HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
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Isolation of Endophytic Fungi from Rui (Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr.) and Determining Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activity
Get PDFEndophytic fungi produce bioactive metabolites that exhibit antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activity. Rui (Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr.) is a traditional medicinal plant proven to be an antibacterial and anticancer. Endophytic fungi live in plant tissues without damaging or producing chemicals that infect the host cell. Endophytes produce the same and similar compound as an original plant. This study aimed to isolate the endophytic fungi from Rui and determine their antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity. 13 fungal isolates were successfully isolated using PDA for seven days at 30°C. Molecular identification using the ITS1 and ITS4 DNA sequences only revealed six species: Diaporthe sp., Phomopsis sp., Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus viridinutans, Pseudofusicoccum sp., and Daldinia eschscholtz. Seven isolates showed antibacterial activity based on plate assay. Aspergillus tubingensis and RA-1 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi, with the MIC and MBC starting from 24 to 32 mg/ml. The DPPH assay showed the most increased antioxidant activity in Daldinia eschscholtzii with an IC50 of 98.14±2.39 µg/ml. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) showed the highest potential cytotoxic activity, as shown by Aspergillus tubingensis and Phomopsis sp. with LC50 of 7.78±7.48 and 30.83±0.39 µg/ml. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the fungal extract from Rui could be a source of antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic agents
Comparing Effectiveness of Hand Pollination, Wild Insects and Local Stingless Bees (Tetragonula laeviceps) for Pollination of Exotic Mauritius Raspberry (Rubus rosifolius)
Get PDFMauritius raspberry (Rubus rosifolius) is an exotic plant cultivated in Indonesia. Studies showed that the productivity of exotic plants is reducing due to a lack of pollination agent for their origin region. Several methods could be applied to overcome this problem. The study aimed to find the most effective method for pollinating this plant among four pollination regimes: Self-pollination, wild insects, stingless bees (Tetragonula laeviceps), and hand-pollination. The observation was conducted on the insect pollinators\u27 activities (visitation rate, flower constancy, and flower handling time), pollination efficiency, and quality of the fruits produced (fruit volume). The results showed a higher visitation rate (10 to 70 per hour), higher flower constancy (visited from 07.00 to 16.00), and longer flower handling time (13.6 s) of T. laeviceps on raspberry flowers than other insects. High activities related to better raspberry pollination success (96%) and bigger fruits produced. Based on this study, applying stingless bees as pollination agents for exotic plants was the best and potentially applicable to other exotic crops
Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) Skin Microstructure: Histochemical and Morphometrical Studies of Fiber Type Characteristics (Histochemistry Fiber Skin Water Monitor)
Get PDFGlobal demand for the water monitor’s skin, Varanus salvator, has made it a valuable wildlife commodity. Leathercraft manufacturing must consider not only beauty but also the strength and flexibility of the leather, which is determined by its structure in the skin. Therefore, this study analyzed and evaluated the fiber type characteristic of the water monitor’s skin. Skin samples were collected from 10 Sumatra water monitors with a Snout-Vent Length size of 39-89 cm and were divided into small (39-59 cm) and large (60-89 cm) groups. The skins from the dorsocervical, lumbosacral, and ventral regions were proceeded for histological sections. Histochemical approaches utilized were Hematoxylin Eosin, Picrosirius Red, and Elastin Verhoeff’s Hematoxylin staining methods. Thick fibers are the main component in the skin, ranging from 69-73%, respectively, while thin fibers varied greatly and were observed predominantly in the reticular dermis. Fiber size in the reticular dermis of small lizards was lower than that of larger ones. Elastic fibers were observed abundantly at the border of the reticular dermis and subcutaneous layer in both small and large lizards. Moreover, the skin of the small-sized lizard also has a lower morphometric than that of a large-sized lizard, both in thickness and fiber type percentage. Therefore, the skin of small-sized lizards was considered less tough than that of large-sized lizards
Evaluation of the Virulence Gene Irp2 in Iraqi Patients of Urinary Tract Infections and Other Community-Acquired Illnesses
Get PDFA total of sixty-two isolates were tested to assess the presence of the irp2 gene in different isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The isolates discussed in this study were obtained from patients who had acquired illnesses either within the hospital premises or in the surrounding vicinity. These isolates were sourced from three hospitals located in Baghdad, namely Al-Imam Ali, Al-Zaafaranya, and Ibin-Albady hospitals. One interesting thing about Klebsiella pneumoniae is that it makes siderophores, especially yersiniabactin. This is because of a gene that controls this trait. The application of DNA sequencing methodologies has facilitated the identification of the irp2 gene in 44% of Klebsiella pneumoniae. According to amino acid sequences and differentiation of nucleotide, the current work reports findings on the identification of the K. pneumoniae irp2 gene isolates collected from patients in Iraq. This event represents the initial recorded occurrence of such detection. The presence of this gene is considered an unconventional human pathogen. The aim is to explore the correlation between genetic analysis and the diagnosis of genetic variation by examining isolates documented in the global GenBank database (LC791754.1, LC791755.1, LC791756.1, LC791757.1, LC791758.1, LC791759.1, LC791760.1). Additionally, it seeks to provide insights into the magnitude of genetic variation observed within these isolates
Characterization of CDS Region of Exons 1 and 2 of SOX9 Gene as Potential Gene in Construction of Syrinx Structure in Junglefowl (Gallus sp.)
Get PDFThe crowing of male Gallus exhibits diverse sound patterns. This is believed to be related to the phenotypic diversity of vocal organs, one of which is influenced by the nucleotide diversity of the associated genes. The SOX9 gene, involved in cartilaginous tissue growth and development, is reported to contribute e in the development of larynx and syrinx. This study aimed to characterize the CDS regions of exons 1 and 2 of the SOX9 gene in junglefowl to assess its diversity. Genomic DNA was extracted from ten individuals of G. varius from Lombok and Sumbawa. The CDS regions of SOX9 gene exons 1 and 2 were amplified using two primer pairs. Additionally, the CDS regions of SOX9 gene exons 1 and 2 from 54 junglefowl SRA data in an online repository were mapped and analyzed. The study identified all nucleotide sequences as CDS regions of SOX9 gene exons 1 and 2. Six shared, and 24 unique haplotypes were constructed. A putative amino acid sequence common to all Gallus species was also identified. The diversity observed in the CDS regions of SOX9 gene exons 1 and 2 nucleotide sequence showed a different level with the diversity observed in its amino acid sequence
In Vitro Medium-Term Storage of Banana Cultivar ‘Barangan’ Using Alginate-Encapsulation Technique
Get PDFIn vitro medium-term storage using the alginate-encapsulation technique is essential for conserving plant genetic resources, preserving vegetatively propagated species by controlling the growth and development of explants, and maintaining plant biodiversity. The study aimed to obtain the optimum combination medium for the encapsulation of bananas and evaluate the viability of the alginate-encapsulated explants after storage. In vitro, medium- term storage of nodule-like meristem of banana cultivar ‘Barangan’ was performed using sodium alginate, paclobutrazol (PBZ), and Murashige and Skoog (MS) salt. This research consists of 3 stages: (1) Initiation and multiplication of in vitro shoots and nodule-like meristems; (2) In vitro medium-term storage of banana by encapsulation technique; (3) Regeneration of nodule-like meristem explants after in vitro storage. This research showed that the banana\u27s number of nodule-like meristem was optimum on media supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ) 0.22 mgL-1 and indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) 1.75 mgL-1. Encapsulation explant of nodules-like meristems using 3% sodium alginate in full and half-strength MS salt medium supplemented with PBZ 2.5 mgL-1 and incubated in liquid MS medium was able to store nodule-like meristem for six months. The color of the explants remains green, and the capsule is not damaged. Sub-culture of nodule-like meristem after storage in MS salt medium containing TDZ 0.22 mgL-1 and IAA 1.75 mgL-1 showed that nodules-like meristems could regenerate to form new shoots and nodule-like meristem three months after sub-cultured. This research concludes that encapsulated nodule-like meristem was recorded until six months of storage. PBZ was a necessary retardant in minimizing the growth during storage
The Potential of Weissella confusa K2 Isolated from Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Fruit as High Exopolysaccharide-Producing Strain
Get PDFIsolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from various sources has previously been carried out to obtain strains that produce high of exopolysaccharide (EPS). Isolate K2, which was LAB isolated from longan (Dimocarpus longan) fruit, can produce EPS. This study aimed to identify isolate K2, and evaluated the effect of supplementation carbon sources (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and lactose) and pH of media (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) on EPS production. Isolate K2 was identified as Weissella confusa molecularly based on 16S rDNA, the type of carbon source, and the pH of media had significant effects (P<0.05) on EPS production. W. confusa K2 produced EPS that was highest on media with the supplementation of sucrose as a carbon source and produced the lowest EPS on lactose. The amount of EPS produced by W. confusa K2 under alkaline was higher than under acidic, the highest EPS of 47.703 g/L at pH 8 and the lowest EPS at pH 4 of 1.858 g/L. The physical properties showed EPS has good solubility in water with the solubility and Water Holding Capacity (WHC) at 40.533% and 354% respectively. Based on Surface morphology of EPS with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis, the surface structure of EPS was a porous polymer matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) results of EPS showed the presence of absorption bands as characteristic of carbohydrates, such as the presence of O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, C-O-C groups, and glycosidic bonds
The Study of Exogenous Auxin and Cytokinins in Embryogenesis and Fiber Genes Expression during In Vitro Regeneration of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Get PDFThe efficiency of regeneration media, based on the morpho-cytochemical response and embryogenesis gene expression of widely cultivated cotton in Indonesia (Gossypium hirsutum L.), needs to be studied further. This study\u27s objectives are to identify the effect of 2,4-D and IBA hormones on the morphology and induction of cotton callus; to determine the effect of regeneration media on the morphology, cytochemical, and gene expression of cotton plant during embryogenesis. This study was conducted by inducing cotton callus on MS0 medium, MS Basal + 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and MS Basal + 0.1 mg/L IBA. The best callus induction results were regenerated on the regeneration media, namely M1 (MS Vitamin + 0.01 ppm 2,4-D + 0.3 ppm IBA + 0.5 ppm Kinetin), M2 (MS Vitamin + 0.01 ppm 2,4-D + 0.5 ppm IBA + 0.5 ppm Kinetin), M3 (MS Vitamin + 0.00 ppm 2,4-D + 0.3 ppm IBA + 0.5 ppm Kinetin), and M4 (MS Vitamin + 0, 00 ppm 2,4- D + 0.5 ppm IBA + 0.5 ppm Kinetin). The embryogenesis gene expression was observed. The best morphological results for callus induction were obtained on MS Basal + 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D medium with a compact and white callus, indicates high embryogenic and regeneration ability. The highest percentage of regenerated callus parameters was found in M2 media and further confirmed by cytochemical characterization. Embryogenesis genes expressed were GhSERK1, GhSERK2, LEC, GhWUS, and GhWOX11. Other fiber-related genes GhMYB25-like, GhHD-1, and F3H were also expressed during the embryogenesis
Determining the Matrilineal Origin of Indonesian Kerinci Duck Breed (Anas platyrhynchos) Based on MT-ND2 Gene Diversity
Get PDFThe Kerinci duck (Anas platyrhynchos), hailing from Jambi Province, represents one of the local duck breeds of Indonesia. This study aimed to ascertain the matrilineal origin of Kerinci ducks through analysis of the mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase subunit 2 (MT-ND2) gene. In this pursuit, forward sequences of the MT-ND2 gene (490 bp) were extracted from unsexed Kerinci ducks, totalling forty-eight (48) sequences, procured from blood samples. The findings demonstrated the identification of fifteen (15) distinct haplotypes within the MT-ND2 gene, with corresponding haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (pi) values of 0.74 and 0.003, respectively. The resulting phylogenetic tree unveiled that Kerinci ducks exhibit two matrilineal origins: an Asian and an independent Kerinci lineage. Moreover, most Kerinci ducks were categorised within the H4 group (24 birds) of the Asian lineage. Nevertheless, this study also revealed the existence of an independent Kerinci lineage comprising eight (8) duck haplotypes. In conclusion, the analysis of the MT-ND2 gene underscored the genetic introgression of A. zonorhyncha and A. poecilorhyncha in Kerinci ducks
Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Edwardsiella tarda from Clown Knifefish (Chitala chitala) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Get PDFThis investigation is intended to isolate, identify, and assess the pathogenicity of Edwardsiella tarda, which originated from diseased clown knifefish. A total of 43 isolates were obtained from infected fish samples in Hau Giang and Dong Thap provinces of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Two isolates of DT37 and HG41 were identified as E. tarda by morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Experimental challenge studies revealed that isolate DT37 leads to 83.33% at a 108 CFU/ml concentration after 60 hours. Meanwhile, in isolate HG41, mortality reached 100% within 48 hours post-injection at the highest concentration of 108 CFU/ml. The challenged clown knifefish exhibited gross signs of abnormal swimming, skin ulcerations, and petechial hemorrhages in the body. Internally, ascites with hemoperitoneum, light-colored nodules on the liver, hemorrhagic kidneys, and splenomegaly were also recorded. The LD50 of two isolates, DT37 and HG41, was 4.89 × 105 and 4.07 × 105 CFU/ml, respectively. The antibiogram result showed that most of the isolates were highly susceptible to ampicillin (65%), enrofloxacin (85%), florfenicol (100%), flumequine (90%), cefotaxime (80%), and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (70%). However, the bacterial isolates were highly resistant to doxycycline (75%) and streptomycin (100%)