HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
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Development of Multiplex PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Trypanosoma evansi and Equine Piroplasma Infection in Horses
Full text linkThe identification of equine piroplasmosis and surra disease in infected horses currently presents a significant challenge. Clinical symptoms and blood smears are commonly used to diagnose these two diseases. The objective of this study was to develop a multiplex amplification assay capable of simultaneously identifying all three blood protozoa (equine piroplasma and Trypanosoma evansi) in a single test. The primer pairs used for detecting T. equi, B. caballi, and Trypanosoma evansi were ema-2-t (587 bp), Bc-134 (429 bp), and Rotat 1.2 VSG (151 bp), respectively. The multiplex PCR assay was subsequently evaluated for its detection limit, sensitivity percentage, and specificity using single PCR as the reference standard. The multiplex PCR method demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% for detecting both Theileria equi and Trypanosoma evansi, with all positive samples confirmed by a single PCR. It also achieved 100% specificity for both the parasites. However, for Babesia caballi, while the sensitivity remained at 100%, the specificity was reduced to 66%, indicating some limitations in accurately identifying negative samples. For the multiplex PCR assay, the minimum detectable concentrations were 0.01 ng/µL for both T. equi and B. caballi, whereas Trypanosoma evansi exhibited a detection threshold of 1 ng/µL. When multiplex PCR assays were used to screen blood samples obtained from horses in selected districts of Bogor, only a single sample showed a positive result for T. equi. The sensitivities and specificities achieved by multiplex PCR and single PCR were comparable. Therefore, the multiplex PCR method developed in this study can be effectively applied to diagnose piroplasmosis and surra in horses
Assessment of the Influence of Adiponectin, Nesfatin-1, Insulin Resistance, and Various Biochemical Parameters in Samples of Iraqi Individuals Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Pre-diabetes
Full text linkPre-diabetes is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that are not yet high enough for a Type 2 diabetes diagnosis. Type 2 diabetes results from insufficient insulin production or cellular resistance to insulin. Adiponectin, secreted by adipose tissue, regulates glucose metabolism and energy balance, while nesfatin-1, derived from NUCB2, influences appetite and energy homeostasis. This case-control study at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital included 80 participants with diabetes mellitus (DM) or early-stage DM and 40 healthy controls. Demographic data, including age, Body mass index (BMI), and disease duration, were collected. Laboratory tests measured fasting blood glucose (FBG), Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c%), insulin, adiponectin, and nesfatin-1 levels. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and AUC analysis, assessed relationships and diagnostic accuracy. Results showed significantly higher levels of FBG, HbA1c, insulin resistance, and nesfatin-1 in early diabetes and DM type 2 cases compared to healthy controls. Nesfatin-1 concentrations were also notably higher in early diabetes compared to other groups. Adiponectin levels did not significantly differ between early diabetes and the control group but were significantly higher in the DM type 2 group. Both early diabetes and DM type 2 were associated with increased FBG, HbA1c, nesfatin-1, and insulin resistance, while adiponectin levels rose only in DM type 2. These findings suggest adiponectin as a potential biomarker for DM type 2, while nesfatin-1 may aid early diabetes diagnosis
Soil Symbiosis Reimagined: Rhizobium and Mycorrhiza Influence on Soybean Performance in Early Oil Palm Ecosystems
Full text linkThe high demand for soybeans in Indonesia is not in line with national soybean production due to the harvest area decreasing every year. To increase national soybean production, the area of IOP (Immature Oil Plantation) one year has potential for soybean development. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Rhizobium spp. and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on the physiological capacity, growth, and yield of the soybean plant planted between rows of IOP one-year-old. This research was carried out at PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV (PTPN IV), Adolina Afdeling 1, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra, from March 2023 to June 2023. A two-factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications for all treatments was conducted in a field experiment. Experimental treatments include: 1) non-inoculated Rhizobium spp. + non-inoculated AMF (R0M0) (Control), 2) non-inoculated Rhizobium spp. + inoculation AMF (R0M1), 3) inoculation Rhizobium spp. + non-inoculated AMF (R1M0) and 4) inoculation Rhizobium spp. + inoculation AMF (R1M1). The results showed that the single arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation treatment significantly enhanced soybean physiology, growth, and yield including relative water content (85.87%), nitrate reductase activity (8.98 µmol NO2-g BS-1 hour-1), stomatal density (775.16 mm), proline (17.76 µmol proline g BS-1), and ascorbate peroxidase (0.0068 U/min/mg)
The Relationships between Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (Anti-TPO) and Inhibin-B as Predictor Biomarkers for Female Infertility
Full text linkAnti-thyroid peroxidase is an autoantibody generated by the immune system, its primary function is target and neutralize the enzyme thyroid peroxidase, is essential for production of thyroid hormones. Inhibin-B is a peptide belonging to TGF-β family produced by granulosa cells of the growing follicle cohort. It reflects the health of follicles, their overall numbers. The objective of this article is evaluation of Anti-TPO, Inhibin-B for female infertility. A case-control study includes 120females between 20-45 years divided into 60 apparently healthy females used as controls and 60 infertile females distributed 37 with Polycystic ovarian syndrome, 23 with Premature ovarian failure. Serum levels of Anti-TPO, Inhibin-B, LH, FSH, Testosterone, Prolactin and Estrogen were all measured using an ELISA assay. Inhibin-B, Anti-TPO higher in patients than in controls. Inhibin-B significantly increases(p≤0.0001) in PCOS above and under 40years (273.55±75.25 pg/mL), (234.91±52.43 pg/mL), but decreases in POF (18.96±1.21 pg/mL) than in controls (35.58±10.48 pg/mL), (42.04±10.04 pg/mL). AntiTPO increases in PCOS and POF above and under 40 years (16.08±2.14 ng/mL), (17.63±1.93 ng/mL), (14.72±1.19 ng/mL) than in controls(5.92±0.99 ng/mL), (5.93±0.84 ng/mL). The levels of FSH, Prolactin, Testosterone, Estrogen and LH were increased (p≤0.0001) in PCOS, POF as in controls. The results showed a negative correlation (p≤0.0001) between Inhibin-B, Anti-TPO (r = -0.520) in PCOS. The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated Inhibin-B 95%CI:0.907-1.000; P-value:0.001; Cutoff Point:77.347; AUC:95.417% with Sensitivity to Specificity 91.667-98.333%; Accuracy: 95.000%. Anti-TPO 95% CI: 0.907-1.000; P-value: 0.001; Cutoff Point: 9.306; AUC: 98.861% with Sensitivity to Specificity 96.676-96.667%; Accuracy: 97.000%. Anti-TPO, Inhibin-B are useful biomarkers for evaluating fertility status and ovarian health, can used as sensitive indicators for early diagnosis of PCOS and POF in women of reproductive age
Nutrient and Water Acquisition Strategies of Oil Palm Fine Roots Enriched with Crops Species
Full text linkFine roots (≤2 mm diameter) are a plant organ that plays a major role in nutrient and water acquisition from the soil and a parameter for understanding belowground changes. Fine root traits can determine the plant\u27s strategies in maximizing resource acquisition for productivity with an acquisitive strategy or maximizing resource investment with a conservative strategy. In this study, enrichment planting was carried out in oil palm plantations through a combination of oil palm and tree crops. It is necessary to determine whether enrichment planting can impact the nutrient and water acquisition of oil palm fine roots. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the nutrient and water acquisition strategies of oil palm fine roots enriched with crop species by analyzing differences in morphological traits through fine root inventory. The enrichment planting treatments were R0 (plot of oil palm without enrichment crop), R1 (plot of oil palm with one crop), R2 (plot of oil palm with two crops), R3 (plot of oil palm with three crops), and R6 (plot of oil palm with six crops/multispecies). The results showed that enrichment planting in oil palm plantations can be practiced with two and three crop species, as in plots R2 and R3, which support a conservative strategy with high RTD (root tissue density) and low SRL (specific root length) and SRA (specific root area) in oil palm fine roots. In contrast, high species diversity in plot R6 triggered a shift to an acquisitive strategy with high SRL and SRA and low RTD
Pigmented Gastropods-Assosiate Bacteria: an Innovation in Natural Antioxidants, Antibacterials, and Sun Protection
Full text linkThis research investigates the ocean\u27s potential as a source of natural active ingredients with antioxidant, antibacterial, and sun protection properties. Marine gastropods are known to have symbiotic relationships with associated bacteria capable of producing pigments, which hold promise for the cosmetic and health sectors. The study aims to identify and analyze pigments produced by bacteria linked to marine gastropods and evaluate their effectiveness as antioxidants, antibacterials, and sun protectants. The method involved isolating and analyzing pigments from gastropod-associated bacteria, followed by tests to assess their properties. Results revealed two gastropod species: Telescopium telescopium (Linnaeus, 1758) and Cassidula nucleus (Gmelin, 1791), from which 21 bacterial isolates were obtained—10 from T. telescopium and 11 from C. nucleus. Among these, Micrococcus yunnanensis, a bacterium with high pigment production, was successfully isolated. At 1,000 µg/mL, its pigment\u27s crude extract had low antioxidant activity and had a low SPF category as a photoprotective agent. Antibacterial tests showed efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. HPLC and FTIR analysis suggested the pigment contains carotenoid compounds. These findings highlight the potential of M. yunnanensis pigment for sustainable health and cosmetic applications
Observation of Self-Assemblage Behavior in African Nightcrawler (Eudrilus eugeniae)
Full text linkSelf-assemblage is a form of social behavior observed in some earthworm species, where individuals spontaneously group with conspecifics. This behavior has been previously documented in Eisenia fetida, an epigeic species widely used in vermiculture. However, the presence of similar behavior in E. eugeniae, another commonly used vermicomposting species, remains untested. This study aimed to investigate the self-assemblage behavior of E. eugeniae through a Y-tube choice test, evaluating individual preferences for conspecific presence. The experiment was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions using 30 replicates for both main (with conspecifics) and control (without conspecifics) treatments. Results showed a significant preference for the conspecific group in the main test (χ² = 6.5, p = 0.01), while no directional bias was observed in the control. However, decision-making time did not differ significantly between treatments (p = 0.63). These findings indicate that E. eugeniae displays active self-assemblage behavior. Further research is needed to identify the mechanisms underlying this behavior and its implications for applied soil ecology
Chemical Components of Essential Oils from Woods of Cinnamomum burmanii (Ness) BL, Santalum album Linn., and Cryptocarya massoia (Oken) Kosterm and Their Application as Antibacterial Additives in Transparent Herbal Soaps
Full text linkThis study aimed to isolate and identify the chemical components of essential oils from woods of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii (Ness) BL), sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.), and massoia (Cryptocarya massoia (Oken) Kosterm) and to determine their effect as additives for transparent herbal soap in terms of their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923 and the soap quality. The results showed that cinnamon, sandalwood, and massoia essential oils contained, respectively, 14, 20, and 9 chemical components, all of which had been identified. The chemical components with the highest percentage contained in the essential oils of cinnamon, sandalwood, and massoia were cinnamaldehyde (91.71%), β-bisabolen (37.79%), and massoia lactone (77.56%), respectively. The soaps’ antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATTC 25923 increased from moderate (with an inhibitory power of 9.67 mm) to strong. The addition of 3% massoia essential oil got the highest inhibitory power of 16.47 mm (strong), followed by that of 3% cinnamon essential oil and 3% sandalwood essential oil, getting 15.37 mm and 12.19 mm, respectively, both of which were considered strong as well. The results of the organoleptic description test showed that each soap had a distinctive color and aroma depending on the type of essential oil added. The quality test results, including transparency, pH, foam stability, water content, and saponification number, indicated that the formulation had good quality
Bird Diversity and Existence at Pringtali Block: Implications for Conservation in Meru Betiri National Park, Indonesia
Full text linkMeru Betiri National Park (MBNP) is one of the conservation areas with an essential bird habitat in East Java. In the conservation monitoring and evaluation framework, we studied the diversity and existence of birds in the bird hotspot (Pringtali Block) as an implication for bird conservation in the MBNP. Bird observations were collected during January-February 2023 at the Pringtali Block using the point count method at six representative sites. The primary data recorded included bird species, abundance of each species, and frequency of encounters. Meanwhile, the secondary data were obtained from web queries covering bird conservation status and distribution through https://www.iucnredlist.org/. Data analysis was conducted in three stages: determining species composition, species diversity index (H\u27), and species existence value (Ef). The results recorded 70 bird species, consisting of 57 genera and 33 families, in the Pringtali Block of MBNP. The diversity index of birds was included in the high category (H\u27 = 3.31). The average existence value (Ef) of the bird is 48.57 or x̄=3 s, which are included in the medium category. This reveals that birds in the Pringtali block have important structural and functional values in the MBNP ecosystem. This value also illustrates the importance of the presence of a bird species in the ecosystem and represents the uniqueness of the bird species. The birds with the highest Ef values were the Javan Hawk-eagle Nisaetus bartelsi (86.67) and White-rumped Woodpecker Meiglyptes tristis (86.67). Both species have low frequencies, are an endangered category, and are endemic to Java. Therefore, conservation efforts associated with MBNP have been successful
Osteological Development of Yellow Rasbora Fish Rasbora lateristriata (Bleeker, 1854) Treated with Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana L. Peel Simplicia
No full textMangosteen peel simplicia (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains potential ingredients used in medicine. A toxicity test of mangosteen peel simplicia is needed before it is used. Wader pari (Rasbora lateristriata) is a potential animal model for toxicity testing. Thus, this study aims to determine the effect of mangosteen peel extract at various concentrations on the behavior and bone structure of R. lateristriata. In this research, fish behavior was observed at 48 hpf (hours post-fertilization) and 30 dpf (days post-fertilization). Bone structure observed at 96 hpf, 7 dpf, 14 dpf, 21 dpf, 28 dpf, 35 dpf, and 42 dpf using the Alizarin Red ‒ Alcian Blue method. Observation data on behavior and bone structure were analyzed descriptively, while the number of vertebrae was analyzed quantitatively using One-Way ANOVA (P < 0.05). The results showed that the ossification of cranium and caudal complex skeleton components in the 1 and 5 μg/mL treatments was significantly behind that of the control and 0.5 μg/mL treatments. Furthermore, 5 μg/mL treatment caused some behavioral and swimming pattern abnormalities in 48 hpf larvae. In conclusion, exposure to 1 and 5 μg/mL mangosteen peel simplicia resulted in skeletal growth inhibition in R. lateristriata. Exposure to 5 μg/mL mangosteen peel simplicia caused abnormalities in the behavior and swimming pattern of 48 hpf larvae