HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
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Scrutinize the Taxonomical Identity of Green Edible Russula from Sulawesi (Indonesia)
Get PDFRussula Pers. (Basidiomycota) is recognized as one of the most widely distributed macrofungi globally. This genus includes several edible species with distinct color variations, such as R. cyanoxantha. However, in Indonesia, knowledge of this species remains limited as colourful mushrooms are often mistakenly considered poisonous. During a fungus expedition in Southeast Sulawesi, we collected a green edible wild mushroom consumed by locals. Our study aimed to verify the taxonomic classification of our specimens through morphological and molecular analysis. The fresh basidiomata were examined based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Molecular analysis using ITS 1/2 sequences was conducted to construct a phylogenetic tree. Our findings identified the green mushroom as R. cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. (Synonym: R. lilacina). Morphologically, our specimens can be distinguished from R. virescens by their smooth cap. They differ from R. aeruginea and R. heterophylla by having flexible, persistent gills. Additionally, our R. cyanoxantha specimen BO24636 can be separated from R. dinghuensis and R. subpallidirosea by their forked gills near the stalk. A BLAST comparison revealed a 96% similarity to R. lilacina from Thailand as the closest match. The phylogenetic tree (Maximum Likelihood) placed our specimens within the R. lilacina group (BS value 99%). Our research contributes to the taxonomic understanding of this edible wild green macrofungi in Indonesia, and future studies should explore its nutritional composition
Variation and Distribution of the Sulawesi Giant Rat (Paruromys dominator) Based on Morphological Approaches
Get PDFCorrelations between natural geographic boundaries and variations in organisms\u27 morphology have been well-documented in Sulawesi Island, which has a unique geological history and hundreds of endemic species. One of the widely distributed species of small mammals is Sulawesi giant rat (Paruromys dominator). Considering the geographic condition of Sulawesi, this species is a suitable model for studying geographic influences on morphological change. Moreover, there are no comprehensive studies on this species. Previous studies cannot fully explain the variability due to the lack of representative samples. Here, we measure 19 skull characteristics for 131 adult complete-skull specimens from six distribution areas in Sulawesi. We investigate the variation in skull characteristics using agglomeration nesting (AGNES) for cluster analysis and the standardized major axis (SMA) for allometry analysis. Our results show that P. dominator can be categorized into two groups, but distribution areas, elevation, or sex do not influence those. P. dominator in group 1 had a larger skull size than group 2. The two groups can be distinguished from four characteristics: breadth of mesopterygoid fossa (BMF), breadth of first upper molar (BM1), length of the auditory bulla (LB), and breadth of incisive foramina (BIF). The BMF and BM1 are related to mastication, and the LB and BIF are related to communication. We propose that the skull variation of this species is not correlated with geographical barriers but more clearly correlated with their feeding habits, mating behavior, and ability to escape predation. These findings were useful for future studies on the taxonomic status of P. dominator
Variation of Musa spp. in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, Based on rbcL Chloroplast DNA
Get PDFWest Kalimantan is home to Musa spp. conservation and genetic assessment of wild banana relatives are important for future breeding purposes. The present study aims to evaluate the genetic relationship of Musa spp. in West Kalimantan by analyzing the rbcL chloroplast DNA using phylogenetic analysis. The methods in this study were sampling, DNA extraction, PCR of rbcL fragment, and data analysis. The specific primer was used to amplify the rbcL chloroplast DNA of ten accessions of Musa spp. in West Kalimantan. The results showed that the area of the rbcL region of Musa spp. in this study was estimated at 587-591 bp. It showed high variability with a conservation level A+T content of 56.95%. The rbcL sequences of Musa spp. have polymorphic sites on 13 numbers of nucleotides. The phylogenetic analysis with an ML algorithm of 35 Musa spp. from West Kalimantan and GenBank data was successfully divided into 4 main clades, and the bootstrap value was 80-81%. This study is expected beneficial for taxonomic, conservation, and banana breeding efforts
Molecular Detection of Eimeria bovis in Indonesian Beef Cattle Using Nested PCR Technique
Get PDFEimeria bovis is a pathogenic protozoan that causes cattle digestive tract infections, which can cause economic losses to farmers. It is necessary to develop specific and accurate detection methods to conserve livestock and prevent coccidiosis in Indonesia. This study aims to detect E. bovis by nested PCR and determine the relationship with reference sequences. A total of 167 samples of beef cattle feces were taken randomly from community farms spread across 18 provinces in Indonesia. The feces were examined natively, and then the oocysts were purified by the sugar flotation method, extracted by KIT extraction, and amplified by the nPCR technique. Positive samples were followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 11 software. This study used two pairs of primers (outer and inner) taken from ITS-1 molecular markers. As many as 96 out of 167 samples (57.5%) were positive for Eimeria spp., and 48 of the 96 samples were positive for Eimeria spp. (50%) were detected to be positive for E. bovis based on the presence of a 238 bp DNA fragment. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that the study sample formed a separate cluster from the E. bovis cluster from abroad. In conclusion, E. bovis was detected in 16 out of 18 provinces in this study, and the nPCR technique proved to have better sensitivity and specificity
Flowering Phenology and SiDREB2-based SNAP Marker-assisted Hybridity Confirmation for Artificial Hybridization of Indonesian Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv) Genotypes
Get PDFFoxtail millet hybrid development encounters challenges due to its self-pollinating nature, small florets, and tool availability for confirming true hybrid. Our research aimed to assess flowering phenology and explore artificial hybridization employing SiDREB2 based-SNAP marker. The research consisted of three experiments. The first experiment focused on the panicle phenology of foxtail millet, while the second experiment focused on floret phenology and reproductive organs. The artificial hybridization successfulness was validated with SNAP markers based on the SiDREB2 gene in the third experiment. Observations on two genotypes (ICERI-5 and ICERI-6) revealed panicle initiation at 49–69 days after planting (DAP), with anthesis occurring 6 days after panicle emergence (DAPE). Florets exhibited the formation of reproductive organs at 3 DAPE, delineating distinct stages of pollen development leading up to anthesis. Our findings emphasized the significance of implementing male-sterile induction treatment at 4 DAPE to regulate pollen development for successful hybridization by 6 DAPE. The hybrid evaluation revealed varied germination rates and confirmed hybrid percentages across different crossing series, validated by SiDREB2-based SNAP marker. ICERI-5×Botok-4 exhibited high germination but a low confirmed hybrid percentage, while Botok-4×ICERI-5 and Botok-10×ICERI-6 showed the opposite trend. Reciprocal crossings showed unilateral incompatibility in confirmed hybrid percentage
Chemicals Identification in The Ethyl Acetate Fraction and The Antioxidant Activity from Calabash Seed (Cresentia cujete) Extract
Get PDFCalabash (Crescentia cujete) is a plant that grows in tropical climates and is scattered and easily found in Indonesia. Calabash is also known to contain several secondary metabolite compounds that have the potential as an antioxidant. This research is purposed to identify phytochemical compounds in calabash fruit seed extract, identify compounds based on the result of LC-MS, and know the antioxidant activity of calabash fruit seeds. The samples were extracted using the maceration method, and then phytochemical screening, LC-MS tests, and antioxidant tests were continued using the DPPH method. This research showed that the ethanol extract of calabash seed positive contains saponin, flavonoids, and triterpenoid compounds. Ethyl acetate extract of calabash seed contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The n-hexane extracts positively contain tannins, alkaloids, and steroids. The values of antioxidant activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were IC50 = 29.7883, 7.219, and 848.712 ppm (µg/ml), respectively. Ethyl acetate extract as the best antioxidant activity was then tested with LC-MS, and results obtained from 26 compounds with the composition of the largest % area is convolvidine (11.277%), coumaroylquinic acid (8.290%) and taxchinin G (8,233%). They showed that calabash fruit seed extract has very strong antioxidant activity, with the best activity being the ethyl acetate extract of calabash fruit seed
Begomovirus Infection Patterns in Melons of Indonesian Lowlands: Growth Trends Among Ecosystems and Genotypes
Get PDFMelon plants are challenged with diseases caused by begomovirus. To understand the epidemiology, ecology, and evolution of this genus, information about its temporal and spatial patterns of infection in specific ecosystems is needed. This paper aimed to report begomovirus infections in melon plants cultivated in greenhouse ecosystems under local climactic conditions in the Indonesian lowlands. To achieve this goal, we determined the begomovirus infection rates, plant physiological characteristics, and whitefly number. The data obtained were then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s correlation. We documented the symptoms of begomovirus infection in melon plants cultivated in Indonesian lowlands. We also documented begomovirus infections in melon plants, which increased from the first exposure to after the reproductive phase. In different artificial ecosystems, we explained differential patterns of begomovirus infections in melon plants. Finally, we captured the variation in infection conditions found among melon host genotypes
Biodiversity of Mangrove Brachyuran Crabs of Family Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae in Koto XI Tarusan District, West Sumatera, Indonesia
Get PDFThe Mangrove ecosystem is an ecosystem that is around the edge of the coast and many organisms live in this ecosystem, one of them is crabs. The crabs that are often found are deposit crabs from the Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae families that act as balancers in the mangrove ecosystem. This study aimed to analyze species, diversity, evenness, and dominance in the mangrove vegetation area of Koto XI Tarusan District, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The method used is the descriptive method. The biodiversity of brachyuran crabs’ families, Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae, was analyzed with the Shannon-Wiener index (H’). Four indices were calculated for crabs Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae: species identification, Shannon-wiener (H’) diversity, evenness, and dominance indices. The results showed that there were six species of deposited crabs from the Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae families, namely Uca bellator, U. rosea, Perisesarma eumolpe, P. plicatum, Sarmatium germaimi, and Sesarma curoense. The most abundant species (Di) came from the family Sesarmidae. However, for all stations, diversity (H\u27) has a value that is in the medium category, and evenness (E) is in the high category at each station. The dominance (D) obtained a value categorized as low at each observation station. The condition of environmental parameters in the mangrove vegetation area is included in the category of a good environment. It is still within normal limits for the crabs of the Ocypodidae and Sesarmidae families to live. Two substrate types are found in each observation path: muddy and sandy mud
Genetic Structure of Gallus varius Based on Middle-Lower Section of Control Region mtDNA
Get PDFGallus varius, an indigenous bird species of Indonesia, demonstrates significant genetic diversity. The genetic diversity assessment in G. varius encompassed both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA, with the mtDNA analysis primarily centered on domain I of the control region. This study aimed to describe the genetic diversity and structure of G. varius inhabiting Java, Madura, Lombok and Sumbawa based on the middle-lower part of control region mtDNA. Genomic DNA was extracted from the calamus tip of feather, then the middle-lower part of control region was amplified and sequenced using two pairs of primers. In the examined control region, spanning from 944 to 1,008 bp, 13 bp of nucleotide variation was observed, with nucleotide diversity at 0.0021. Between G. varius samples and the reference (NC_007238.1), a total of 7 haplotypes were identified, 5 unique and 2 shared haplotypes, with haplotype diversity at 0.7692. The substantial diversity of haplotypes in this study and two previous study suggests that the genetic diversity of G. varius has remained stable over the past two decades. Additionally, genetic distance data indicate there is multiple G. varius subspecies, and the haplotype network accentuates signs of population differentiation
Small But Healthy: An Adaptive Response in Baduy Children
Get PDFLife history explains natural selection, resulting in phenotypic plasticity that can be studied through the growth pattern (growth rate and body size). The Baduy People, one of the indigenous peoples in Indonesia, exhibit prolonged growth, a slow growth rate, a low peak growth spurt, and small adult size as an adaptation to challenging biocultural conditions. The life history trade-offs of the Baduy People are demonstrated by ontogenetic allometry, which synchronizes between skeletal growth and future reproduction. The study aims to characterize the growth of Baduy children aged 0-5 years with more precise ‘tracking’ of developmental plasticity. We collected anthropometric data (body height-BH, body weight-BW, head circumference-HC, body mass index-BMI) using a cross-sectional method from 118 girls and 97 boys aged 0-5 years across 24 Baduy Luar hamlets. Data were analyzed with Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS) in R version 4.2.1. Nutritional statuses were categorized based on the BMI z-score. The growth pattern showed a decline in growth rate after birth until 2 or 3 years, but the body size increased yearly. The body size (BH and BW) of Baduy children is lower than the Indonesian National Synthetic Growth Charts (INSGC), but most of them have a good nutritional status (>80%). This finding is consistent with the "small but healthy" hypothesis: a small body is an advantageous evolutionary strategy for energy efficiency and maximizing growth potential in challenging biocultural conditions