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Potential consequences of the international transfer of emission allowances under the updated national emissions targets by 2030
No full textAll parties that signed the Paris Agreement are required to update their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) every 5 years. The international transfer of emission allowances is a political instrument that has the potential to realize global emission reductions under the NDCs. This study conducted an economic assessment of the implementation of updated NDCs and quantified the effects of the international transfer of emission allowances using a global computable general equilibrium model. The results showed that updating NDCs increased gross domestic product (GDP) losses relative to the previous NDCs. The international transfer of emission allowances mitigated global GDP losses relative to baseline scenarios from 1.1 % to 0.7 % but there was an increase in some developing countries with relatively low emission reduction targets. While the international transfer of emission allowances could promote the reduction of global emissions in a cost-effective manner, it could also impose an economic burden on some developing countries through their linkages to the global carbon market. Thus, the results of this study indicate the importance of considering additional financial or technical support to developing countries
Input data for the Community Water Model (CWatM) - a regional dataset covering Israel and the Ayalon Basin V3
No full textThis dataset was developed as part of the IIASA WINTER project, aiming to run high resolution hydrologicalsimulations in the river basins in Israel (Water Futures and Solutions for Israel (WFaS-Israel) | IIASA).Constructing a hyper-resolution (30 arcseconds) simulation can rely on a mix of upscaled coarse global, hyper-resolution global, and local datasets. Specifically, Hanasaki et al. (2022) stress the importance of local watermanagement and use data for hyper-resolution hydrologic simulations.The dataset covers the terrestrial area of Israel and the Palestinian Authority. It also includes the cross-borderand upstream river basin in the neighboring countries Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. Theselected river basins of Ayalon and Sorek are in the central coastal area of Israel and vary by topography, landcover, and water management. The Ayalon stream drains the western downslopes of the Judea and Samariamountains and outlets into the Yarkon stream (to the North), which later reaches the Mediterranean Sea. TheSorek stream drains the hills around South-West Jerusalem and flows Westwards until reaching theMediterranean Sea
Global Pasture Watch - Annual grassland class and extent maps at 30-m spatial resolution (2000—2022) V2-beta
No full textGlobal annual grassland class and extent for 2000—2022 produced by Parente et al. (2024) within the scope of the Global Pasture Wath initiative. The mapped grassland extent includes any land cover type, which contains at least 30% of dry or wet low vegetation, dominated by grasses and forbs (less than 3 meters) and a:
maximum of 50% tree canopy cover (greater than 5 meters),
maximum of 70% of other woody vegetation (scrubs and open shrubland), and
maximum of 50% active cropland cover in mosaic landscapes of cropland & other vegetation.
The grassland extent is classified into two classes:
Cultivated grassland: Areas where grasses and other forage plants have been intentionally planted and managed, as well as areas of native grassland-type vegetation where they clearly exhibit active and 'heavy' management for specific human-directed uses, such as directed grazing of livestock.
Natural/semi-natural grassland: Relatively undisturbed native grasslands/short-height vegetation, such as steppes and tundra, as well as areas that have experienced varying degrees of human activity in the past, which may contain a mix of native and introduced species due to historical land use and natural processes. In general, they exhibit natural-looking patterns of varied vegetation and clearly ordered hydrological relationships throughout the landscape.
The dataset is organized in 69 global mosaics (23 years for each time series) in COG (Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF) format, WGS84 Coordinate Systems (EPSG:4326) and pixel size equal to 0.00025 degrees, including:
Probabilities of cultivated grassland (values range from 0–100),
Probabilities of natural/semi-natural grassland (values range from 0–100), and
Dominant class (0-other land cover, 1-cultivated grassland and 2-natural/semi-natural grassland.
All raster files are in unsigned 8-bit integer format and use 255 as no-data value (pixels ignored by prediction), following an specific naming convention:
Project name: Global Pasture Watch (gpw)
Class name: cultivated grassland (cultiv.grassland), natural/semi-natural grassland (nat.semi.grassland) and dominant grassland (grassland)
Procedure combination: Random Forest (rf), Savitzky-golay (savgol), balanced threshold (bthr) and mean absolute difference (madi).
Variable type: probability (p)
Spatial resolution: 30m
Begin of time reference: date of first Landsat composite used by the modeling (20220101)
End of time reference: date of last Landsat composite used by the modeling (20221231)
Spatial extent: global (go)
Coordinate system: World Geodetic System 1984, used in GPS (epsg.4326)
Version: v1
Related resources
Maps of dominant grassland:
2000-2002 2003-2005 2006-2008 2009-2011 2012-2014 2015-2017 2018-2020 2021-2022
Probability maps of cultivated grassland:
2000-2022 (All URLs)
Probability maps of natural/semi-natural grassland:
2000-2022 (All URLs)
Grassland reference samples based on VHR imagery (2000–2022):
GeoPackage files
Global machine learning models (Random Forest):
Parquet and joblib python files
Reference sampling design derived by FSCV:
GeoPackage and raster files
Harmonized reference samples based on existing LULC dataset:
GeoPackage and raster files
Source code for reproducibility:
GitHub release
Mapping feedback tool:
GeoWiki
Data catalogues:
OpenLandMap STAC Google Earth Engine
Support
For questions of bugs/inconsistencies related to the dataset raise a GitHub issue in https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watc
Raw data related to Joon et al (2025): Climate justice orientation is linked to preferences for decarbonisation policy design
No full textCEDS v_2025_03_18 Gridded Data 0.5 degree
No full text************
This data has been corrected with CEDS v_2025_04_18 0.5 degree gridded data released here:
https://zenodo.org/records/15127477
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This Zenodo data entry is a documentation placeholder and diagnostic data release for the v_2025_03_18 0.5 degree gridded data released via ESGF.
This data is derived from CEDS v_2025_03_18 aggregate emissions release, which includes emissions data files by emission species (SO2, NOx, BC, OC, NH3, NMVOC, CO, CO2, CH4, N2O), country, and sector released here:
https://zenodo.org/records/15059443
This data set can be accessed via ESGF, for detailed instructions on how to access and download, as well as data notes, see the README file attached.
The files released here include:
CEDS_v_2025_03_18_0.5_Gridded_README.txt (instructions for access on ESGF and data notes)
CEDS_v_2025_03_18_gridding_diagnostics.zip
See the CEDS GitHub site for details including journal paper reference information and any known issues with this data:
https://github.com/JGCRI/CED
fair calibration data
No full textThis dataset contains the full data, input scripts and produced output data for the updated-2023 calibration of fair v2.2.
Launching a new low-carbon, healthy journey
No full textThe year 2023 marked a pivotal moment for climate change globally, across Asia, and within China. China experienced its highest recorded average annual temperature of 10.71°C (0.82°C above the 1981–2010 average), its second-lowest annual rainfall since 2012, and endured significant flood and drought events. The 1.5°C warming limit set by the Paris Agreement is on the verge of being exceeded, posing severe threats to human health, underscoring the urgent need for immediate action. In 2024, the Lancet Countdown Asia Centre, leading a collaboration of 77 experts from 28 prominent research institutions, released the fifth China Report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change. This report tracks China’s progress in addressing health and climate change. The report is structured around five thematic domains encompassing 31 indicators: (1) climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerability; (2) adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; (3) mitigation actions and health co-benefits; (4) economics and finance; (5) public and political engagement.
The report in this year adopted a forward-looking perspective, including predictive analyses of climate-related health risks and tracks trends in compound exposures (Panel 2), emphasizing the urgent need for adaptive measures. Two new indicators are introduced this year: health-care sector emissions (Indicator 3.4) and stranded coal assets from the low-carbon transition (Indicator 4.2.5), both underscoring the necessity of mitigation efforts to safeguard public health. The findings reveal that health risks are already severe and are projected to worsen significantly. In 2023, the average number of heatwave exposure days per capita in China reached 16 days, over three times the historical average (1986–2005). Heatwave-related mortality surged by 1.9 times, while heat-related losses in labor productivity increased by approximately 24%, and safe outdoor activity hours dropped by 60%. Compound hot and dry days also rose sharply, with 2023 recording 30 times the average from 1986–2005. By 2060, compared to the baseline (1986–2005), annual average heatwave-related mortality is projected to increase by 183%–275%, and labor productivity losses by 28%–37%. By 2030, mortality attributable to wildfires are expected to rise by 28%–36% compared to the baseline. Moreover, compared to 2013–2019 levels, the annual excess risk of dengue fever incidence is anticipated to increase by 15.3%–15.5% by 2060, with provinces such as Hainan, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Shanxi facing a surge of 30%–60%.
Based on the findings, the following recommendations are put forth to safeguard against the climate change-related health risks:
Establish an effective inter-departmental coordination mechanism for responding to health risks from climate change. China should implement a ministerial coordination mechanism at the national level to coordinate resources, and explore best practices for establishing local coordination mechanisms.
Accelerate the implementation of the control of overall carbon emissions at the regional level. With national policies now issued, regions need to quickly expand renewable energy, reduce the carbon intensity of energy, and enhance carbon emissions control to avoid future risks of stranded assets and health damages.
Advance climate and health-friendly investment and financing. China will need to cut fossil fuel subsidies and increase financial support for essential mitigation and adaptation technologies.
Develop a low-carbon health-care system. China should set comprehensive sustainability and low-carbon standards for health-care facilities and practices with reference to international guidance.
Provide high-quality health meteorological services. Current tailored weather-related health services should be expanded to other parts in China. These services should offer personalised warnings that consider the specific geographical location, the prevalent diseases in the area, and individual susceptibilities
Could Geoengineering “Respect Nature?” Paul W. Taylor’s Ethics, the Principle of Non-Interference, and Argument for a Limited, Reversible Geoengineering
No full textThe Tollgate Principles require that geoengineering projects respect “norms of environmental ethics [including] . . . respect for nature,” clearly recalling the work of the Paul Taylor. Taylor’s environmental ethics have previously been argued by Christopher Preston to “presume” against geoengineering; based on Taylor’s support of a principle of “non-interference.” However, this reading overlooks Taylor’s own exempting conditions to non-interference, particularly the “Principle of Restitutive Justice.” I argue that under certain strict conditions—particularly “self-obviation”—some geoengineering interventions may meet Taylor’s standards. If true, this shows that the inclusion of “respect for nature” in the Tollgate Principles does not rule-out geoengineering a priori
Bridging the scale between the local particular and the global universal in climate change assessments of cities
No full textIdentifying gaps in urban climate change assessment is crucial for developing the new Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) special report on cities. To bridge the gap between the understanding of local interventions and global climate goals, we call for the strengthening of assessment tools such as urban typologies, case study synthesis and big geospatial data studies. We sort research gaps into five overarching themes: (1) urban form, (2) data and artificial intelligence, (3) policies and governance, (4) system transformation and (5) potentials, costs and losses. Using these methods for categorizing and analyzing cities based on shared characteristics will enable the tailoring and scaling of local climate solutions to global contexts
Multi-objective optimal control with carbon emission and temperature constraints: for achieving a low-fossil-fuel economy
Get PDFIn this paper we propose multi-objective control to deal with climate change and climate risks and the transition to a low carbon economy. Extending our previous collaborative work as in Atolia et al. (Math Control Related Fields, 13:583–604, 2023), we again build on the Nordhaus type DICE model to include various optimal macroeconomic policies such as mitigation, adaptation and climate-related infrastructure investment studying the dynamics of the decarbonizing of the economy. Based on a finite horizon model that includes the threats of climate disasters arising from C O 2 emissions and temperature rise, we deal with preventive measures such as adaptation reducing disaster effects. Our optimal control problem of finite horizon is consisting of a dynamical system with five-dimensional state vector representing stocks of private capital, green capital, public capital, stock of brown energy in the ground, carbon emissions, and temperature. The objective function captures preferences over consumption but is also impacted by atmospheric C O 2 , climate risks events and by mitigation and adaptation policies. Given the numerous challenges to climate change policies with multiple objectives the control vector is eight-dimensional including mitigation, adaptation and infrastructure investment. The optimal control problem is studied under various state constraints. In two scenarios we compute the Pareto front for a bi-objective control problem. Optimization over the Pareto front provides us with suitable weights for the two objectives. In particular we explore the role of C O 2 constraints, as the Kyoto Protocol has suggested, and temperature constraints, as the Copenhagen–Paris agreements have proposed