Jurnal Riset Kimia
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Efektifitas Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa dan Sereh untuk Pembuatan Perisa Alami dengan Biokatalisator Lipase serta Penggunaan Ultrasonik
Get PDFIn general, flavor are synthesis through enzymatic hydrolysis and esterification reactions (up to 20 hours) using commercial ingredients based on free fatty acids and alcohol. Efficient endeavors utilizing enzymatic transesterification to expedite reactions are necessary to acquire flavored products. Substrates may originate from commercial or natural sources abundant in fatty acids and alcohol. Commercial fatty acids and alcohol (geraniol) are readily available in pure forms. Alternatively, fatty acids can be sourced from coconut oil, while geraniol can be derived from lemongrass oil, which is more cost-effective compared to commercial ingredients. Ultrasonics have emerged as a means to expedite enzymatic. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of ultrasonic power and transesterification reaction time between coconut oil and geraniol on geraniol conversion. Utilizing lipase (415.99 U/g), coconut oil was subjected to transesterification with commercially obtained pure geraniol in a 1:3 weight ratio, conducted in an ultrasonic tank filled with water. Reaction durations spanned 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes, with ultrasonic powers set at 50, 70, and 90 watts. The study findings elucidated that the highest geraniol conversion rate of 50.59% was achieved with 70 watts of ultrasonic power over a 90-minute period. These optimal conditions were subsequently applied to transesterify coconut oil with geraniol from lemongrass oil, yielding a conversion rate of 90.29%. This finding demonsttrate the posibility of employing coconut oil and lemongrass oil in a one-stage transesterification process to produce natural flavors via enzymatic lipase catalysis expedited by ultrasonic technology, facilitating swift reaction times
Sintesis Natrium Silikat Menggunakan Silika dari Pasir Pantai Bengkalis
Get PDFSodium silicate (Na2SiO3) is a chemical industrial material that is widely used as a metal cleaner, adhesive, and as a filler in the detergent, soap and toothpaste industries. Sodium silicate can be synthesized from silica dioxide (SiO2), which can be obtained through an extraction process from materials containing silica such as sand, glass bottle waste or rice husks. In this research, the synthesis of Na2SiO3 was carried out using silica extracted from Bengkalis beach sand using the acid leaching method, with a 3M HCl solution. The results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of Bengkalis Beach sand showed that the silica content reached 89.1%. This research aims to determine the effect of the molar ratio of the NaOH reactant to the extracted SiO2 (2:1, 3:1 and 4:1) on the Na2SiO3 produced. The synthesis of Na2SiO3 was carried out using the hydrothermal method at atmospheric pressure, by reacting a 4M NaOH solution with 10 g of silica from Bengkalis sand, by heating at 110oC for an hour and stirring at 600 rpm. A molar ratio of 2:1 is the best ratio which produces 9.427g of Na2SiO3. From analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the spectrum patterns obtained are suitable for compounds containing silanol (≡Si-OH) and siloxane (≡Si-O-Si≡) groups. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the synthesized compound is in accordance with standard sodium silicate. The Na2SiO3 obtained has a crystal diameter of 44.8 nm with an agglomerate-shaped morpology
Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper Betle Linn.) sebagai Capping Agent dalam Green Synthesis Spinel Ferit ZnFe2O4 untuk Remediasi Fenol dalam Air dan sebagai Anti Bakteri
Get PDFThe spinel ferrite material ZnFe2O4 was synthesized using a green synthesis approach by the hydrothermal method. In the synthesis, 2M NaOH was used as a mineralizer and betel leaf extract with varying volumes of 1, 3, 5, and 7 mL as a capping agent, then continued with calcination at 500, 600, and 700°C. Several devices, such as XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, DRS-UV-Vis, and VSM, were used to characterize the synthesized ZnFe2O4 material. The pattern of XRD indicated that the ZnFe2O4 material has a cubic structure, where the increase in crystal size was after calcination. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectrum shows the Fe-O interaction at wave numbers 427-417 cm-1, which is located on the octahedral side, while the Zn-O interaction at wave numbers 534-510 cm-1, which is located on the tetrahedral side in spinel ferrite structure. From the DRS UV-Vis spectrum pattern and band gap values, it was found that the material absorbs light in the visible region. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images show that the morphology of the synthesized material is circular. The Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) hysteresis curve shows that the synthesized ZnFe2O4 has paramagnetic properties. The synthesized ZnFe2O4 material has photocatalytic activity towards phenolic compounds with a degradation percentage reaching 62.2%, and this material is active as an antibacterial with an inhibition area of 14.4 for S. aereus bacteria
Senyawa Isoflavonoid dari Akar Gitaan (Willughbeia coriacea Wall.)
Get PDFGitaan (Willughbeia coriacea Wall.) is an endemic plant that grows wild in the forests of Kalimantan. Traditionally, parts of this plant have been applied for fork-lore medication in Dayak tribe. However, scarce information both for secondary metabolites and biological activities of this plant has been reported, especially for flavonoids. This research was conducted to determine structure of flavonoid from ethyl acetate fraction of gitaan roots by spectroscopy analysis. The ethyl acetate fraction was purified by several chromatography techiques in order to isolate compound 1. On the basis of NMR analysis including DART-HRMS data and comparison with literature, an isoflavonoid obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction of gitaan roots is formononetin
Pemanfaatan Limbah Ban Bekas untuk Sintesis Nanokomposit MnO2/C dengan Metode Hidrotermal sebagai Material Superkapasitor
Get PDFActivated carbon from waste tires is used as MnO2 metal oxide doping in making MnO2/C-based nanocomposites into high-density and environmentally friendly supercapacitor electrodes. The MnO2/C nanocomposite synthesis process was carried out using the hydrothermal method by varying the mass of activated carbon by 1.25 g, 2.5 g and 3.75 g to determine the optimum results. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, it shows that MnO2/C can be used as a high density supercapacitor electrode. This is in accordance with the XRD test results which show that the MnO2 nanocomposite with the addition of C was successfully synthesized and has an orthorhombic crystalline phase. The SEM test results show that the material has almost the same morphology, namely many protrusions which make each particle have high roughness. The most optimal results were obtained from the MnO2/C-50 variation because it has the highest C element content, namely 39.93%, so it has the highest capacitance value of 5.791 f/g during the CV test. The GCD test shows that electrodes with a carbon variation of 2.5 g have a much longer and constant charge-discharge measurement time. In the EIS test, this variation shows a resistance value that is not too high and not too small, materials that have good storage capacity or capacity have moderate resistance
Pengaruh Compatibilizer Polyvinyl Alcohol-graft-Maleic Anhydride (PVA-g-MAH) terhadap Karakteristik Plastik Degradable Berbasis Pati Sagu dan Pati Biji Nangka
Get PDFDegradable plastics may be employed as a substitute for conventional plastics in various commercial applications. Plastics made from starch and PVA-g-MAH are biodegradable. This research uses sago and jackfruit starch, a maleic anhydride compatibilizer, and PVA to make degradable plastics stronger. The research method consists of several stages, making sago starch and jackfruit seed starch, preparing degradable plastic synthesis, and testing the resulting degradable plastic. The test of mechanical characteristics of degradable plastics carried out is the tensile strength test of 4.41 Mpa - 6.02 MPa on sago starch-based degradable plastic with PVA-g-MAH, while the tensile strength of 6.86 - 8.43 MPa on jackfruit seed starch-based degradable plastic with PVA-g-MAH. The test shows that the compound is hydrophilic, meaning it binds to water and is easily degraded by soil. The DSC thermogram shows that the plastic samples degrade when heated, both thermogram peaks occur which indicate physical changes. The swelling value obtained in sago starch degradable plastic with PVA-g-MAH is (28.14-72.17%) while in jackfruit seed starch degradable plastic, the swelling obtained ranges from (25.91-84.72%) showing a good result. Sago starch and jackfruit seed starch degradable plastics degraded in 6-18 days using PVA-g-MAH. Sago starch and jackfruit seed starch-based plastics using PVA-g-MA meet the ASTM 6400 standard for biodegradable plastics. The plastic should be able to biodegrade up to 60% within six months or 90% within one year
Aktivitas Antirayap Kulit Batang dan Akar Tumbuhan Kokosan (Lansium domesticum cv Kokossan) Terhadap Rayap Tanah (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren)
Get PDFKokosan (Lansium domesticum cv Kokossan) is one of the Meliaceae family plants known to produce various compounds with various activities. The Meliaceae family is known to have fruit seeds with a bitter taste that can be utilized as an antifeedant in insects. However, research on the bioactivity and content of secondary metabolites in the roots and bark of kokosan as termiticides against subterranean termites has never been reported. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and test the anti-termite activity of extracts and fractions of kokosan root and stem bark against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren termites. Root and stem bark powder were macerated separately using methanol solvent and then fractionated to obtain n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions (residue). Each extract and fraction was fed to termites through cellulose paper at a concentration of 5% for 3 days. Based on the results of phytochemical tests on extracts and fractions from the roots and bark of kokosan, it is known to contain alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, and phenolic compound groups. The results of the anti-termite activity test are based on the percentage mortality value obtained by the methanol extract of the most active root with a value of 97.2% and paper weight loss of only 6.92%. In the ethyl acetate fraction of the roots, mortality was 84.4% and paper weight loss was 2.38%, and the n-hexane fraction of the stem bark showed mortality of 87.6% and paper weight loss of 2.20%. The kokosan root obtained has the most active activity against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren
Studi Molecular Docking dan Evaluasi Farmakokinetik Senyawa Analog Pirazol Turunan Benzen-Sulfonilurea sebagai Inhibitor Enzim Aldose Reduktase and α-Glukosidase Menggunakan Pendekatan In Silico
Get PDFThe pyrazole scaffold modification in various chemical structures on several studies has shown various biopharmacological activities. This study aims to predict the potential inhibition of pyrazole analogs derived benzene-sulfonylurea (4A, 4B, 4E, 5A, 5C, 5D) against the α-glucosidase (3A4A) and aldose reductase (3RX2) enzymes based on a molecular docking approach using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2020.0102 software and evaluate pharmacokinetic profile (ADMET). In this study, the six test compounds were obtained from previous studies that have been proven antihyperglycemic. The results showed that all the 3,5-disubstituted benzene-sulfonylurea derivative pyrazole analogs are predicted to have low inhibitory activity against the α-glucosidase enzyme. Further, all compounds showed good aldose reductase inhibitor activity and had lower binding free energy values than tolrestat as the positive control (-6.82 kcal/mol). Compound 5C has the best potential inhibitory activity against the aldose reductase enzyme compared to the other test compounds, because it has the lowest binding free energy value (-8.76 kcal/mol) and interacts with important residues on the receptor forming four hydrogen bonds, namely the carbonyl group of SO2 with residues Trp111 and His110, and the carbonyl group of the amide with residues His110 and Tyr48, as well as 3 hydrophobic bonds, namely a pyrazole ring with residues Leu300, Trp219 and a furan ring with Phe122. ADMET properties of the compounds are also predicted. This information provides an opportunity for a 5C compound as an aldose reductase inhibitor agent to develop drug candidates with better and safer activities
Analysis of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of Cashew Leaf Extract (Anacardium occidentale L.) with Varying Ethanol Concentrations: Analisis Total Fenolik, Flavonoid, dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Jambu Mete (Anacardium occidentale L.) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Etanol
No full textThis study evaluated the effectiveness of various ethanol concentrations (50%, 70%, and 96%) in extracting bioactive compounds from cashew leaves (Anacardium occidentale). Parameters analyzed included total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH and H2O2 methods. The results showed that the 70% ethanol extract produced the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as significant antioxidant activity compared to other ethanol concentrations. This study offers practical insights for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries in selecting the optimal solvents for cashew leaf extraction. Additionally, the analysis showed that the 70% ethanol extract offered an optimal balance between extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity, making it the most efficient solvent for commercial use
A New Insight Into Toxicity of Database Compounds from Ginger (Zingiber officinale) by Modelling Study
Get PDFDengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus. The dengue virus is transmitted through female mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Indonesia is a dengue endemic country, and almost all provinces in Indonesia are infected with dengue. However, targeted antiviral drugs against dengue virus (DENV) are not yet available. This study aimed to determine the potential of three compounds isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale) as dengue NS2B/NS3 inhibitors, and to predict the physicochemical properties (drug-likeness) and potential toxicity of drug candidates. Ginger isolates in the form of [8]-gingerol, [6]-paradol, shogaol were obtained from the Natural Discovery Database (NADI). Toxicity and drug-likeness predictions were performed using ProTox-II and SwissADME, and Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2022.0901 was used for the molecular docking process. Results: The results showed that the ginger compound (Zingiber officinale), [8]-Gingerol, [6]-Paradol, and Shogaol, had binding free energy of -7.18, -7.10 and -6.88 kcal/mol, respectively. It is indicated that three compounds had potentiality to inhibit the NS2B/NS3 protein complex with a binding free energy that was almost equivalent to that of the positive control, panduratin A, and similar to that of the positive control, which can be seen in superimposition. In addition, three compounds isolated from ginger met the drug-likeness parameters. Based on the analysis of in silico toxicity studies, the three compounds isolated from ginger showed different levels of toxicity. Therefore, based on the safety level of oral use, the [8]-gingerol compound is safer to develop as a dengue antiviral drug, where the LD50 value of [8]-gingerol is 2.580 mg/kg with a class V toxicity level that is practically nontoxic