Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Pengolahan Limbah Sayur Kol menjadi Pupuk Kompos dengan Metode Takakura
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the effect of sheep manure and EM4 in composting procces duration using Takakura Methods. The research conducted in laboratory scale using cabbage waste from the nearest market in Cimahi. Another variation are the concentration of sheep manure (10% and 30%) and EM4 (10 ml and 15 ml). There are four samples were done in this study, A (cabbage waste+10% sheep manure +10 ml EM4), B (cabbage waste+ 30% sheep manure+ 10 ml EM4), C (cabbage waste+10% sheep manure + 15 ml EM4), D(cabbage waste+30% sheep manure+15 ml EM4.) Expectations of this study was produced compost that meets the quality standard of organic fertilizers based on SNI 19-7030-2004 such as C/N ratio, pH, and temperature.The results showed that cabbage waste can be composted after 20 days, its faster than the conventional composting technique. All the samples at the end of composting procces has pH 7, temperature 260C, blackish brown color, and a slight smell of soil. The C/N ratio in each sample is 9,7 (A), 9 (B), 7,43 (C), 8,67 (D). A sample has a value close to the quality standard of organic fertilizers based on SNI 19-7030-2004.
Proses Start Up Produksi Bioetanol dari Tepung Sorghum Menggunakan Reaktor Anaerobik Berpenghalang
Get PDFSorghum bicolor grain is a potential raw material for bioethanol production. Sorghum bicolor grain contain a high starch, i.e. 65 – 70% by weight. This is much higher than cassava starch. The objective of this research is to produce bioethanol from Sorghum bicolor grain using Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process in Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) and biocatalyst of co-immobilisation yeast-glucoamylase. ABR is a reactor which has 4 compartment and has working volume of 2,5 L respectively. These experiments focused to study start-up process of the fermentation.. The start up was initiated with batch process for 16 hours followed by continuous fermentation in order to get steady process. During start-up process showed increasing concentration of bioethanol and decreasing of reducing sugar as well as total sugar. The results show that the best ethanol concentration in start-up process were 1,277 g/L for compartment A, 1,572 g/L for compartment B, 1,69 g/L for compartment C, and 1,454 g/L for compartment D at 19 hours of fermentation time
Transformasi Nitrogen secara Biologis di Air Panas Sarongsong Kota Tomohon
Get PDFNitrogen transformation is the alteration process of nitrogen compounds from one form to another occurred in the nature. The transformation can even occur in an extreme environment, such a hot springs, and get through processes, including amonification, nitrification and denitrification. The research objective was to determine the hydrochemicals/ characteristics of water physically and chemically, as well as to determine whether nitrogen transformation occured through the processes of amonification, nitrogen, nitrification and denitrification in Sarongsong hot spring. Samples in the research were taken from Sarongsong Hot spring, Tomohon City at three different stations and were grouped in two: aerobic and anaerobic. This research was undertaken in CARC laboratory, master’s program of biology, SWCU, Salatiga. The level of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate at three stations (S1, S2, S3) at early period of the research were measured. Levels of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate at S1 respectively are: 4.85mg/ L; 0.00mg/ L; 0.00mg/ L; at S2: 2.45mg/ L; 0.00mg/ L; 0.00mg/ L; on S3: 4.37mg/ L; 0.00mg/ L; 0.00mg / L. following 7 days of treatment, levels of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate in S1, S2, S3 at the condition of the aerobic and anaerobic has altered in concentration, that is an indication of nitrogen transformation process (amonification process) in Sarongsong hot spring, Tomohon City
Degradasi Onggok Limbah Tapioka menjadi Gula Pereduksi Menggunakan Proses Sonikasi
Get PDFOne of the solid waste of tapioca industry, cassava pulp (onggok), is carbohydrate source that can be degraded into reducing sugars. This degradation can be done because cassava pulp having 65.5% starch, and 8.1% cellulose (dry weight basis). The degradation method that used in this study is sonication process to obtain H and OH radicals to attack glicosidic bond of starch and cellulose. The aim of this research is to study the effect of reaction time of sonication process to the product of sonication process and cassava pulp morphology change. The suspension of cassava pulp in water (1/20 w/v) was firstly heated up to 40˚C continued by sonication process for 0 to 90 minutes. Sonication process could break polysaccharide chains as shown by increasing concentration of reducing sugars with reaction time. Furthermore, the morphology of native and sonicated cassava pulp showed that the starch granule can be liberated from fibrous matrix of cassava pulp after sonication
Pemanfaatan Bittern sebagai Elektrolit Alternatif pada Sel Aki Bekas
Get PDFThis research was aimed for study the effect of the bittern use as an alternative electrolyte also the reaction time and also the usage duration of accumulator towards the value of resulting electrical conductivity. Bittern contains magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) which when viewed from its molecular structure is able to replace the function of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) electrolyte. Data collection was performed by analyzing sample of bittern and the factors that affect the occurrence of electrochemical processes such as pH, ion concentration of ion Mg+ and ion SO4-, and electrical conductivity that generated with a pH meter, multimeter, spectrometry UV/Vis method, and Spectrometry Atomic Absorption (SAA/SSA flame). The results showed the concentration of Mg+ ion and SO4-ion on Bittern is 2.02 M and 0.3 M with the value of electric potential (Esel) amounted to 1,1189 V. The largest value of electrical conductivity is 1.67 V-3.983 A on the first accumulator with the longest reaction time for 12 days and the best usage duration of accumulator with electrolyte Bittern without recharging is ± 2 times usage
Pemanfaatan Umbi Suweg (Amorphophallus sp) sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Bioetanol melalui Proses Fermentasi dan Distilasi
Get PDFSuweg (Amorphophallus sp) is a plant that is easy to grow. Bulbs of this type is rarely used as food because the tuber contains compounds that cause itching. The carbohydrate content in tubers of 17.5%, so the bulbs suweg worthy of ethanol (bioethanol). The process used to convert starch into bioethanol suweg through enzymatic hydrolysis stages continued fermentation. The process of enzymatic hydrolysis using the enzyme α-amylase and gluco-amylase, while the fermentation process using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As the growth of bacteria use nutrients NPK and urea. Substrate concentration of 20% (w / w), α-amylase enzyme dose and gluco-amylase : 1.0, 1.5 and 2% (w / w), respectively. The next best glucose results generated from the hydrolysis process is fermented using yeast mass of 20 g / L with a variety of nutrient mass of a mass of urea and NPK 3, 5, 7, and 11 g / L, .respectively. Bioethanol fermentation results in the form of crude subsequently purified by distillation. Hydrolysis using each dosage α-amylase and gluco-amylase as much as 1.5% yield of glucose 11.9 g / L. In the fermentation process, the addition of nutrient effect on ethanol. The highest ethanol content of fermented mass produced by the addition of NPK nutrients in variable 5 g / L that is equal to 8.5%. Separation by distillation of the stage to produce ethanol 65%
Teknologi Pembuatan Liquid Smoke Daun Kesambi sebagai Bahan Pengasapan Se’i Ikan Olahan Khas Nusa Tenggara Timur
Get PDFThe liquid smoke had been produced from raw material of kesambi leaves using pyrolysis reactor. The composition of kesambi leaves consist of 29.51% lignin, 27.62% selulosa and 15.27% hemiselulosa, and then put into pyrolysis reactor. Pyrolysing processing at 200~450oC for 5 hours and liquid smoke produced was characterized by means physicaly and proximate analyzed of pH parameter, colour, transparency, floating matters, acid, phenol and carbonil. The result of this study showed that the liquid smoke of grade 3 was generally brownish-red color, clouded, pH 2.25 and tar. For grade 2 was characterized by yellow color, slightly clouded, floating matters, pH 2.2 and grade 1 was characterized by colorless, transparent, no floating matters and pH 2.17. Proximate analyzed for liquid smoke was total phenol grade 3 was 2.57%, total acid was 13.67%, carbonil was 14.13%. On the other hand, liquid smoke grade 1 have total phenol was 0.49%, total acid was 9.78% and carbonil was 10.07%. Application of liquid smoke kesambi leaves pyrolysis results 400oC on making fish se’i meat with liquid smoke concentration of 5%, 10%, 15.20%, and 25% showed different results, both in terms of chemical components, physical and sensory properties of the fish se’i meat
Penyetelan Parameter Pengendalian Proses dengan PRC pada Sistem Pure-Capacitive-Two-Tank-in-Series dengan Pemanas di Tangki T-01
Get PDFThis researchcontinued the previous work by Hermawan, Y.D. et al., 2016. The goals of this research wereto tune the process control parametersand to do the closed loop dynamic simulationfor the proposed control configuration of Pure-Capacitive-Two-Tank-in-Series (PCTTS) with an electric heater in tank T-01.The proposed control configuration consisted of 3 couples of CV-MV as follows T1-qe, h1-vpu, and h2-f2. The open loop experiment results would be used for tuning of PID control parameters. In this work, the PID control parameters were tuned quantitatively by using Process Reaction Curve (PRC) method. The controllergain (Kc) for temperature control of tank T-01 (TC-01), level control of tank T-01 (LC-01), and level control of tank T-02 (LC-02) has been found as follows: 364.8 watt/oC, -2.3 volt/cm, and -12.9 cm2/second , respectively. The integral time constant (tI) for 3 controllers were as follows: 60 second, 60 second, and 90 second, respectively. The derivative time constant (tD) for 3 controllers were as follows: 15 second, 15 second, and 22.5 second, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed control configuration and resulted tuning parameters were examined through rigorous dynamic simulation by using scilab software. The input volumetric rate disturbance (with amount of ±29%) was made based on step function. The developed of closed loop state equation was solved numerically. Integral of the absolute value of the error (IAE) for TC-01, LC-1 and LC-2 were 73, 1686, and 695, respectively. The dynamic simulation results showed that the proposed control configuration with its tuning parameters gave a stable response to a change in the input volumetric rate. This study also revealed that the PID controller gave fastest responses compared to P and PI controller
An Innovative Approach for Modeling Ultrasonic-assisted Drying
Get PDFDrying is a simultaneous heat and mass transfer process which involves significant energy consumption. For sustainable processing practice, ultrasonic-assisted drying is often implemented. In order to assist in process design and optimization, a physically-meaningful drying model is useful. The REA (reaction engineering approach), which has been shown to be accurate to model several challenging drying cases, is implemented here to model the ultrasonic-assisted drying with various intensities. The relative activation energy (ΔEv,b) generated from one accurate drying experiment is used to model the ultrasound-assisted drying with various intensities. The results of modeling match very well with the experimental data. The REA is accurate to model the ultrasonic-assisted drying under various intensities (i.e. 8, 12, 21, 29 and 31 kW/m3). The mechanisms of ultrasonic-assisted drying can be explained well by the REA. A landmark for process intensification of drying process has been set up by the REA. The model can be readily adopted in industrial settings for process design and optimization
Aktivasi Zeolit Alam Lampung sebagai Adsorben Karbon Monoksida Asap Kebakaran
Get PDFThis study aims to absorb the carbon monoxide (CO) gas using Lampung natural zeolite as an adsorbent. Natural Zeolite has porous crystal structure, large surface area, high thermal stability, non-toxic, and effective. Natural zeolites contain many impurities, then it must be activated. Activation of natural zeolite was done by soaking in a solution of 2% HF for 10 minutes with stirring. Furthermore, dealumination natural zeolite carried out by soaking in a solution of 6 M HCl for 30 minutes. Zeolite was soaked with a solution of 0.1 M NH4Cl and then was calcined. Then Activated Natural zeolite was tested the adsorption of cabon monoxide gas from burning tissue paper. Variations in particle size of the zeolite is 53-106 μm, 106-150 μm and 150-212 μm. The results showed that activated natural zeolite with a particle size of 53-106 microns can adsorb CO gas at 379 ppm (12.2%) of the initial concentration for 20 minutes