Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional
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Trade Controversy Amidst Tobacco Control Provisions: Dynamics on the Establishment of U.S Tobacco Control Act 2009
No full textAbstractThis article examines the dynamics on the establishment of a health policy that U.S suddenly issued, so-called Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA). Some provisions of this act having something to do with trade were assumed controversial policy due to two reasons. First, it banned the circulations of specific flavors in cigarettes but allowed menthol-containing tobacco products. Second, this act involved tobacco industry participation on Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC). In short, this article addresses interest groups consisting of tobacco companies and civil society groups influencing U.S government to take action regarding ratification of World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). They both have contradicting interests and race against each other to influence government through varied means. I argue that this opposing domestic dynamics influences U.S government to issue FSPTCA that contained two controversies and adopted provisions of WHO FCTC as win-win solution. Keywords: tobacco control; interest groups; ratification; influence; win-win solution. AbstrakArtikel ini membahas mengenai dinamika pembentukan sebuah kebijakan atau undang-undang kesehatan Amerika, FSPTCA yang dikeluarkan secara mendadak. Beberapa ketentuan dari undang-undang ini berkaitan dengan perdagangan dan diasumsikan sebagai kebijakan yang kontroversial karena dua alasan. Pertama, undang-undang ini melarang peredaran rokok beraroma rasa namun mengizinkan produk tembakau yang mengandung mentol. Kedua, undang-undang ini melibatkan partisipasi industri tembakau dalam sebuah kelompok para penasehat ilmiah produk tembakau. Singkatnya, artikel ini merujuk pada kelompok kepentingan yaitu perusahaan-perusahaan rokok dan kelompok masyarakat sipil yang mempengaruhi pemerintah dalam meratifikasi konvensi kerangka kontrol tembakau dari WHO. Mereka memiliki kepentingan yang saling bertentangan dan saling berlomba untuk mempengaruhi pemerintah Amerika melalui berbagai macam cara. Akhirnya, penulis beragumen bahwa dinamika domestik yang saling bertentangan mempengaruhi pemerintah AS untuk mengeluarkan kebijakan FSPTCA yang memuat dua kontroversi dan mengadopsi ketentuan WHO FCTC dengan dua kontroversinya sebagai win-win solution. Kata Kunci: kontrol tembakau; kelompok kepentingan; ratifikasi; mempengaruhi; win-win solution.
Kerjasama Selatan-Selatan dan Triangular Sebagai Instrumen Peningkatan Peran Indonesia di Tingkat Global
No full textKerjasama Selatan-Selatan dan Triangular (KSST) bukanlah isu baru bagi Indonesia. Sejak Konperensi Asia Afrika (KAA) diselenggarakan pada tahun 1955 di Bandung, saat itulah Indonesia sudah memulai kebijakan kerjasama selatan-selatan. Hingga saat ini berarti sudah 60 tahun lebih Indonesia bergelut dengan kebijakan kerjasama selatan-selatan dan triangular ini. Meskipun demikian, masih ada banyak masalah dalam pengimplementasian kebijakan ini. Tidak semua orang Indonesia memahami isu KSST ini atau perlunya memberikan bantuan ke negara sedang berkembang yang lain sementara masih banyak permasalahan pembangunan di dalam negeri. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa mengapa Indonesia memberikan bantuan luar negeri melalui skema KSST. Selain itu tujuan ini juga bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hambatan dan tantangan Indonesia dalam mengimplementasikan KSST. Tulisan ini akan menggunakan pendekatan liberal-institusionalisme untuk memahami dan menganalisa isu KSST ini. Argumen utama dari tulisan ini adalah Indonesia dapat menciptakan mutual gain melalui skema KSST dan memberikan kontribusi positif dalam mewujudkan kepentingan kolektif untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan global.Kata kunci: Kerjasama Selatan-Selatan dan Triangular (KSST), Bantuan Luar Negeri, Indonesia, Liberal-Institusionalisme, Kepentingan Kolekti
Evaluating Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime-Case Study: North Korea
No full textThis paper try to explain why a country refused to join the nuclear weapons nonproliferation regime. The main argument of this article is the failure of the nuclear weapons nonproliferation regime to create a state-nuclear negara abandon their nuclear weapons because the regime does not successfully complete the core problem that triggered the decision to develop nuclear weapons. The decision will be difficult to change when it is done in order to maintain domestic power in the country that has nuclear weapons. Moreover, the perception of threat also came from rival states with nuclear weapons or non-nuclear states in alliance with the nuclear state. This article uses a case study of North Korea to prove the argument the author.Keywords : nuclear weapon, nuclear nonproliferation regime, nuclear politics, North Korea, Juch
An Indonesian Democracy: limits of a majoritarian democracy
No full textIndonesia has continuously been praised as a successful post-authoritarian country transitioning to democracy. However, seeing the numerous human rights violations in the past decade alone especially towards alternative political, religious and sexual identities, the success of democracy in Indonesia has been put under the spotlight. This raises the question of the development of democracy and the use of democracy in Indonesia in practicing and upholding principles of social equality for all. In this article I wish to provide an overview of majoritarian democracy, a form of democracy that is understood and practiced in Indonesia. A form of democracy that rather than upholding values that safeguards individual rights and diversity, may in fact undermine religious and cultural diversity, enforcing a homogenized national culture and values, which in return may engender human rights violations in the name of national security that it in itself is defined by the majority
Aksi Kamisan: Lamenting Women, State Violence and Human Security
No full textThis paper investigates the relationship of Aksi Kamisan and human security. It narrates the phenomenon of women participating in Aksi Kamisan who lament silently before the Presidential office. It explores the essential contribution of these women parading in front of the government offices in promoting human security. Women participants of Aksi Kamisan choose lamentation as a persuasive language to deliver messages on the importance of human security. Analyzing their letters sent to the present President and listening to their oral testimonies, I systematize their previously implicit understanding of human security. In the process I expose the underlying theology of the so-called ‘god of security’ by regimes after the reformation era. Finally I reflect on the theme from the historical-feminist-theological perspectives finding deeper meaning in the pursuit of truth and healing in the face of human suffering
Implementasi CEDAW tentang Penghapusan Diskriminasi Perempuan : Studi Kasus Pemilu di Indonesia Tahun 2009 dan 2014
No full textUnited Nations as international organization issued an international convention to eliminate discrimination towards women, called CEDAW (Convention on Elimination of All Form of Discrimination Against Women). As the one of the nation that ratified the convention, Indonesia, adopted CEDAW articles that becomes UU RI No. 7 Tahun 1984. Indonesia agreed to prevent further discrimination towards women and implement all the policies written on those article. Unfortunately, the success and implementation of CEDAW is still doubtful, especially in political realm. The number of women political participation never reached 30% according to the affirmative action that is stated in Indonesian Constitution. The 2009 and 2014 general election showed that women’s representation in parliament in still low and not having significant change. The success of CEDAW can be seen from women’s political participation, measured by international indicator called GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure). GEM is used to measure shift and effectiveness of the implementation of CEDAW Convention in Indonesia, especially in political participation. This article concluded that CEDAW International Convention in political participation is not effective yet, considering the number of women in parliament not balanced with ratio of women citizen in Indonesia
Eurasianisme dan Kebijakan Luar Negeri Rusia
No full textRussia’s engagement in Eurasian integration highlights the challenges that Russia faces in Asia. Russia need to re-establish political and economic influence in the region to maintain her eastward-focused integration drive, including building a southeastwards bridge to China and Asia Pacific. In this context, the cooperative nature of Russian policies is the conditio sine qua non for the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union in 2015. This article examines Russia’s integration policy in relation to Central Asia and beyond, towards Asia as continent. Regional integration is very much a popular idea, with the potential for economic benefits and increased international influence. Significant steps have been taken towards the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union. However, to implement its regional initiatives and to become a more visible player in the regional multilateral institutions, Russia will have to overcome both the domestic and international limitations it faces. Russia’s current alienation from the West and its growing dependency on China may well finally push it into more actively finding better ways of fullfilling this mission
Legitimasi, Efektivitas dan Akuntabilitas G-20 Sebagai Klub Eksklusif dalam Pembentukan Tata Kelola Ekonomi Global
No full textThis paper examines the modalities and challenges the G-20 as an exclusive club in running inclusive mandate to tackle the global financial crisis and the global financial structure to form a robust and resilient to the financial crisis. A limited number of conceptually does provide an opportunity for the club to prove its effectiveness in addressing the global financial crisis. However, this paper argues that the measure of success of the G-20 not only in its ability to address the needs of their members effectively, but also its ability to provide benefits to all the nations of the world, including those who are not members of the club.Keywords : G-20, Global Governance, Club Theor
Grand Design Diplomasi Ekonomi Indonesia: Sebuah Pendekatan Indeks Diplomasi Ekonomi
No full textStudi ini mencoba menyusun sebuah blueprint diplomasi ekonomi Indonesia dengan merumuskan Indeks Diplomasi Ekonomi (IDE). Hasil IDE mengambarkan bahwa negara-negara sahabat dengan nilai IDE tertinggi dan masuk dalam kategori negara strategis yaitu Tiongkok, Singapura, Malaysia, Amerika Serikat, dan Jepang. Banyak negara-negara di pasar non-tradisional bagi Indonesia masuk dalam kategori negara strategis. Ditemukan beberapa negara mitra strategis bagi diplomasi ekonomi Indonesia seperti Mauritius, Republik Demokratik Kongo, Angola, Ghana, dan Uganda masih belum terdapat perwakilan Indonesia dan hubungan diplomatik dirangkap dari perwakilan Indonesia di negara sahabat lainnya. Sedangkan negara-negara kategori ‘mitra biasa’ seperti Laos, Bosnia Herzegovina, Fiji, Suriname, Vatikan, dan Noumea Pemerintah Indonesia justru menempatkan perwakilannya dengan pertimbangan politis dan sosial budaya seperti keterikatan sejarah seperti diaspora Indonesia
Ancaman Non-Militer Terhadap Keamanan Nasional di Papua
No full textPertahanan negara merupakan salah satu elemen pokok suatu negara karena menyangkut kepentingan untuk melindungi warga negara, wilayah, dan sistem politiknya dari ancaman negara lain. Situasi di Papua tidak dapat dikategorikan sebagai konflik bersenjata, tetapi lebih dikategorikan sebagai kekacauan, ketegangan, atau gangguan dalam negeri. Ancaman non-militer pada hakikatnya ancaman yang menggunakan faktor-faktor nirmiliter yang dinilai mempunyai kemampuan yang membahayakan kedaulatan negara, keutuhan wilayah negara, dan keselamatan segenap bangsa. Keinginan masyarakat Papua untuk merdeka lebih disebabkan karena mereka tidak mengalami kesetaraan dalam hal kesejahteraan dengan propinsi-propinsi lain di Indonesia. Jika tidak ada penanganan yang serius, kondisi ini akan berkembang menjadi kondisi permanen yang tentunya akan menjadi ancaman besar terhadap keamanan nasional.Kata Kunci: Ancaman Non-Militer, Pertahanan Negara, Keamanan Nasional, dan Papu