HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
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Effect of Toxoplasma Infection Dosage on IgG, IgM, Fetus Weight and Body Length, and Necrosis of Placenta and Fetal Heart
Get PDFOne of the most prevalent zoonotic illnesses in the world, toxoplasmosis, affects both humans and animals and is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The infection will trigger the immune system to increase antibody production. This study aims to determine the dose of toxoplasma that causes necrosis in rats placental and fetal hearts. This study was laboratory experimental research with a Randomized Control Trial (RCT). The study design used a post-test only with a control group design. The Ig G variable obtained from the control group (CG) and treatment group 3 (TG3) is the most significant because the mean value difference was the largest (176.56). The Ig M variable obtained from the control group with treatment group 3 (TG3) is the most significant because the mean value difference is the largest (33.47). The fetus weight variable obtained from the control group with treatment group 3 (TG3) is the most significant because the mean value difference is the largest (2.6). The body length variable obtained from the control group between treatment group 3 (TG3) is the most significant because the mean value difference is the largest (1.26). There was a significant difference in placental tissue necrosis (p = 0.034) and heart (p = 0.025) between the control group (CG) and treatment group 3 (TG3). Therefore, there was a significant difference in Ig G, Ig M, fetus weight, body length, placental tissue necrosis, and fetal heart at the 10³ dose compared to the 102, 101, and normal doses
Effects of Copper on Euglena sp. Local Strains and Remediation Capabilities
Get PDFOne of the well-known industries in Yogyakarta is the Kotagede silver craft, which produces heavy metal waste, one of which is copper. The copper content in the liquid waste of electroplating Kotagede silver crafts is 4.628 mg/L. At the same time, Indonesian Government Regulation No. 22 (2021) stipulates a critical limit of Copper (Cu) content in river and lake water, which is 0.2 mg/L. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effects of copper on local strains of Euglena sp. (growth, photosynthetic pigment production, and superoxide dismutase enzyme) as well as the effectiveness of Euglena sp. in copper remediation. The study was conducted by adding a copper solution obtained from CuSO4•5H2O to the culture medium of Euglena sp. The parameters observed in the study were growth (number of cells and biomass), photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid total), Superoxide dismutase enzyme of Euglena sp. as well as the effectiveness of Euglena sp. in copper remediation. The results showed that copper inhibited the growth of Euglena sp. The highest growth was the control treatment (without adding copper to the culture medium). Likewise, the content of photosynthetic pigments and the culture of Euglena sp. exposed to copper were lower when compared to the control culture. The activity of the SOD enzyme is increased in cultures exposed to copper. The result of the research is Cu metal absorption efficiency by Euglena sp. by 21.93%, 10.93%, and 9.47% for a Cu concentration of 10 ppm, 15 ppm, and 20 ppm
Diversity of Indigenous Bacteria from Mangrove Sediments in the Waters of Ambon Bay, Maluku
Get PDFThis study aimed to analyze the diversity of indigenous bacteria by comparing culture and non-culture methods and to analyze the physicochemical effects on bacterial diversity in polluted and natural mangrove sediments. The environmental parameter values of mangrove sediments for bacterial growth can change owing to differences in adaptation and tolerance to fluctuations in physicochemical conditions. The number of colonies in natural and polluted areas using the culture method was 6.2 × 104 CFU/g and 5.5 × 104 CFU/g, respectively. A total of 33 isolates were identified, with 17 and 16 isolates from the natural and polluted areas, respectively. The most common isolates found in both areas were Acinetobacter haemolyticus strain FBC636 and Exiguobacterium acetylicum strain IAE17. Using the nanopore sequencing method, the total number of colonies in the natural and polluted areas was 69,761 and 58,412 colonies, respectively. A total of 12,954 bacterial species were identified, with 6,837 species in the natural area and 6,117 in the polluted area. The most common isolate found was Sulfurovum aggregans. Physicochemical conditions influenced the differences in bacterial diversity between the natural and polluted areas in the mangrove areas of Ambon Bay
Oleuropein Protects against the Development of Kidneys Induced by Paracetamol in Albino Male Rats.
Get PDFParacetamol treatment is considered one of the treatments used to relieve pain and antipyretic. Therefore, excessive doses and long-term use lead to organ toxicity. Paracetamol treatment is considered one of the treatments used to relieve pain and antipyretic. Therefore, excessive doses and long-term use lead to organ toxicity. The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effect of Oleuropein extracted from olive leaves on the physiological and histological aspects induced by Paracetamol in a rat model. The methods used 25 albino Swiss rats randomly distributed into five groups with the same number. The unit of control is given normal saline. Paracetamol (750 mg/kg) was injected into the group once. In the treatment groups (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg). The Administration of Paracetamol\u27s result significantly increased blood urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium levels, and their blood concentrations decreased with Oleuropein (P 0.05). In addition, Oleuropein extracted from olive leaves relieved some symptoms, including acute vascular congestion caused by a dose of Paracetamol. Compared with paracetamol treatment, there is an infiltration of inflammatory cells and severe nephrotoxicity in the tubules. According to this study, the Oleuropein extracted from olive leaves can be used to prevent kidney damage, and It is not recommended to give Paracetamol, which increases kidney disorders
Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effects from Soil Streptomyces spp. against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Get PDFThe global increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infection has rapidly gained concern globally. This study aimed to investigate antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of 25 soil actinomycete strains against MDR strains including Escherichia coli strain M4, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain M19, Klebsiella pneumoniae strain M19, Bacillus subtilis strain M18, and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In this study, three actinomycete isolates encoded APM-7, APM-11, and APM-21 showed a strong and broad antibacterial spectrum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts derived from these isolates was ranged from 78 μg/ml to 10,000 μg/ml. In addition, The extracts also displayed significant biofilm inhibition values ranging from 6.06 to 72.4%. Based on the results, APM-21 extract had the best antibacterial and antibiofilm activities with the strongest values against MRSA. According to the nucleotide sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, APM-7, APM-11, and APM-21 strains possessed similar identities with Streptomyces cyaneus, Streptomyces coerulescens, and Streptomyces panayensis, respectively. Based on Liquid Chromatography Tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, two antibacterial compounds, namely rancimanycin III, and enteromycin were detected in all those three extracts. Interestingly, APM-21 extract also contained two prominent antibacterial substances including paramagnetoquinone C, and caerulomycin I, suggesting their contribution to the most potential activities. Moreover, new insights were provided into a promising candidate for use in an active compound combating strategy to control MDR bacterial strain infection
Analysis of Drought Stress Effect on Inpari Germination: Survival Method
Get PDFDrought stress using mannitol can inhibit the germination of rice variety seeds. These studies typically produce time-to-event data and censored observation. Survival analysis techniques are valuable for accounting for these non-germination events, as they describe how germination probability changes over time based on the likelihood of seed development. Until now, there have not been survival studies regarding rice germination affected by drought stress in Indonesia. Thus, we investigated the germination probability of three rice varieties (Inpari 19, Inpari 32, and Inpari 49) under drought stress using survival analysis. The seeds were germinated in 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% concentrations of mannitol and evaluated daily over 14 days. Our results demonstrated that higher mannitol concentrations significantly decreased the germination percentage and delayed germination time. The survival rates varied significantly between different mannitol concentrations, highlighting the adverse effects of drought stress. However, there was no significant difference in the probability of seed germination among the varieties treated with 2% mannitol. Among the varieties studied, Inpari 19 is more likely to be drought-resistant compared to Inpari 32 and Inpari 49. It is based on the highest germination percentage, shortest germination time, and highest probability of germination compared. 
Parang Romang (Boehmeria virgata (Frost.) Guill.): Correlation of Phytochemistry with Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities
Get PDFSecondary metabolites such as phenolic and flavonoid from the plant are essential in their activity, especially activities related to the prevention of oxidation and the inhibition of xanthine oxidase. One plant that is believed to have prevention of oxidation and XOI and correlates with secondary metabolites is parang romang. The purpose of this study is to assess the antioxidant capacity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of parang romang, and to examine their relationship with the TPC and TFC. Total phenolic and flavonoid were measured for all parts, and the DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods determined antioxidant capacity. The activity of xanthine oxidase inhibition was also assessed. Flavonoids, alkaloids, and coumarin were found in parang romang. The steroid/triterpenoid was found in the stem, leaves, and flower; saponin was in the roots and flower; quinone and tannin were only in the roots. The root gave the highest of TPC, while the flower had the highest TFC. The highest antioxidant capacity was found in roots, leaves, flowers, and stems. The highest xanthine oxidase inhibitory was given by leaves (9.74±0.14 µg/ml), followed by flower, steam, and rood. The correlation was shown between the phenolic and flavonoid quantities and the actions of antioxidants and xanthine oxidase inhibitors
Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793 in Sumatra: Haplotype Variations of Mitochondrial DNA and the Molecular Relationship with the Asian Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Get PDFHoney bee Apis cerana is widely distributed in Asia and the Indonesian archipelago, including Sumatra. We studied the molecular variations of A. cerana using cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 and 2 genes (cox1 and cox2) and the cox1/cox2 intergenic spacers (igs) in several altitudes in the six provinces of Sumatra. We explored the haplotype distributions of those three mtDNA markers for A. cerana in the low-, mid-, and highlands of Sumatra. We also analyzed their relationship with A. cerana in Sundaland and Asia using those markers. Our study revealed 12 new haplotypes of A. cerana cox1 in Sumatra, while nine and eight new haplotypes for cox2 and igs, respectively. Apis cerana in North Sumatra, Lampung, and South Sumatra had the three highest haplotype variations. Most of the specific haplotypes of inter-colony A. cerana from Sumatra were found in the lowlands, while most were in the highlands for intra-colony variations. We found low gene flow among populations of A. cerana in Sumatra. One haplotype, Sumatra4 cox2 from North Sumatra, was the same as Java3 haplotype, presumably due to anthropogenic impact. The molecular phylogenetic tree of A. cerana in the Sundaland revealed that A. cerana from Sumatra has a close relationship to those of Borneo compared to Java
Phenotypic and Estimated Genetic Variability in Endemic Diospyros celebica Bakh. and Widely-spread D. blancoi A.Dc. Cultivated at Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Indonesia
Get PDFThe endemic Diospyros celebica and widely spread D. blancoi are two valuable species of Diospyros (the genus of persimmons and ebonies) that have been conserved at botanic gardens in Indonesia. Understanding the biological contrasts between endemic and widely spread species is essential for plant conservation. This study aims to compare the phenotypic and estimated genetic variability between the endemic D. celebica and the widely spread D. blancoi to support their conservation. Fifty-three morphological characters from fifteen selected living plant specimens at Purwodadi Botanic Garden were measured directly or using variable encoding methods. Unpaired two-samples Wilcoxon test and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to compare morphological variations between both species. Further, genetic variabilities were estimated from encoded morphological characters using GenAlEx 6.503 software. The two Diospyros’ morphological characters were significantly different, except for the lamina length, pairs of leaf vein, number of flowers in each inflorescence, and the fruit sulci presence. The cluster analysis successfully distinguished D. celebica from D. blancoi according to thirteen comparable morphological characters. The endemic D. celebica has lower genetic variability (female/bisexual %P = 86.21%, He = 0.259, uHe = 0.277; male P = 54.29%, He = 0.195, uHe = 0.234) than the widely spread D. blancoi (female/bisexual %P = 86.76, He = 0.311, uHe = 0.355). Due to the importance of genetic diversity in plant conservation, both species’ population size needs to be maintained, if not increased, to preserve the existing phenotypic and genetic variabilities within the cultivated populations at the botanic garden
Denitrifier Still Has the Important Role in Nitrate Reduction to N2 Although It is Not the Predominant Population in the Estuarine Bacterial Community of Nitrate Reducing Bacteria
Get PDFDenitrification and nitrate-ammonification are the responsible processes for nitrate removal in the estuaries. Temperature, nitrate and organic carbon availability are key factors controlling a rate of the nitrate reduction processes. This mixed cultures chemostat study investigates the competition ability and their nitrate reduction end-products of the bacteria isolated from an estuary at different temperatures. This study will help us to understand the seasonal nitrate reduction processes in an estuary. The experiments showed that a nitrate-ammonifier was the predominant process in the steady-state chemostat at high temperature. While a facultative denitrifier-nitrate ammonifier was the predominant process at low temperature. However, the main end products of nitrate reduction at high temperature were up to 61% N2 indicating a denitrifier still had an important role in the end products of nitrate reduction in the estuary. The data also showed that a nitrite respiring bacterium reduced nitrite to N2, that responsible for approximately 6-9% of total N2 produced in the culture. This study confirmed that nitrate ammonifiers out-compete denitrifiers at high temperature, however, denitrifiers still had an important role in end products of nitrate reduction