka selama lima tahun pertama hingga repatrian mencapai tingkat reintegrasi yang memuaskan, belum sepenuhnya terlaksana. Bantuan integrasi dari pemerintah tentunya sangat dibutuhkan, mengingat para repatrian telah bertahun-tahun tinggal di PNG dengan pola pikir dan gaya hidup yang berbeda. Kajian ini memberikan rekomendasi kepada pemerintah pusat dan daerah di Indonesia untuk merumuskan kebijakan yang terkoordinasi dalam menangani isu repatriasi; merancang rencana proyek yang jelas dalam lima tahun pertama setelah pemulangan yang meliputi prinsip keselamatan, perlindungan, pendampingan, pemberdayaan; dan mempertimbangkan masalah repatriasi dalam kepentingan negara
Hostility vs. Reluctance: Implication of Nuclear Posture Adoption towards India\u27s Bilateral Relations with Pakistan and China
No full textThis paper examines India\u27s different nuclear posture adoption toward Pakistan and China. India has been developing its nuclear weapons to ensure its survival amidst ongoing tensions with Pakistan and China. However, India\u27s relationship with China tends to be cooperative, while Pakistan tends to be conflictual. Theoretically, the mutual accumulation of nuclear power will increase tension and further deteriorate bilateral relations. Through posture optimization theory and Jervis\u27 four worlds, this article qualitatively compares the two cases and its implication for their bilateral relations. The result shows that India\u27s adoption of an assured retaliation posture that directly deters Pakistan affects their relationship to be hostile and leaves no possibilities for cooperation. On the contrary, the existence of the United States as India\u27s strategic partner made China reluctant to be aggressive and opt for diplomatic settlements with India. India-Pakistani relations dynamics reflect Jervis\u27s doubly dangerous world, while Sino-Indian relations reflect the second world unaffected by the accumulation of power, although there is an intense security dilemma.
Keywords: India; Pakistan; China; Nuclear Posture; Nuclear PolicyArtikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan perbedaan adopsi postur nuklir India terhadap Pakistan dan China. Untuk menjamin keberlangsungan hidupnya, India mengembangkan senjata nuklir ditengah peningkatan tensi yang terjadi dengan Pakistan dan China. Namun, hubungan bilateral India dengan China cenderung kooperatif, sedangkan dengan Pakistan cenderung konfliktual. Secara teoritis, akumulasi kekuatan nuklir akan meningkatkan tensi dan memperburuk hubungan bilateral negara terkait. Melalui teori posture optimization dan kategorisasi dunia Jervis, artikel ini membandingkan secara kualitatif konflik nuklir India dengan Pakistan dan China serta implikasinya terhadap hubungan bilateral mereka. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan adopsi postur assured retaliation membuat India mengimbangi kekuatan Pakistan secara langsung sehingga hubungan mereka agresif dan tidak memberikan kesempatan bekerjasama. Di sisi lain, keberadaan Amerika Serikat mempengaruhi China untuk enggan berperilaku agresif dan mengambil pendekatan diplomatik dengan India. Dinamika hubungan India-Pakistan memperlihatkan kesesuaian dengan dunia doubly dangerous Jervis, sedangkan hubungan India-China sesuai dengan dunia kedua yang tidak dipengaruhi akumulasi kekuataan walaupun ada dilema keamanan yang intens di belakangnya.
Kata Kunci: India, Pakistan, China, Pstur Nuklir, Kebijakan Nukli