Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Imobilisasi Limbah Radioaktif Uranium Menggunakan Abu Batubara Sebagai Bahan Matriks Synroc
Get PDFThe Immobilization of Uranium Radioactive Waste Using Coal-Ash as Matrix Material of Synroc. The decommissioning of Phosphoric Acid Purification Facility – Petro Chemical of Gresik (PAPF-PCG) generates radioactive liquid waste containing uranium. The waste was treated by bio-oxidation process using bacteria for volume reduction of the waste to become radioactive sludge waste. The sludge waste contains uranium is included the classification of long-life alpha radioactive waste. The sludge waste must be immobilized by solidification process for preparation of disposal to ensure the safety of the environment in the present and future. In this research aim to immobilization of the radioactive sludge waste by solidification using coal-ash as matrix material of titanate synroc. Immobilization process was carried-out by mix the radioactive sludge waste with coal-ash and precursor oxides namely BaO, CaO, and TiO2 as addition of matrix materials. The composition of matrix material of synroc using coal-ash and addition of precursor oxides (in weight %) i.e : Al2O3 (6.26); BaO (5.33); CaO (10.52); TiO2 (68.02) ; and SiO2 (6.07). Beside that the matrix material contains oxides minor (in weight %) i.e : Fe2O3 (3.48), MnO2 (0.04), K2O (0.20) and Na2O (0.08). Waste loading in the waste synroc block was 30 weight %. The mixture then was dried at temperature of 130 oC, and calcined at 750 oC. The powder of calcination result then was pressed in the molder. Furthermore, the sintering process was carried out at the temperature of 900 – 1300 o C for 3 hours to form the solid multiphase ceramic of synroc block. As a comparison was done immobilization process using matrix material of standard synroc. The quality of the synroc block produced from immobilization was determined by testing of density, compressive strength, and leach-rate ((the accelerated leach-rate at temperature of water 100 oC)). The test results showed that the best quality of waste synroc block was obtained at the sintering temperature of 1100 oC for 3 hours with values of density 2.28 g/cm3, compressive strength 5.57 kN/cm2, and leach-rate of uranium is 1.05x10-6 g.cm-2.day-1. This leach-rate of uranium is lower than the standar waste synroc block 1.17x10-5 g.cm-2.day-1. The quality of the waste synroc block produced by sintering process has fulfill the recommendation of IAEA
Determination of The Biodiesel Production Process from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate and Methanol
Get PDFIn the 21st century, Indonesia was predicted will become one of the petroleum net-importer countries. Alternative of energy resources, including biodiesel would have to be developed as energy sources for transportation and electric generation. Oil Palm and its chemicals derivatives have been identified as the most potential raw material for biodiesel production. A study of the biodiesel production process from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and methanol have been done. Laboratory experimental work has been carried out. The chemical process condition of the biodiesel production from PFAD and methanol has been experimentally identified. The chemical process condition of 65 oC, 90 minute processing and sulfuric acid catalyst amount of 1.2 % can be used as the chemical process condition for the design of biodiesel production process
Pembuatan Biobriket dari Limbah Organik
Get PDFThe level of fuel consumption, especially of fossil fuels is increasing and becoming a major part in the industrial sector. Whereas fossil fuels is a resource that can be exhausted. And so we need alternative energy sources that can renewed, good for the environment and economic value. Organic waste has not been fully exploited, although organic waste such as durian skin waste, sawdust, corn cob and a biomass with relatively high calorific value. Alternative might be to manage organic waste into briquettes. Briquettes are Solid fuel made from organic waste in the pyrolysis and solidified. Bio-briquette-making process begins by draining waste durian skin, corn cobs, and sawdust, then in the pyrolysis by a tool pyrolysis (the retort). Bio char formed from the pyrolysis then crushed and sieved to a certain size. After it is mixed with a certain ratio and the added starch adhesive glue and printed with a press. The independent variables used in this study is a comparison of the composition of a mixture of durian skin charcoal, corn cob and sawdust that is 3: 2: 1, 3: 1: 2, 3: 3: 3 and pyrolysis time is 7 hours, 7.5 hours , and 8 hours and robust printing press briquettes are 50, 75 and 100 kg / cm2. Fixed and variable is the size of charcoal partiketie -30 + 50 mesh, 10% starch glue weight of the total weight, the pyrolysis temperature of 500 0C. The results showed that the highest calorific value obtained in the variable composition of 3: 1: 2 with 8 hours pyrolysis and print compressive strength of 100 kg / cm2 is 6960.5650 cal / g. And briquettes to meet the standard briquettes Japan, America, and Indonesia (SNI)
Kombinasi Proses Cold Gelation dan Foam Mat Drying Pada Karakteristik Produk Karagenan
Get PDFCarrageenan is widely used for industrial food as thickening, gelling and stabilizing agents. Gel formation and drying process give effect the quality of carrageenan product. Normally, gel formation of carrageenan by heating and resulting decreasing quality of carrageenan. Ultrasound-assisted cold gelation of kappa carrageenan is new technology for industrial food, and it has several advantages: improvement of rheological properties and product quality, reduce the heat requirement, enhance gel quality, energy efficient, minimizing the using of additional material. Drying is the last step to find carrageenan product. Currently, the carrageenan drying still deals with too long drying time. This because, during the process carrageenan and water forms gel stucture in which hampers the water diffusion to the surface. Foaming agent introduction such as egg white can be considered to break the gel structure and make the drying process being smooth and fast. In general, this study aims to improve the characteristics of carrageenan products through ultrasound-assisted cold gelation and foam mat drying process. The results showed that the gelation treatment (cold gelation) can increase the ultrasonic assisted carrageenan gel strength is 1339,86 g / cm2. This result is higher than the gelation process with heating for 120 minutes (550.40 g / cm2). For 16 minute cold gelation with ultrasonication process give mechanical properties of gel strength (1339,86 g / cm2), hardness (41.75 gf), cohesiveness (0.35), springiness (1.75 mm) and adhesion (0.025 mj). The combination of foam mat drying method can foam created the porous structure in which increased the surface area for drying. As a result, drying time can be shortened. Results showed that the drying time was shortened with the presence of egg white as well as the increase of air temperature. The drying time at air temperature 80 C with 20% egg white was about 20-25 minutes shorter than that of without foam. The data on these results indicate that treatment of ultrasonic waves on carrageenan gel formation and foam mat drying is a potential option that is used to produce carrageenan with high gel strength economically and safely used in food product applications
Bio-diesel Production from Kapok Seed Oil
Get PDFIndonesia’s rapid growth of people and industries causes the rising demand of fuel oil. Consequently, the lack of fuel oil availability in the future will become a very serious problem and facing the challenges to find out some alternative resources for producing fuel oil will be a must. Conversionfatty acid to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) can be used to substitute the diesel oil (bio-diesel). Fatty acid as raw material for production bio-diesel is mainly selected from non-edible oils such as castor oil, nyamplung oil, and kapok seed oil.This research was aimed to find out the optimum conditions for esterification process of kapok seed oil as substrate for producing bio-diesel, including reaction time and the amount of catalyst added, and to study its purification processes. The low content of free fatty acid (FFA) in initial oil (< 5%) caused the bio-diesel production in this research was carried out only by a transesterification process.Bio-diesel was produced with oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:6. Kapok seed oil and solution of KOH in methanol were mixed together at 60oC. This reaction was conducted atstirring speed of 800 rpm in a three-neck flask equipped with a condenser. After certain time periods of reaction, bio-diesel produced was sampled, purified, and analyzed. Optimum conditions obtained from these experiments at oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:6 and temperature of 60oC were the reaction time of 30 minutes and the amount of catalyst of 1.25% weight of KOH/volume of oil. At this condition, oil conversion of 86.20% was obtained. From the kinetics viewpoint, this reaction was pseudo-first orderwith respect to oil concentration and with the specific rate (k) of 0.0283 min-1. The bio-diesel product met the SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia) specification, except the carbon content (that is still high enough, i.e. 0.21%) and the free glycerol content (0.05%)
Potensi dan Aplikasi Diafiltrasi Pada Bidang Pangan, Perkebunan dan Peternakan
Get PDFToday, various kinds of membrane-based separation technology regarded as a innovative breakthrough of chemical engineering have been widely invented, demonstrated, used industrially and commercialized to clarify, purify and concentrate wanted and valuable components in food and beverage, agricultural and farming, dairy, and animal product industries. Diafiltration (DF) is an operation mode of a pressure-driven filtrationapplied in hybrid with membrane-based separation in which fresh water or solute-free pure solvent or buffer as dialysate is added to the feed fluid and forced across the membrane together with salts, unwanted microsolutes and impurities. The main purpose of a DF process is to enhance the separation target of membrane-retained macrosolutes from membrane-permeable microsolutes and reduce as much salt, unwanted microsolutes and impurities in the feed fluid as possible. A principle cycle of DF step involves Ultrafiltration (UF) or Nanofiltration (NF) membrane to reduce fluid volumeand increase macrosolute concentration, DF processat constant volume to decrease microsolute concentration and fluid volume reduction to increase macrosolute concentration. The process of DF is discussed in connection with their applications in purification ofcane juice, purification of gelatin, recovery of whey and recovery of fermented mung bean
Pembuatan Biodegradable Film dari Pati Biji Nangka (Artocarpus hetrophyllus) dengan Penambahan Kitosan
Get PDFBiodegradable film is thin layers made of natural and renewable materials which can be easily decomposed by microorganisms. Starch is one of polysaccharide that can be used as a film. Jackfruit seeds have a starch content of 70.26%. Film of starch has low barrier properties against water, so it need addition of hydrophobic substances such as chitosan. This studyaims to determine the effect of jackfruit seeds starch with or without of chitosan mixture on the characteristics of biodegradable film. Films were produced using jackfruit seed starch with the composition variation is 2 g, 3g, 4g in 50 ml aqueous and chitosan withthe composition variation is 0,5g, 1 g, 1,5g in 50 ml of 1% acetic acid solution. Then in an oven at 50 ° C for 24 hours. These results indicate that the making of the film without chitosan does not affect the thickness, water content, melting point, and solubility significantly. But, affect the degradation of the film with EM4, amounting to 43.33% at 4 g starch and degraded in the soil for 2 weeks. Meanwhile, mixing of chitosan significantly affect the thickness, water content, melting point, solubility and degradation by microorganisms. This is shown with the smallest percentage of jackfruit seeds starch in the composition of 2 g, 3 g and 4 g, is 26.22%, 30.33% and 15.89%, and can be degraded after 3 weeks in the soil
Pemodelan Perpindahan Massa Adsorpsi Zat Warna pada Adsorben Berbasis Jatropha Curcas L. dengan Homogeneous dan Heterogeneous Surface Diffusion Model
Get PDFThe major objective of this experiment is to assess applicability of surface diffusion model to model the adsorption of methylene blue into Jatropha Curcas L. based adsorbents. Homogeneous Surface Diffusion Model (single pore consideration) and Heterogeneous Surface Diffusion Model (multi pore consideration) will be used in this modelling experiments. The modelling data were estimated and validated based on the published experimental results. Subsequently, simulation will be conducted by establishing three dimensional profile of solid phase concentration vs. radius and adsorption time. This simulation was held to discover and observe the adsorbent performance. The other objectives in this modelling experiment are to verify the model’s accuracy against the mass transfer phenomena of the following adsorption process.Based on the modelling experiment, Homogenous Surface Diffusion Model doesn’t fit to show mass transfer characteristic for adsorption based on Jatropha Curcas L. press-cake residue. However, Heterogeneous Surface Diffusion Model is perfectly appropriate to show the mass transfer characteristic. Hence, the validation and simulation will be done only to the appropriate model. Based on mathematics model, effective diffusivity coefficient () and the rate diffusivity coefficient () are either affected by initial solution’s concentration of methylene blue or the type of adsorbent
Pemodelan Pengeringan Polyvynil Alcohol dalam Larutan Organik dengan Reaction Engineering Approach (REA)
Get PDFDrying is water removal process involving mass and heat transfer simultaneously. The accurate drying model can be used to assist in process design and monitoring the quality of the product. The Reaction engineering approach (REA) have been proven for various drying chases involving water removal. In this study, the REA is develop to model removal of non-water solvent. The REA is implemented for convective and intermittent drying of polyvinyl alcohol from organic solvent which is a mixture of water and methanol. In order for REA modification, a minor modification of the equilibrium activation energy is introduced since there are two kinds of solvent in a mixture. Equilibrium activation energy was determined from the final product temperature and corresponding humidity of air. The results of the modeling match well with the experimental data. The REA can model the drying of the organic solvent accurately. The REA can be used for troubleshooting and optimization in organic solvent drying
Pengaruh Temperatur dan Tebal Lapisan Susu Kedelai pada Tray dalam Pengeringan Busa terhadap Kualitas Susu Kedelai Bubuk
Get PDFThe making of soy milk powder with foam drying methods is one of the product innovation effort which it can produce commercially by small industry and also home industry in Indonesia. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of drying temperature and soy milk foam thickness on the tray against the soy milk powder making process using the tray dryers. In this research, added coconut oil, dextrin and tween 80 are added to the soy milk for optimalized that drying process. Tween 80 ((Polyethylene Sorbitan Monoelat ) and dextrin interacted each other, tween 80 act as foam maker, while dextrin act as foam stabilizer during drying process. Coconut oil as heat conductor so that can increasing drying rate. The benefit of this research is to develop the industrial milk powder in small and medium industries. The method used is a variations in temperature drying is done at a temperature of 50°C, 60°C, 65°C, and 70°C with a thickness of soy milk made at 1mm, 2mm, and 3mm. Pressure drying operation remains at 690 mmHg. The results showed that the higher the temperature of drying the moisture content decreases while the thicker layer of soy milk then the water content will be greater. Soy milk powder that has met the SNI moisture content of 4.61%, 23.37% protein content and fat content of 22.94% contained at a temperature of 50 ° C with a 1 mm thick