HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
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UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-based Untargeted Metabolomics of Sida rhombifolia Leaves and Stem Extracts
Get PDFSida rhombifolia, also known as sidaguri in Indonesia, is a medicinal plant commonly used as a herbal medicine because of its metabolite and biological activities. One of the several factors that affect plant metabolite composition and concentration is the use of plant parts. In this study, the experiment aimed to identify the metabolite profile in the leaves and stem extracts of S. rhombifolia using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics. The samples were distinguished by principal component analysis (PCA). Extraction of metabolites was conducted by sonication for approximately 30 min with 70% ethanol as the extraction solvent; 28 metabolites were identified. Seven metabolites were identified only in the leaves, three were identified only in the stems, and 18 other metabolites were identified in both the leaves and stems. These metabolites were categorized as flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, phenolic aldehydes, phenolic acids, ecdysteroids, fatty acids, and monoterpene lactones. Based on the classification results, PCA grouped the leaves and stem extracts of S. rhombifolia using the peak area variables of the identified metabolites
Quercetin-Containing Extract from Clove Syzygium aromaticum L. Endophytic Bacteria, Fictibacillus phosphorivorans P1U2, Exhibits Antimutagenic Activity in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Get PDFMetabolites from clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) have been extensively studied for various pharmacological uses, including quercetin. Endophytic bacteria isolated from plant tissues can produce similar secondary metabolites as their host plants. However, little is known about the antioxidant activity of the endophytic bacterial extract from clove leaves. Amongst the potential bacterial groups, the genera of Bacillus have been widely studied as a source of antioxidants. Thus, this study, we examined the potential antioxidant properties of Bacillus sp., isolated from clove leaves. We have successfully isolated ten endophytic bacteria, of which only one isolate (P1U2) was found non-pathogenic based on a hemolytic assay. Based on the 16S rRNA sequence, P1U2 shared the highest similarity to Fictibacillus phosphorivorans. The extract of extracellular metabolites of P1U2 contains quercetin compounds, based on LC-MS analysis. The results of the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH assay showed that the P1U2 extract had an IC50 value of 161 mg/ml. The supplementation of the extract on culture media reduced the ability of S. cerevisiae to decolorize mutagen malachite green and increased cell viability. Furthermore, the addition of 161 ppm extract was able to counteract UV mutagens effects of UV exposure and toxicity of malachite green, significantly increasing the growth of S. cerevisiae. Suggesting the bioactivity of the extract in combating mutagens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report a quercetin-rich extract derived from endophytic bacteria, F. phosphorivorans. Thus, further study is required to optimize the synthesis of quercetin from isolate P1U2
Phylogeographic Insights of Five Co-Habiting Grouper Species in The Indo-Malaya Archipelago
Get PDFUnderstanding the patterns of genetic diversity of species and precise stock identification are important in fisheries conservation management. However, studies on genetic diversity, connectivity, population structure, and gene flow of groupers within the Indo-Malaya Archipelago (IMA) waters are limited. The objective of the present study was to examine the phylogeographic patterns of the family Epinephelidae in IMA waters based on a parallel study of five selected species utilizing the mitochondrial COI. The grouper species were: areolate grouper (Epinephelus areolatus), blacktip grouper (Epinephelus fasciatus), six-bar grouper (Epinephelus sexfasciatus), blue-lined hind (Cephalopholis formosa), and white-edged lyretail (Variola albimarginata). Specimens were obtained from fish landing sites and fish markets from 23 locations throughout the IMA waters. This study showed genetic structuring for two species (Epinephelus areolatus and Variola albimarginata) but genetic homogeneity for the other three investigated species across IMA. Various geological and demographic histories, local and regional oceanographic features, and biological characteristics are hypothesized to shape the present genetic pattern of each species across the IMA waters. The establishment of effective international cooperation is encouraged to manage grouper species stocks in this region
Comparative Morphology, Photoperiodism, and Yield of KDML105 Rice (Oryza sativa) and Its Mutants
Get PDFClimate change and decreasing in farmlands threaten global rice production. The productivity and grain quality of KDML105 (Oryza sativa ‘KDML105’), one of Thailand’s famous scented rice is depending on photoperiod and cultivating conditions. Cultivar improvement using induced mutagenesis has previously been performed and screening of candidate mutant lines (MT1, MT3, MT4, MT5, MT6) were then investigated in comparison with KDML105 to gain M6 generation. Comparative morphological features revealed that five mutant lines showed semi-dwarf shoot with erected leaves, higher tiller numbers, and compact clump when compared to KDML105. Interestingly, the variations of photoperiodism of flowering were observed among mutants and its original. All five lines of candidate mutants showed flowering unaffected by day length even under long-day or short-day that required only 47-85 days after transplanting to reach the flowering date. In contrast, KDML 105 showed flowering only under short-day conditions. On the other hand, three candidate mutants (MT3, MT5 and MT6) after screening for salinity tolerance were further selected to grow for M6 seed production. The tiller numbers, spikelet numbers, total grain yield, and grain weight obtained from MT3, MT5 and MT6 mutants were significantly more than those obtained from KDML 105. The mutants obtained in this study are characterized as intermediate photoperiodism with shortened production time. It is also suggested to further investigate the grain quality to examine the overall properties of these mutants prior to use in the rice breeding program
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Hevea brasiliensis Leaves Extract
Get PDFBelonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, the Para rubber tree is formally referred to as Hevea brasiliensis in scientific terms. It is commonly known as an important economic commodity in Thailand because the natural rubber primarily originates from the milky latex obtained from the tree. However, the available research on the phytochemicals found in different parts of the rubber tree and their biological effects is quite restricted. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and antibacterial activity studies on the crude dry leaf extracts of H. brasiliensis. The results indicated the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarin, flavonoids, saponin, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. The total phenolic content was 63.95±4.31 mgGAE/g in the ethanolic leaf extract. The ethanolic extract displayed notable effectiveness in scavenging free radicals (71.2±0.17%) at 500 μg/ml concentration and antioxidant capacity (the lowest IC50 value 42.57±0.91 μg/ml). The ethanol extract of the leaf of H. brasiliensis showed inhibition zone on all of the selected bacteria (gram-positive; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and gram-negative; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) at 200 mg/ml. In conclusion, the dried leaves of H. brasiliensis compose phytochemicals that exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial activities and possesses the potential to act as a reservoir of plant-derived antibiotics and natural antioxidants
Exploring the Anti-Photoaging Potential of Bacillus cereus Superoxide Dismutase in New Zealand Rabbit Skin
Get PDFBacillus cereus is a heat-resistant bacteria that produces the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). SOD is a metalloenzyme that can eliminate free radicals as the primary cause of photoaging. The point of this study is to find out how well B. cereus works as an anti-photoaging agent on the skin of rabbits’ backs. The SOD enzyme was isolated from B. cereus using the colorimetric method and characterized for its activity. It was encapsulated by the liposome method, while the activity was measured on the rabbit’s back skin exposed to ultraviolet-A (UV-A) radiation with the parameters of moisture, elasticity, and collagen levels using a skin analyzer. At the end of the treatment, a histological test for the animal skin was performed. The particle size analysis (PSA) results on the SOD in liposomes showed nanoparticles with an adsorption efficiency of 85.0% and a zeta potential of 28.0±11.7 mV. SOD encapsulated in the liposomes also indicated anti-photoaging activity potential by increasing collagen, elasticity, and moisture levels. In addition, histological tests revealed that the collagen density in the SOD liposome treatment was higher than the negatively of control and normally of control but lower than the liposome collagen
DNA Barcoding of Six Commercially Important Groupers (Epinephelidae) from Langsa, Aceh, Indonesia
Get PDFGroupers are among the fish groups that are difficult to recognize due to their high morphological similarities. Therefore, molecular techniques, particularly DNA barcoding, are extensively utilized to differentiate this fish group. This study aimed to analyze and validate six grouper species belonging to the Epinephelidae family that were harvested from Langsa district waters in Aceh province, Indonesia, based on DNA barcode data. It was conducted from June to December 2021, with the fish specimens collected from fishers at fish landing sites and the fish market in Langsa City, Aceh province. A total of 22 grouper sequences belonging to six species were generated, namely Epinephelus coioides, E. bleekeri, E. malabaricus, E. erythrurus, E. sexfasciatus and Mycteroperca poecilonotus (formerly Epinephelus poecilonotus). Genetic distance within these species ranged from 0.10 to 0.73% (average: 0.40%). Notably, E. malabaricus and E. coioides exhibited the closest genetic kinship (4.07%), while E. sexfasciatus and M. poecilonotus displayed the greatest genetic distance (19.33%). This study provides the first DNA reference for grouper in Langsa district, Indonesia, with significant implications for future sustainable grouper management
Non-contact Electric Field Exposure Provides Potential Cancer Therapy through p53-Independent Proliferation Arrest and Intrinsic Pathway Apoptosis Induction in MG-63 Cell Lines
Get PDFOsteosarcoma is a highly malignant primary tumor on bone that mainly attacks children and young adolescents. Until now, osteosarcoma therapy still combines some high costs and invasive therapy modalities that may give side effects, such as pain and nausea. Our previous studies suggested that non-contact electric field has anti-proliferative effect on breast cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we were interested studying alternating current electric field effects on osteosarcoma cells progression as well as its potential cytotoxic effects. MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells were cultured and treated with 200 kHz for 6 days. Several genes of interest including p53, p21, MDM2, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 were analyzed using real-time qPCR method. Apoptotic index was measured using flow-cytometry assay. Apoptosis was observed through p53-independent p21 pathway (p = 0.011). Cells undergoing apoptosis through internal pathways were shown by the increase of caspase-3 (p = 0.015) and caspase-9 (p = 0.001) levels, but not caspase-8 (p = 0.080). This treatment has successfully reduced the number of living osteosarcoma cells by 14.7% (p = 0.000) and increased cell death up to 4.26% (p = 0.055). Apoptotic index was markedly increased to 16% (p = 0.001). 200 kHz non-contact electric field exposure can disrupt osteosarcoma progression through disruption of normal cell cycle via p53-independent p21 pathway and induction of apoptosis
Ichthyofauna Diversity and Its Distribution in a Low-Saline Lake of Indonesia
Get PDFLake Siombak is a tidal lake that is an estuary around the lake covered with various mangrove trees. It is interesting to study the fish\u27s spatial and temporal distribution as a unique and distinctive tidal lake ecosystem. This research was conducted for a year (from September 2018 to August 2019). Fish sampling was performed by installing gill nets (mesh size 1 inch) and cast nets (mesh size 0.5 inch). Gill nets and cast nets were installed at high and low tides during the full moon. This research showed that there were 27 species of 20 families. Tilapia, Mudskipper, Indo-pacific tarpon, and mainly Rice Fish are always found in Lake Siombak. The fish group at Lake Siombak consists of freshwater fish (mainly: Tilapia, Catfish, and Snakehead), brackish fish (mainly: Mudskipper, Rice fish, and Indo-pacific tarpon), and marine fish (mainly: Milkfish, Kanda mullet, and John\u27s snapper). The actual resident in Lake Siombak consists of Oryziidae, Tilapia, and mudskipper. Other fish are temporary resident fish except for Lutjanidae and Scatophagidae as visitor fish during high tide and high salinity periods (dry season) and Synbranchidae during low salinity (rainy season)
The Facial Width-To-Height Ratio is Unrelated to Aggressive Behaviour in Indonesian People
Get PDFAs a channel of non-verbal communication, faces can give information such as mate attraction, intelligence, and aggressivity. Aggressivity is a character to dominate, protect position, and fight over resources. Several aggressive behaviours in humans are, for example, anger, hostility, physical aggression, and verbal aggression. Previous studies in western society showed that aggressivity could be perceived from the faces. We tested 100 Indonesian males ranging from 19-51 years old to fill out the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) to measure the aggression scale. The mean of their BPAQ scales (total aggression, anger, hostility, physical aggression, and verbal aggression) were 72.44±10.84, 17.37±3.97, 21.38±4.53, 18.97±4.65, 14.72±2.68, respectively. The average facial photograph was generated based on the min-Q1 (Low Aggressivity (LA)) and Q3-max (High Aggressivity (HA)) BPAQ scale. Next, the aggressivity of averaged LA and HA faces was evaluated by raters. The raters consisted of 145 males and 213 females randomly recruited, ranging from 17 to 67 years old. The facial width-to-height (fWHR) ratio between the average faces of the Low-Aggression face and the High-Aggression face was insignificant. This study concluded that Indonesian people could not perceive aggressivity in their faces