Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Improvement on Diesel Conversion of HydroDeOxygenation Nyamplung Oil by Multi Stage H2
No full textNyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) has a high survival potency in wide variety environment, fruitingall year round and easy regeneration. Nyamplung oil is the most suitable raw material as feedstock of biofuelbecause of its high yield of the seeds and in utilization not compete with food interests. Utilization nyamplungoil for Green Diesel through two basic stages, processing into Pure Plant Oil (PPO) and PPO upgradinginto Green Diesel. PPO upgrading with target Green Diesel further divided into two stages:Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and isomerization. In this preliminary study, PPO upgrading is only carried outby HDO only using NiMo catalyst. HDO is done in batch processes to identify the characteristics of theprocess at a temperature of 300oC, bar and the 5% catalyst. Meanwhile, to increase the nyamplung oilconversion into diesel, then the multi-stage Hydrogen (H2) was done in the process. Stage number of H2inserting is the major parameter in this HDO process. In the multi-stage H2: 1 times, 2 times and 4 times intothe reactor. Multi-stage H2 is done by replacing the H2 gas into the reactor, after a process gas frompreviously discarded. Carboxilation and carbonilation occurs in HDO process. By multi-stage H2, it showedan increasing yield of diesel conversion. From 1x stage H2 inserting to 2x and 4x stages of H2, it improve theyield from 0.32% to 0.76% and to 1.3%. This shows that the yield HDO is determined largely by theeffectiveness of H2 and PPO contact with the catalyst therein. Unfortunately, this condition is very difficult tobe achieved at a high pressure batch reactor. Further testing is doing HDO in a continuous reactor andobtained the conversion reached a yield of 50.48%
Produksi Glukosamin melalui Hidrolisis Kitosan Menggunakan Irradiasi Microwave
No full textGlucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-glucose) is an amino-monosaccharide from chitosan, which has many usesin the field of health, especially for the joints, bones, and teeth. Glucosamine can be obtained by the completehydrolysis of chitosan. The influence of microwave irradiation on the chitosan hydrolysis with catalyzed byhydrochloric acid was studied. The hydrolyzed chitosan was characterized by reducing sugar measurement,and FT-IR analysis. The results were compared between hydrolysis using conventional heating andmicrowave irradiation. Microwave irradiation can increase the reaction rate of glucosamine formation.Under the condition of microwave irradiation, the yield of glucosamine is 72.67% after 20 min hydrolysis.While to obtain yield glucosamine 70% required 2 hours for hydrolysis using conventional heating.Chemical structure by FTIR and the reducing sugar content of the glucosamine produced not different withthe glucosamine purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
Pengaruh pH Terhadap BOD, TSS, Dan VFA Pada Pengolahan LindiDalam Bioreaktor Anaerobik
No full textLeachate is a liquid waste resulted from physical, biological and chemical decomposition of landfill waste. Leachate contains complex dissolved organic and anorganic substrate which are biodegradable and nonbiodegradable.Anaerobictreatmentprincipallyutilizesanaerobicbacteriainordertodegradethedissolvedorganicsubstance. Anaerobic treatment is very sensitive towards the substrate cocentration and pH. The objective of this research is to decide the pH effect on the BOD, TSS and VFA at leachate treatment in anaerobic bioreactor. This research used anaerobic bioreactor with the volume of 160 L. Anaerobic treatment carried out for 21 days, at pH ambient, 7.2 and 8.0. Microorganisms used comes from cow rumen and leachate with a ratio of 1:3 and filtered to take the extract. Collecting data and BOD, TSS and VFA analysis were done every two days. The results showed that the pH effect to the decrease BOD, TSS, and VFA at leachate treatment in anaerobic bioreactor. Anaerobic bioreactor performance optimum at pH 7.2, with the reduction of BOD and TSS was 80.29% and 74.08% respectively,andthe range of VFA productionwas 91.15-185.25 mg/L.
Ekstrak Daun Erpa (Aerva sanguinolenta) sebagai Pewarna Alami pada Kain Batik
No full textUntil now, the use of natural dyes for coloring textiles continues to increase, so the search for natural dye sources need to be improved. Erpa leaf (Aerva sanguinolenta) contain natural dyes that have the potential to be used as a textile dye. This study aims to determine the optimum extraction conditions Erpa leaves and calculate the mass transfer coefficient will then be applied and tested on the fabric. The parameters studied were extraction temperature, the ratio of leaf with a solvent, application and test on the fabric. extraction is done at 30oC, 40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC. Variations in the use of leaf Erpa was 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 grams with 350 ml of solvent. The results showed the optimum conditions for the extraction of leaves Erpa at 70 ° C with a ratio of weight and volume 25 g / 350 ml of ethanol with the mass transfer coefficient obtained 25,29 x10- 3 l / min. The effect of sunlight on the durability of the color gets the number 2 and the leaching effect on the durability of the colors got number 3
Separasi Steviosida dan Rebaudiosida A dari Crude Glikosida Daun SteviaRebaudiana Bertoni Menggunakan Resin Makropori
No full textSugar consumption in Indonesia always increase every year. The increase of sugar demand cannot be fulfilled by the increase of sugar production. Low calories and low prices make food industry attracted to artificial sweeteners. The consumption of artificial sweeteners in excessive amount can lead to health problem. Stevia sweeteners can be used as the solution. The content of stevioside and rebaudioside A in stevia leaf make stevia sweeteners have a sweet taste, low calories and classified as safe. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of stevia leaves type, separation method using resin, and dilution of stevia extract to separation rate (in %) of stevioside and rebaudioside A. Leaves types used in this research are stevia leaf cultivated in Unpar (leaf A) which is dried with microwave and leaf cultivated in Central Java (leaf B) which is dried with sunlight. Mass of Stevia leaves used is 10 grams. Separation methods that used are batch and continuous. Dilution of stevia’s extract used are 0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 times. Analysis performed in this research are total sugar analysis using anthrone method, analysis of stevioside and rebaudioside A content using HPLC, turbidity analysis using turbiditimeter, color analysis using colorimeter, and gravimetry analysis. The results showed that leaf A with batch method and 50 times dilution give the highest separation rate
The Optimization of UV/H 2 O Process for DYA (Dianic Yellow Ace) Textile-Dye Wastewater Treatment
No full textWest Java region, especially in Bandung area, has many textile dyeing industries which are usually placed in a densely populated area. If not properly handled, the wastewater effluents will cause considerable pollution problems to the surrounding water streams due to toxic and non-biodegradable synthetic dyes content characterized by a very low BOD5/COD ratio (< 0.1). This research studied the application of UV/H2O2 method for treating textile-dye (Dianic Yellow Ace – DYA) waste water in a pilot scale (50 L) multi-lamp bubble column photoreactor. The prime target of the treatment was to increase the BOD5/COD ratio until the biodegradability threshold was reached (> 0.1), prior to further treatment by a cheaper conventional biological method. Two major operating conditions, the initial H2O2 concentration and pH were varied, using Central Composite Design, between 0.026 – 0.874 % w/w, and 0.17 – 5.83, respectively. This study used a synthetic wastewater with color content similar to a real waste water from a textile dyeing industry in Bandung. Within the experimental condition range, 51 – 94% color content was successfully eliminated within 6 hours illumination period using 3 x 75 Watt low pressure Hg UV lamp. Optimum conditions from 2nd order model optimization showed that the best result of 95.5% color removal could be obtained at initial H2O2 concentration of 0.53 % w/w and pH 3.35. Additional test with a real industrial wastewater under 5 x 75 Watt UV irradiation under those best conditions resulted in BOD5/COD ratio increase from 0.01 to 0.1(biodegradability threshold) within 9.5 hours.
Kecepatan Pelepasan Parasetamol dari Crosslinked Carrageenan-PVA Film: Pengaruh Rasio Carrageenan-PVA dan Waktu Pengisian (Loading)
No full textCarrageenan which was extracted from seaweed Eucheuma cottonii was mixed with polyvinylalcohol (PVA) andthen carrageenan-PVA was modified with crosslinking method using glutaraldehyde. The result of hydrogelfilms was applied to control the drug release rate of paracetamol. The aim of this research to determine amathematical model that can be used to describe the events of drug release paracetamol, determine the effect ofweight ratio carrageenan-PVA (5:0, 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 0:5) and the loading time of paracetamol (2 and 12 hours)on the parameters of paracetamol release rate from carrageenan-PVA film in a buffer solution pH = 7,4. Theresearch include several steps, the step of making carrageenan-PVA films, crosslinking carrageenan-PVA films,filling the film with paracetamol (Loading) and releasing test of paracetamol in a buffer solution. Themathematical model arranged can describe the mass transfer rate of paracetamol. The weight ratio ofcarrageenan-PVA greatly affect the amount of paracetamol was absorbed in the hydrogel film (Xo) and therelease rate of paracetamol in a buffer solution (kCa). The longer time of loading, paracetamol could beadsorbed more. Paracetamol release rate was faster at loading time 12 hours compared to 2 hours except thePVA film without carrageenan.
Penggunaan Radiasi Gelombang Mikro dalam Sintesis Karbon Aktif dari Serbuk Kayu Randu dan Aplikasinya untuk Menjerap Methyl Violet
No full textRandu based activated carbons were prepared using chemical activation by potassium hydroxide (KOH) and applied as a potential adsorbent for the adsorption of methyl violet dye in aqueous solution. The technique of heating during activation can affect the physical and chemical characteristics of activated carbon structure. Conventional and microwave heating techniques represent two different types of activation methods. In conventional heating, there is a thermal gradient from the hot surface of the adsorbent to its interior until steady state conditions are reached. To avoid the thermal gradient, the microwave heating technique was used. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm were used to study the morphology of adsorbent surface, surface chemical property and specific surface area-pore size distribution, respectively. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of pH, contact time and methyl violet concentration on sorption efficiency. The result shows that effective pH for methyl violet removal was 9. A greater amount of dye was removed with an increase in the initial concentration of dye and quasi-equilibrium reached in 180 min. The adsorption capacity of methyl violet dye by randu based activated carbon was 531.16 mg g-1
Numerical Study of Shell-And-Tube Heat Exchanger Performance with Various Baffle Spacing
Get PDFHeat exchanger is the instrument used to exchange the heat from one system to another that can be used as a heater or cooler. One of those types is shell-and-tube heat exchanger which is mostly used in many factories. Shell-and-tube heat exchanger consist of shell, which there are many tube inside it with baffles arranged along the shell-side. This study examines the effect of baffle spacing towards shell-and-tube heat exchanger performance which geometry have been specified first. This study used a simulation method developed by Heat Transfer Research Inc. (HTRI) to determine heat exchanger performances. Baffle spacing is set to various values: 30 mm, 60 mm, and 90 mm which one of each conditions also vary the mass flow rate to various number: 0.8333 kg/s, 0.1667 kg/s, and 0.25 kg/s. The simulation will generate outlet temperature of each fluid, overall heat transfer coefficient, and pressure drop. Baffle spacing 30 mm generates pressure drop 0.011 kPa while the increase of mass flow rate from 0.1660 kg/s to 0.250 kg/s also increase the value of pressure drop 0.030 kPa to 0.045 kPa. From those three variation of baffle spacing, baffle spacing 60 mm generates a stable value: 0.003 kPa, 0.007 kPa, and 0.015 kPa that is the optimum condition to gain the good performance of shell-and-tube heat exchanger
Pengolahan Sampah di Perguruan Tinggi dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca
Get PDFThe increasing of student number over the past four years urged Surabaya University to develop campus facility that could serve as a learning media for the academic community in the campus and the community around campus. The proposed facility was composting area. Composting area construction was necessary because the accretion of students would be followed by the growing of solid waste generation. The estimation of solid waste that be carried to composting area had not been done before. This research was conducted with the aim of: 1. Estimating the quantity of solid waste generation that disposed to composting area 2. Calculating the greenhouse gas reduction that can be achieved by solid waste composting. Solid waste estimation was done before separation process in the composting area. Research was done by survey and observation. Survey area was engineering faculty. Sampling for solid waste estimation was undertaken at TG building. The results indicated that 70 % of the solid waste was anorganic waste and solid waste generation was 25-50 kgs daily. Solid waste composting process was set once in a week which composting period was seven days. The calculation of green house emission was referred to IPCC guidelines. The result of calculation was Surabaya University could contribute to reduce green house gas emission (CH4) about 40,5 kg CH4