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Agama dan Multikulturalisme: Belajar dari Pengalaman Australia
No full textFor more than three decades, immigrants from Asia, Africa, and Latin America have settled in liberal democratic countries in Europe and North America, raising questions about cultural differences and the integration of these communities into dominant cultural and political systems. Australia, as a liberal democracy and an immigrant nation, has also faced challenges in managing religious and ethnic diversity. This paper explores the relationship between religion and multiculturalism in Australia, examining government policies on social integration and cultural preservation for immigrant communities. With a particular focus on the Muslim minority—comprising over 300,000 individuals from 67 countries—this study analyzes Australia’s response to diversity through the ideologies of assimilation and multiculturalism. By learning from Australia\u27s experience, this paper offers insights into the broader discourse on multiculturalism, identity, and religious pluralism in democratic societies
Melacak Akar Perang Suci: Perkembangan Ide Jihād dalam Tradisi Islam
No full textThis article examines Reuven Firestone’s book, Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), within the broader context of the historical and scholarly discourse on religious wars. The study of holy war as a religiously justified conflict remains relatively new in academic traditions, with early foundational works such as Julius Wellhausen’s Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel (1885) inspiring later research. Comparative studies on the Judeo-Christian tradition have been explored by scholars such as Susan Niditch, Roland Bainton, and James A. Brundage. Meanwhile, Western scholarly attention to religious war in Islam began in the early 20th century with works by Gardner (1912) and Stephen van Rensselaer Trowbridge (1913), followed by seminal studies such as Majid Khadduri’s War and Peace in the Law of Islam (1955) and Rudolph Peters’ Jihad in Mediaeval and Modern Islam (1977). The term "holy war" itself remains problematic, as its definition is contested and varies across different traditions. In the European context, it is often framed as a form of justification for war through religious legitimacy. Unlike conventional warfare, which is based on strategy, military strength, and tactical calculations, religious war often involves eschatological, metaphysical, and supernatural elements. Historical examples, such as the Battle of Badr, illustrate how religious narratives influence perceptions of divine intervention in warfare. The article also addresses the paradox of how religions, which fundamentally advocate order and morality, justify violence. Drawing on political, theological, and linguistic perspectives, it argues that religious war functions within a binary opposition framework, where good confronts evil and divine forces oppose satanic ones. Within this paradigm, material motivations become secondary to spiritual rewards, including divine favor and the promise of paradise. This study contributes to the ongoing debate on the ideological and theological dimensions of religious war, particularly in the Islamic tradition
Agama Sebagai Faktor Konflik dan Integrasi
No full textReligion plays a crucial role in shaping social and individual life, even in secular states. In societies with a strong religious presence, such as Indonesia, religious institutions, figures, and symbols influence social interactions and national identity. However, religion presents a paradox: while it promotes peace and social cohesion, it has also been a catalyst for conflict and violence. This dual nature of religion raises essential questions about the conditions under which religion fosters integration versus when it becomes a source of division. This paper explores the complex relationship between religion, conflict, and social integration. It examines historical and contemporary cases where religion has both united and divided communities, highlighting the socio-political and ideological factors involved. The study also considers potential strategies for reducing religious conflict and fostering peaceful coexistence in the future
Pemikiran Politik Islam: Suatu Pengantar Awal
No full textHistory has recorded that during the medieval period, for approximately seven centuries, Islam flourished as a dominant global civilization, excelling in various fields of knowledge. Prominent Muslim scholars contributed significantly to diverse disciplines, such as Ibn Sina in medicine, al-Khwarizmi in mathematics, Ibn Khaldun in sociology, and Jabir ibn Hayyan in chemistry. Likewise, in the field of political thought, figures such as al-Farabi, al-Mawardi, al-Ghazali, and Ibn Taymiyyah made substantial contributions. During the reign of Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786–809 CE), Baghdad became the center of scientific study and the intellectual hub of the world. However, following the decline of the Islamic Caliphate and the rise of Western dominance, the influence of Muslim thinkers in global intellectual discourse significantly diminished, with Western thought becoming the primary reference in various fields. Given this historical shift, revisiting Islamic political thought is crucial for rediscovering the intellectual legacy established by early Muslim scholars. This paper does not aim to provide an in-depth analysis of Islamic political thought but rather to offer an introductory overview of its rich intellectual tradition
Aborsi dalam Perspektif Agama-agama Samawi
No full textThis paper discusses abortion, the reasons behind its practice, and the perspectives of the Abrahamic religions on this issue. Fundamentally, all Abrahamic faiths prohibit abortion, viewing it as an inhumane act that destroys and terminates the life of a fetus, a potential human being that deserves respect and protection, even if conceived under unlawful circumstances. However, abortion is permitted in cases where the mother’s life is at risk. If pregnancy endangers the mother’s survival, abortion is allowed, and no legal or religious punishment is applied. Therefore, abortion cannot be legalized without compelling justification, as its legalization could encourage extramarital sexual relations
Penggunaan Metode Etnografi dalam Penelitian Agama
No full textThis paper discusses ethnography, a qualitative research method commonly used in anthropological and social science studies to understand social phenomena in the field. One of the most notable American anthropologists who employed this method in studying Javanese religion was Clifford Geertz, along with his wife, Hildred Geertz. In the 1950s, Clifford Geertz conducted research in Mojokuto, East Java, leading to his well-known Santri-Abangan-Priyayi trichotomy, published in The Religion of Java (1960). Hildred Geertz, in the same period, studied Javanese family structures, resulting in her dissertation, later translated into Indonesian as Keluarga Jawa. Beyond Java, Clifford Geertz also conducted research in Bali, culminating in works such as Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali (1980) and his famous essay on Balinese cockfighting, Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight (1973). His symbolic anthropology approach is often compared to that of Victor Turner, another prominent scholar who focused on African ritual processes, best exemplified in The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure (1977). This paper explores the ethnographic method by discussing its definition, historical background, objectives, procedural framework, and key considerations for its application in religious studies and social research
Pengaruh Waḥdat Al-Wujūd dalam Pemikiran Islam di Nusantara
No full textAmong the great mystics in history, Ibn al-‘Arabi (560-683/1165-1240) stands out as one of the most influential. His mystical ideas, particularly the doctrine of Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Being), spread throughout the Islamic world and left a profound impact on Sufi philosophy. This paper explores the influence of Waḥdat al-Wujūd on Islamic thought in the Nusantara region. It examines the historical development of this doctrine, identifies key Sufi scholars who embraced and disseminated it, and analyzes the factors that facilitated or hindered its acceptance. Additionally, this study considers the future trajectory of Waḥdat al-Wujūd in Nusantara, assessing its relevance in contemporary Islamic discourse
Agama dan Tantangan Sains Modern
No full textBefore discussing the role and challenges of religion in the era of science and technology, it is essential to examine the historical relationship between religion and science in human civilization. The evolution of human civilization has been shaped by the interplay of various values, including those of science and religion. Throughout history, new scientific discoveries have often sparked social upheaval, as societies struggle to reconcile novel findings with existing beliefs. This paper explores key historical moments of tension and adaptation between religion and science, from Greek philosophy and the Islamic Golden Age to the Renaissance and modern secularism. While scientific advancements have led to a secular worldview in the West, a resurgence of spirituality and religious movements is observed in contemporary times. The paper further discusses the potential for reconciliation between religion and science in the modern world
Di Balik Keyakinan: “Islam Fundamentalis” atau “Islam Neo-Modernis”? (Analisis Sosio-Historis Pemberitaan Majalah Tempo 1980-1994)
No full textThis study explores how Tempo magazine reported on the Islamic “neo-fundamentalist” movement—specifically ḥarakah—and its positioning in relation to the discourse of “neo-modernist Islam” in Indonesia from 1980 to 1994. The latter movement, though not entirely synonymous, has later been associated with what is commonly referred to as “liberal Islam.” Tempo is considered to have had a significant influence in presenting and shaping these two intellectual currents through its journalistic coverage. By analyzing the magazine’s reporting, this study seeks to discern Tempo’s intellectual inclination between these two Islamic ideologies. The findings suggest that media outlets, to a certain extent, inherently possess and project an intellectual vision in their editorial stance
Tasawuf dan Terapi Krisis Modernisme: Studi Kritis terhadap Pemikiran Seyyed Hossein Nasr
No full textThis paper aims to explore Sufism as an alternative solution to the crisis of modernism, particularly in the spiritual domain. It also examines the model or form of Sufism proposed by Seyyed Hossein Nasr as a response to this crisis. By analyzing Nasr’s perspective, this study highlights how Sufism can serve as a counterbalance to the spiritual and existential dilemmas posed by modernity