Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Pengaruh Jenis Perekat pada Briket dari Kulit Buah Bintaro terhadap Waktu Bakar
Get PDFBintaro fruit is a plant that thrives in the tropics and has a fruit content of lignocellulose fibers bintaro potential as raw material briquettes. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of various types of adhesives are tapioca, sago, lacquers and latex to time in the manufacture of fuel briquettes from the rind bintaro. Briquetting is carried out with a composition of 80% charcoal briquettes and type of adhesive respectively 20%. The results showed that the briquettes from the skin bintaro complies with SNI where the addition of starch adhesive obtained the best conditions, the water content of 1.91%, ash content of 7.35%, 15.34% levels of substance evaporates, 72 minute burn time and value kalornya 6000.46 calories / gra
Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Kemiri Sunan dengan Proses Dua Tahap
Get PDFSunan Hazelnut is one plant that thrives in Indonesia and have high productivity is 50-300 kg per tree per year, with oil content of 45-55%, so it very potential to be used as raw material for biodiesel production. Sunan Hazelnut oil can not be converted directly into biodiesel because the free fatty acid (FFA) content is high. To overcome this problem, a two-stage process can be conducted. The first stage aims to reduce the content of FFA in oils through esterification reaction using an acid catalyst, the second stage is the production of biodiesel through transesterification using alkaline catalyst. In this study, the esterification reaction is carried out in certain condition. The variables being studied is the effect of the concentration of NaOH catalyst and time of the transesterification reaction. The results shows that the FFA content can be reduced to 0.55% using sulfuric acid catalyst 0.5% by weight of oil, oil to methanol ratio of 1:5 and a reaction time of 120 minutes. Then, oil is converted into biodiesel using NaOH catalyst, obtained a conversion of 83% on the amount of catalyst 0.75% by weight of oil, methanol to oil ratio of 1:7 and a reaction time of 90 minutes. Biodiesel produced has a density of 875 kg /m3, 2.35 cst of viscosity, flash point of 163oC and pour point of -2,5oC
Pembuatan Tepung Gel Lidah Buaya dengan Alat Pengering Spray Dryer
Get PDFAloe vera (aloe vera) had the potential to be developed as a medicinal plant and industrial raw materials. The most important part that commonly used in the processing of aloe vera is it gel, but it has highly water contain and makes aloe vera gel easily damaged and had a low durability against microorganism invades. The results of preliminary test, the water content in the aloe verathat we use is98,66% - 99,49%, therefore it is necessary for processing into another form with less water contains, that was into flour form. Besides to preserve, this treatment also to increase the selling price of aloe verawhen sold in the form of flour. Aloe vera in the form of flour has several advantages, that is nutritional content is not changed and easy to stored and transported. The advantages of this flour in industry are more practical, stables and not easily damaged. There are a lot of processes to preserve and facilitate the processing of aloe vera, one that is by drying. Among the dryer that can be used in processing aloe vera into powder is using spray dryer. The advantages of this dryer is the contact process was not require a long time. The drying process is performed continuously with the parameters of chamber size, nozzle type (fluid nozzle), the rate of drying air (0,8 m3/min) and the variable are drying air temperature of 60°C, 90°C, and 12°C, feed rate of 2,9 mL/min, 6,2 mL/min, and 13mL/min. This drying process taken places in three stages: the initial stage, drying stages and analysis phase. In this study, we obtained that the best conditions are at temperature of 170 °C with feed flow rate of 2.9 mL/min, a feed moisture content of 99.4%, the water content of aloe vera gel powder at 9.16%, with color powder aloe gel cream pale, pH of 5, microorganism content of 5,33.109sel/g, vitamine C of 114,15 mg/100g sample,and a yield of 0.15%
Sintesa dan Karakterisasi Biokomposit Material dari Biodegradable Polimer Poly L-Lactic Acid (PLLA) dan Selulosa
Get PDFBiodegradable biocomposites films made from a mixture of poly (L- lactide acid) (PLLA) and MCC (microcrystalline cellulose) with a weight ratio of MCC 0%;2.5%;5%;7.5%; and 10% by using solvent blending techniques. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of MCC addition on the transparency, dispersion, thermal stability and mechanical properties of biocomposite products. The transparency of biocomposite films decrease with the addition of MCC filler dispersed in the PLLA matrix. The SEM results show that the more filler addition the more PLLA matrices that are filled by filler. Thermogravimetric analysis showe that the addition of MCC increase in thermal stability of biocomposites film. Most stable biocomposite film is reached by the composite with MCC content of 5 wt% with Tonset 309,35oC. Mechanical tests on biocomposite test include tensile strength and elongation at break. The value of tensile strength of biocomposite films decrease with the increasing MCC content, the highest value of tensile strength is 39 Mpa which is for neat PLLA. The elongation at break in the biocomposite films decrease with the addition of MCC, the highest value of elongation at break is 11% which is for neat PLL
Imobilisasi Limbah Radioaktif dari Produksi Radioisotop Molibdenum-99 (99Mo) Menggunakan Bahan Matriks Synroc Titanat
Get PDFThe Immobilization Of Radioactive Wastes Generated From Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) Radioisotope Production Using Titanate Synroc Matrix Materials. The assessment of immobilization technology using synroc matrix material for the long life radioactive liquid wastes generated from Mo-99 radioisotope production containing of uranium, transuranic and fission product elementswas carried out. For that purpose have been developed the titanate synroc matrix material by hot isostatic pressing process. All basic science studies confirm that the leach-rates and a-decay damage in synroc relatively very low and acceptable. In Indonesia, adaptation of immobilization technology using titanateof synroc matrix materials was carried-out for immobilization of the long life radioactive liquid wastes generated from 99Mo radioisotope production by sintering process at high temperature. Immobilization process was carried-out by mix the radioactive waste with precursor oxides, then drying the mixture at 100 oC, calsination at 750 oC, then it was preesed in the moulder. Further process are sintering at the temperature of 1000-1300 oC with the time 1-4 hours to form the solid multiphase ceramic. The composition of precursor oxides for titanate synroc (in % weight) i.e : Al2O3 (5.4); BaO (5.6); CaO (11.0); TiO2 (71.4) and ZrO2 (6.6). Waste loading in the waste synroc block are 10 – 60 % weight. The quality of the synroc block was determinated by testing of density, pressing strength, and leaching-rate. The testing results showed that the best quality of waste synroc block was obtained at the waste loading 20% weight, sintering process at 1200 oC for 3 hours with values of density 3.35 g/cm3, pressing strength 14.18 kN/cm2, total leaching-rate 2.5.10-3 g.cm-2.day-1 , and leaching-rate of Cs, Sr, and U are 4.1x.10-4 g.cm-2.day-1, 2.3x10-6 g.cm-2.day-1 and 6.3x10-7 g.cm-2.hari-1 respectivelly. The titanate synroc matrix materialscan succeed for immobilization of liquid radioactive waste containing of U, Cs and Sr elements, so that it is very good for immobilization for the radioactive waste generated from 99Mo production.
Evaluasi Waktu Start Up pada Proses Peruraian Stillage secara Anaerobik Menggunakan Reaktor Fixed Bed dengan Zeolit sebagai Media Imobilisasi
Get PDFStillage was a waste containing high organic load and thus potentially as substrate anaerobic decomposition. However the complexity of the compounds contained therein has caused the decomposition process was slow.The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of substrate concentration to performance and the start up time required in fixed bed reactor with zeolite as immobilization media for stillage decomposition. The evaluation of the fixed bed reactor performance was executed by comparing experimental data and simulation result from the mathematical modelling as the standard under ideal condition for anaerobic stillage decomposition that has been compiled. The start up phase was conducted in the circulated batch system in two cycles with different substrate concentrations. Based on the evaluation, the first cycle with the substrate concentration of 11.900 mg sCOD/L required 7-10 days to start up. If the first cycle had been conducted in more than 10 days, the condition was not optimum and it led to the death of microorganism. In the second cycle start-up phase with concentration of the substrate of 17.600 mg/L sCOD in the reactor resulted in the failure of the system due to organic shock loading. From this study, it is obtained the substrate with low concentration, 10.000 mg/L was good to start up
Heavy Metals Biosorption Phenomena Of Cr, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, And Mn on the Biomass of Mixed Bacteria of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter and Aeromonas
Get PDFThe bacterial biomass having the capability of ions biosorption is utilized for the treatment of industrial waste water containing ions pollutant. The Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) on the bacteria functions to support that biosorption mechanism. The EPS has the composition of polysaccharides (40-95% of total EPS), protein (1-60%), nucleic acids (1-10%), lipids (1-10%), and polymer of amino acid and other compounds of bacterial origin. The result of experiment indicates that the pH of 7 and process period of 560 hours was the best of process condition giving the decreasing of BOD and COD on the value of 38 and 74 ppm. On the pH of 6 and 8 the value of BOD and COD are 52 and 102 and 47 and 92 respectivel
Preliminary Study of the Cyclization of Conjugated Unsaturated Fatty Acid Chain in Kemiri Sunan Oil
Get PDFThe excessive usage of crude oil as the prime source of energy has caused oil deposit depletion, and therefore forced the discovery of alternative and renewable fuel resources. Through extensive studies recently, vegetable oils are believed as one of the most promising solution. Indonesia is a country with fertile land providing an ideal location for the plantation of oil-bearing plants. One of this potential is found in kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma) oil, which contains about 50% conjugated eleostearatic acid, which can be cyclized to form aromatic compounds. In this preliminary research, kemiri sunan oil was first saponified using KOH creating K-soap solution. Mg and Cr salts were then added to this solution in order to substitute the ion K yielding a mixture of Mg soap and Cr(OH)3 base. DEA (solvent) was added to the basic Mg soap at a 4:1 (b/b) ratio while the Cr(OH)3 acted as a catalyst for the cyclization reaction. The purpose of this research was to explore the hidden potentials in kemiri sunan to synthesize an intermediate product of an aromatic compound by varying temperature (100, 150, 200 °C) and reaction time (2, 3.5 and 5 hours). The cyclization products were tested using FTIR giving absorbance peaks at 771.53 or 779.24 cm-1 which were identified as ortho-disubsituted benzene
Kajian Pengaruh Pelumatan dan Penambahan Aktivator terhadap Produksi Biogas dari Sampah Sisa Makanan Restoran
Get PDFThis research to determine the effect of grinding and addition of activator on biogas production from restaurant foodwaste. Variations that were used in this study is grinded and not grinded. The second variations is by adding Green Phoskko® 0%, 0,1%, 0,25%, and 0,5%. Each variation is load 7 liters substrate. The study was conducted for 30 days. Parameters observed during the study are Chemical Oxygen Demand, pH, temperature, moisture content, Total Solid,Volatile Solid and volume of biogas in manometer. At the end of the study, biogas tested by Gas Chromatography to determine methane gas. The best reactor conditions on producing biogas is substrate with grinded materials and 0,25% of activator added. Materials that grinded has plenty volume of biogas and a fairly methane content. It was showed in the highest cumulative volume of biogas produced by the reactor B1 with a volume of 202.41 mL, methane content 42 μL / 1mL and B3 with a volume of 171.666 mL, methane content 1,12 μL / 1mL. Grinded material and addition of activator has effect but not significant on the biogas production. This occurs because of an imbalance of anaerobic processes caused by the rate of pH decrease. Using of Green Phoskko® as an activator is not enough to provide optimal results
Pemanfaatan LNG sebagai Bahan Bakar Kendaraan Umum di Yogyakarta: Tinjauan Aspek Keselamatan dalam Pengangkutan dan Penyimpanan
Get PDFLiquefied natural gas (LNG) has economic and technical benefits as an alternative fuel for public transportation and heavy-duty vehicle. It is also safer, more reliable and more secure from domestic energy supply. However, LNG possesses different hazard compared to conventional automotive fuel. This paper aims to discuss about risk analysis on LNG transportation and storage as part of an energy supply system for public transportation in Yogyakarta city. This study was conducted for transportation routes between receiving terminal in Semarang port and storage facility in Yogyakarta. Storage capacity was assumed to serve for 12-day-operation which is equivalent to three storages with a capacity of 53 m3 each. The results of risk analysis show that the causes of LNG release were failure of loading LNG to road tank and unloading to storage facility with frequency of 2,4 x10-3failures/year and 7,4 x 10-5 failures/year respectively. The study also found the most probable outcomes that give significant consequences were pool fire, fire ball, vapor cloud explosion and vapor cloud. These results have led to the conclusion that LNG transportation and storage to support public transportation in Yogyakarta city is safe and reliable as long as a good standard operation procedure is consistently implemente