Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Karakteristik Membran Komposit Poli Eter Eter Keton Tersulfonasi untuk Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Get PDFFuel cell is a device that transforms chemical energy into electrical energy through oxidation-reduction reaction of hydrogen-rich fuel with oxygen or air. Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) as a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is potentially developed to realize the commercialization of fuel cells in transportation applications. Membrane that is currently widely used for DMFC is Nafion®. However Nafion® membrane has disadvantages such as high price, short-lived and high methanol permeability. Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) is an alternative material due to having good combinations of physico-chemical and mechanical properties but it is hydrophobic material, therefore it has very low ionic conductivity. This research aims to study the effect of the addition of cesium- phosphotungstic acid (1-15w.% loading) to the sulfonated PEEK (sPEEK) membrane. The analysed characteristics were water uptake, swelling degree, methanol permeability and ionic conductivity. Increased loading of cesium- phophotungstic acid into sPEEK membranes improved the value of water uptake, swelling factor and ionic conductivity. Moreover the methanol permeability through the composite membrane was fortunately reduced up to 9% loading and then increased when the percentage of loading was raised up. Proton conductivity was increased up to 10% loading and lowered at more loading
Sifat Fisikokimia Pati Sorghum Varietas Merah dan Putih Termodifikasi Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT) untuk Produk Bihun Berkualitas
Get PDFUtilization of sorghum as food, especially as an ingredient of bihon noodles, is still very limited, even though this plant is very potential to be developed in Indonesia. This study was conducted to produce sorghum starch as an ingredient of bihon. In this researcha modification of starch was conducted by applyingheat moisture treatment (HMT) method that is able to convert starch type A to type B and even C, i.e. by heating starch with a limited water content at a temperature above the temperature of gelatinization until an arrangement of crystalinity conformation occured without gelatinization. The HMT process was carried out on the water content of 18%, 21%, 24%, 27% and 30%,at temperature of 80, 90, 100, 110 and 120 centigrade, and interval time of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 hour respectively. It was found that a relatively good condition at the HMT process with moisture content of 21%, temperature of 100 centigrade and heating time of 12 hour obtainning solubility of 1.67%, flower power of 4,16g/ gand resembles rice starch, in doing so it can be used as a substitute for rice starch in the making of bihon noodles
Pembuatan Edible Film dari Karagenan Rumput Laut Eucheuma cottonii untuk Mengawetkan Buah Nanas
Get PDFEdible film is a thin layer that is made from an edible material and usually used as food coating or in between food components to prevent migration of water vapor, oxygen, carbon dioxide, aroma, and food lipid (such as anti-oxidant, anti-microbes, flavor,etc) and or fix the integrity mechanism and food characteristic. This article will explain about: (1) The optimum time for seaweed extraction; (2) The optimum amount of CMC addition at the process of making edible film. There are five kinds of different time used for the seaweed extraction, 0,25 hour; 0,5 hour; 1 hour; 1,5 hour; 2 hour. And five different CMC concentration (0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, 1,5%). The optimum time for the extraction is 0,5 hour with 22,2570 grams of carrageenan produced. The carrageenan produced willbe turned into edible film with a variation of CMC concentration. The edible film will be tested with weighted shrink test, color change, tensile strength test, and extension. It is found as a result of the research that the edible film which made from a carrageenan for 0,5 hour and 1,5% of CMC concentration has the best capability to preserve a pineapple. The edible film that could preserve a pineapple the longest has 19,61N tensile strength and 3,34 mm extension. The higher concentration of CMC used, the tensile strength will be less, longer it could extend
Pengujian Slim-tube untuk Memperkirakan Minimum Miscible Pressure pada Studi CO 2 Enhanced Oil Recovery
Get PDFImplementation of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) usingcarbon dioxide (CO2) to increase oil recovery has been widely implemented in the world, but in Indonesia, especially in Pertamina is still in the feasibility study stage. One of the parameters is very important in supporting the successful implementation of CO2 EOR is the thermodynamic properties in the form of minimum miscible pressure (MMP). Considering Indonesia is a tropical country and the oil reservoir is relatively deep, so that the temperature of the reservoir is relatively high which would provide great value of MMP and will have an impact on the oil recovery factor ability.MMP testing is very important to be done in the laboratory using the slim-tube. On the condition of CO2 MMP initially is being mixed with short to medium-chain hydrocarbons in the reservoir, then further with heavier hydrocarbons. Mixing CO2 into oil will lead to occurrence of oil volume swelling and decrease its viscosity. The phenomenonof swelling volume of oil in the reservoir may lead to increased capillary pressure so that the oil is easier to flow. While the decline in oil viscosity increases mobility of oil or in other words will lower the water-oil mobility ratio. Decreased mobility ratio ofthe water-oil may increase oil reserves that can be produced. Based on the slim-tube experiments in the laboratory using a sample of oil field "X" Pertamina at a temperature of 260oF, the MMP is estimated about 3000 ps
Sintesis Karbon Aktif dari Kulit Salak dengan Aktivasi K2CO3 sebagai Adsorben Larutan Zat Warna Metilen Biru
Get PDFThe preparation of activated carbon from salacca peels was studied by chemical activation with potassium carbonate
(K2CO3). Salacca peels were firstly impregnated at a fixed salacca peel to potassium carbonate ratio of 1:2 and fixed
potassium carbonate concentration of 10 %-w. The impregnated salacca peel were then carbonized in an electrical
furnace at temperature of 800 °C. Macroporous activated carbons with a high surface area of 888.9 m2/g were
obtained. The activated carbon was tested in the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous phase. The
adsorption study was realized using batch experiments with synthetic MB solution with various initial concentration
of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ppm. The Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubunin-Radushkevich adsorption models were
used for mathematical description of the adsorption equilibrium, and it was found that the experimental data fitted
very well to the Langmuir isotherm. Batch adsorption studies, based on the assumption of a pseudo-first-order,
pseudo-second-order or intraparticle diffusion mechanism, showed that the kinetic data followed closely a pseudosecond-
order rather than a pseudo-first-order mechanism. The adsorption capacity of salacca peel based activated
carbons for the removal of MB was found to be 405 mg· g-1. These results clearly indicated the salacca peel derived
activated carbons as a potential adsorbent for removal of MB from aqueous solutions
Optimizing The Hydrolysis Acid Process Of Cellulose From Post-Harvest Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum) Residue For Bioethanol Production
Get PDFTons of post-harvest sugarcane is produced in Indonesia as agricultural residue. This lignocellulosic material is a potential source of second generation ethanol production. Diluted acid hydrolysis is one of the most efficient pre-treatments for hemicellulosic solubilization. The hydrolysate content is rich in glucose, which can be converted to ethanol by yeast or other micro-ogranism. This work measures the impact various methods of diluted acid hydrolysis (acid concentration, solid: liquid ratio) have on glucose concentration in hydrolysate. Statistical analysis was used to determine the most efficent formule to increase glucose concentrations. An acid concentration of 0,6 M, an S:L ratio of 5:100 (g:ml) with steam explosure was established and validated as the optimum pre-treatment conditions for the acid hydrolysis process. Under such conditions, hydrolysate with 25 % of glucose was obtained
Pra Kondisi untuk Pengelolaan Limbah Reflektor dari Reaktor Triga Mark II
Get PDFPra Kondision Reflector For Managing Waste Of Reactor Triga Mark II. In 1996 there has been a refurbishment of the reactor Triga Mark II. The consequences of these events occur is the case of radioactive waste with a very significant amount. Waste is managed by the Radioactive Waste Technology Center. In this paper is presented the preparation of the waste management from the safety analysis before being taken to the placement on Radioactive Waste Technology Center. Radionuclide content contained in the reflector is H - 3, C - 14, Fe - 55, Co - 60, Eu - 152 and Eu - 154, with activities 1,0x104 Bq/ g, while the radiation is 66 rad/h. The conclusion of this study is the container used is a container cube shape with a length of 1097,3 mm, 624,2 mm width and height of 760,8 mm. The cube is coated with a steel plate of 12 mm and 8 mm . By conditioning, then to 200 mR / h. This means that the waste is safe both for workers and the environment
Utilization Of Polypropilene Glycol As Anti Foaming Agent On Evaporation Of Detergent Radioactive Liquid Waste
Get PDFUtilization Of Polypropilene Glycol As Anti Foaming Agent On Evaporation Of Detergent Radioactive Liquid Waste. The treatment of radioactive liquid waste in Serpong nuclear facilities is performed by the sequences processes of reduction volume by evaporation and then immobilization of its radionuclides by cementation. The existing evaporator has the treatment capacity of 750 l/h of liquid waste. The nuclear laundry system for cleaning and decontamination of contaminated cloths generates the detergent radioactive liquid waste. The evaporation of detergent liquid waste at the present requires the silicone oil anti foaming agent to prevent the contamination of evaporation distillate caused of carry-over by the foam. For looking the utilization alternative of another anti foaming, the study of utilization of polypropylene glycol as anti foaming agent on the evaporation of detergent liquid radioactive waste has been performed. The evaporation experiment was performed for simulation liquid waste having the Cs-137 activity of 14,8 Bq/ml and dry extract content of 5 g/l by variation of the detergent concentration of 0,1247; 0,1496; 0,187; 0,374; 0,748; and 1,496 g/l. During evaporation, the boiling liquid level be kept by feeding of liquid waste and the generated foam attacks by polypropylene solution injection. Every 15 minutes the sampling of evaporation distillate and concentrate are done for analysis of its Cs-137 activity and extract contents. The result of experiment indicates that on the evaporation of solution containing detergent concentration of 0,1247 to 0,167 g/l gives the effective defoaming process in which the ulitization of polypropylene as antifoaming agent can prevent the contamination of distillate due to the foam can be eliminated properly. On the evaporation of solution on the detergent concentration of 0,374 to 1,496 g/l, the foam can be controlled there is small Cs- 137 contamination of distillate on the value of its clearance level. The evaporation of solution on the detergent concentration of superior than 1,496 g/l, the foam can not be controlled by utilization of antifoaming agent causing the significance value of distillate contamination. By utilization of polypropylene as antifoaming agent, the Cs-137 activity of distillate can be decreased on the value of clearance level. Normally the Cs-137 activity on the concentrate will increase but on its actually result there is decreasing of concentrate activity cause of the Cs-137 sorbtion capability of polypropylene glycol. Every of polypropylene glycol molecule has the functional group of OH on its furthest tip. When the polypropilene glycol molecule contacts with the water molecule so two H+ ions be released from polypropilene glycol forming the ions of – ORO-. The Cs+ on the solution will attached by –ORO- to form CsOROCs so the Cs concentration on the concentrate will decreased
Effect of pyrolisis temperature and number of molasses’s adhesive toward quality of mud cake based bio briquette
Get PDFBiomass waste utilization can be one solution to find another alternative fuels that can be renewable. Two kinds of biomass which were used in this research are mud cake (produce from rotary vacuum filter in sugar production process) which was used as the raw material and molasses which was used as an adhesive. First, the mud cake was dried and pyrolyzed became charcoal. Then, the charcoal mixed with water and molasses, formed into a cylindrical shape, and dried it up to be a combustible bio briquettes. The quality of bio briquette was dependent on kind of raw materials, quantity of adhesive, temperature of pyrolysis, and compaction pressure. The result: the lower pyrolysis temperature, the more yield of charcoal, but it followed by the shorter flaming time, the shorter combustion time, and lower calorific value. Besides, the more molasses use, the bio briquette become more compact and more flammable but it had shorter combustion time. Pyrolysis temperature influences the compressive strength, besides, amount of adhesive influences the flaming time and combustion time. Overall, the best bio briquette can be produced with conditions of pyrolysis temperature 600 °C and ratio between molasses and charcoal 0.3
Studi Biobriket Enceng Gondok (Eichhornia Crassipes) sebagai Bahan Bakar Energi Terbarukan
Get PDFDepletion of fossil energy reserves as a result of increased population growth and industrial sectors. Biomass can be considered as the best option for alternative renewable energy. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to produce bio-briquette. The briquetting experiment was conducted with different both of tapioca strach and wood glue adhesive. The presentage of adhesive was 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12%. The briquettes were tested to evalueted water content, ash content and calorific value. The results showed that the value of water content and ash content increased by increasing presentage adhesive on bio-briquete. However, the calorific value reached the maximum point of 10 % and 8 % for addition tapioca strach and wood glue adhesive, respectively